Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei | |
---|---|
A Qing dynasty illustration of Zhang Fei | |
General of Shu Han | |
Born | (Unknown) |
Died | 221[1] |
Names | |
Traditional Chinese | 張飛 |
Simplified Chinese | å¼ é£ž |
Pinyin | ZhÄng FÄ“i |
Wade–Giles | Chang1 Fei1 |
Courtesy name | Yide (Chinese: 益德; pinyin: Yìdé; Wade–Giles: I-te) |
Posthumous name | Marquis Huan (Chinese: 桓侯; pinyin: Huán Hóu) |
Zhang Fei (died 221),[1][2] courtesy name Yide, was a military general who served under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, who were among the earliest to join Liu Bei, shared a brotherly relationship with their lord and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Zhang Fei fought in various battles for Liu Bei, including the Red Cliffs campaign (208–209), Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province (212–214), and the Hanzhong Campaign (217–218). He was assassinated by his subordinates in 221 after serving for only a few months in the state of Shu Han, which was founded by Liu Bei earlier that year.
Early career
Zhang Fei was from Zhuo Commandery (涿郡), which is in present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei. In the 180s, towards the end of the Han dynasty, he and Guan Yu became Liu Bei's followers. As Guan Yu was many years older than Zhang Fei, Zhang regarded him as an elder brother.[3] When Liu Bei was later appointed as the Chancellor (相) of Pingyuan (平原; present-day Pingyuan County, Dezhou, Shandong) by the Han imperial court, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu served as "Majors of Separate Command" (別部å¸é¦¬) under him. The three of them shared a brotherly-like relationship, to the point of sharing the same room. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu also stood guard beside Liu Bei when he sat down at meetings. They followed him on his exploits and protected him from danger.[4]
Conflict between Liu Bei and Lü Bu
In 194, Liu Bei succeeded Tao Qian as the Governor (牧) of Xu Province. The following year, he led his forces to Shiting (石äº), Huaiyin (淮陰), to counter an invading army sent by Yuan Shu, while leaving Zhang Fei behind to defend Xiapi (下邳; present-day Pizhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu), the capital of Xu Province. Zhang Fei wanted to kill Cao Bao, a former officer under Tao Qian, for reasons unknown. Cao Bao fled back to his own camp and set up defences while sending a messenger to request aid from Lü Bu, another warlord who was taking shelter under Liu Bei at the time. Lü Bu led his forces to attack Xiapi and succeeded in defeating and driving away Zhang Fei.[5][notes 1]
Liu Bei returned to Xu Province, which was now under Lü Bu's control, and he reluctantly accepted Lü's offer to move to Xiaopei while Lü remained in Xiapi. Tensions between Liu Bei and Lü Bu increased until the point of conflict. Liu Bei sought help from Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government. Cao Cao and Liu Bei combined forces and defeated Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 198, after which they returned to the imperial capital Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) together. In Xu, Zhang Fei was appointed as a "General of the Household" (ä¸éƒŽå°‡).[6]
Roaming the land with Liu Bei
In 199, Liu Bei found an excuse to leave the capital and he travelled to Xu Province, killed Che Zhou, the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao, and seized control of the province. The following year, Cao Cao launched a campaign to take back Xu Province and defeated Liu Bei. Liu Bei fled to northern China, where he took refuge under Cao Cao's rival, Yuan Shao. Liu Bei later left Yuan Shao on the pretext of helping Yuan recruit the rebels in Runan (æ±å—; present-day Runan County, Zhumadian, Henan). He eventually found shelter under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Liu Biao put him in charge of Xinye (新野; present-day Xinye County, Nanyang, Henan), a commandery on the northern border of Jing Province. It is not known whether Zhang Fei followed Liu Bei to join Yuan Shao after Liu's defeat in Xu Province, or whether he, like Guan Yu, was separated from Liu during that period of time.[7][8]
Red Cliffs campaign
Battle of Changban
In 208, following Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao started a campaign aimed at wiping out opposing forces in southern China. When his armies arrived in Jing Province, Liu Biao's younger son and successor Liu Cong surrendered. Liu Bei evacuated Xinye and headed south with his followers towards Xiakou (å¤å£; in present-day Wuhan, Hubei), which was controlled by Liu Biao's elder son, Liu Qi. Cao Cao sent 5,000 riders to pursue Liu Bei, and they caught up with him at Changban (長阪), Dangyang (當陽). Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled, with only Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and a small number of soldiers accompanying him.[9] Zhang Fei led 20 horsemen to cover Liu Bei's retreat. After having a bridge destroyed, he stood guard at one end (facing the enemy), brandished his spear, glared at the enemy, and shouted, "I'm Zhang Yide. You can come forth and fight me to the death!" Cao Cao's soldiers were all afraid and did not dare to approach him. Liu Bei and his followers were hence able to retreat safely.[10]
Battle of Red Cliffs and after
In 208, Liu Bei and Sun Quan combined forces and defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs and the follow-up Battle of Jiangling, after which Liu took control of southern Jing Province. Zhang Fei was appointed as "General Who Attacks Barbarians" (å¾è™œå°‡è»), Administrator (太守) of Yidu Commandery (宜都郡), and granted the title "Marquis of Xin Village" (æ–°äºä¾¯). He was later reassigned to Nan Commandery (å—郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei).[11]
Yi Province campaign
Earlier defence of Jing Province
In 211, Liu Bei led an army to Yi Province (益州; covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) to assist the provincial governor Liu Zhang in countering a rival warlord, Zhang Lu of Hanzhong. He left Zhang Fei and others behind to guard Jing Province in his absence. Earlier in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister Lady Sun to strengthen the alliance between him and Sun Quan. Because of her brother's strong influence, Lady Sun was arrogant and she allowed her close aides to behave lawlessly. Even Liu Bei was afraid of her. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to Jing Province to fetch his sister home. Lady Sun attempted to bring along Liu Bei's son Liu Shan with her, but Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun led their men to stop her and retrieve Liu Shan.[12]
Conquest of Yi Province
Around 212, relations between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang deteriorated to the point of conflict, when Liu Bei started a campaign aimed at seizing Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Liu Bei ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun, Zhang Fei and others to lead reinforcements into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.[13][14]
Along the way, Zhang Fei attacked Jiangzhou (江州; around present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing), which was defended by Yan Yan, the Administrator of Ba Commandery (巴郡) under Liu Zhang, and captured Yan alive. Zhang Fei said to Yan Yan, "When my army showed up, why did you put up resistance instead of surrendering?" Yan Yan replied, "You people launched an unwarranted attack on my home province. There may be generals in my province who will lose their heads, but there are none who will surrender." Zhang Fei was enraged and he ordered Yan Yan's execution. Yan Yan was expressionless, and he said, "If you want to chop off my head, then do it! What's with all that outburst of anger?" Zhang Fei was so impressed with Yan Yan's courage that he spared and released the latter and treated him like an honoured guest.[15]
Zhang Fei's army then proceeded to break through Liu Zhang's defences until they reached Chengdu (Yi Province's capital), where they rendezvoused with Liu Bei and the others. In 215, Liu Zhang surrendered and yielded Yi Province to Liu Bei. Liu Bei rewarded Zhuge Liang, Fa Zheng, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu each with 500 jin of gold, 1,000 jin of silver, 50 million coins and 1,000 rolls of silk. Zhang Fei was also appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Baxi Commandery (巴西郡; north of present-day Dianjiang County, Chongqing).[16]
Hanzhong Campaign
Battle of Baxi
In around 216, Cao Cao attacked and defeated Zhang Lu, after which Hanzhong Commandery came under Cao's control. Cao Cao left Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and others behind to defend Hanzhong while he returned to Ye (é„´). During that time, Zhang He led his forces to attack Baxi (巴西) with the aim of forcing Baxi's residents to relocate to Hanzhong. His army passed through Dangqu (å®•æ¸ ), Mengtou (è’™é ) and Dangshi (盪石) counties, and encountered Zhang Fei's troops. Both sides held their positions for over 50 days, after which Zhang Fei led about 10,000 elite soldiers and took an alternative route to attack Zhang He. As the mountain paths were very narrow and inaccessible, Zhang He's army was effectively divided into two because the troops at the front and the rear were unable to contact and assist each other, resulting in a victory for Zhang Fei. Zhang He and about ten of his men escaped on foot through a shortcut and retreated back to Nanzheng (å—é„). Peace was restored in Baxi.[17]
Conquest of Hanzhong

In 217, Liu Bei mobilised his forces and personally led a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong from Cao Cao. He ordered Zhang Fei and Ma Chao to supervise Wu Lan (å³è˜), Lei Tong and Ren Kui (任夔) to attack Wudu Commandery (æ¦éƒ½éƒ¡), which was defended by Cao Hong. Zhang Fei attempted to trick Cao Hong into believing that they were planning to seal his retreat route, but Cao Xiu saw through the ruse, and Zhang suffered a defeat which absolved him from continuing the campaign – Lei Tong and Ren Kui were killed in action while Wu Lan fled to Yinping (é™°å¹³) and was killed by a Di chieftain, Qiangduan (強端).[18][19][20]
In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign and proclaimed himself "King of Hanzhong" (æ¼¢ä¸çŽ‹). He appointed Zhang Fei as "General of the Right" (å³å°‡è»).[21] Liu Bei later planned to return to Chengdu and he wanted to leave a veteran general behind to guard Hanzhong. Many people believed that Zhang Fei would receive this responsibility and even Zhang himself thought so too. However, to everyone's surprise, Liu Bei chose Wei Yan instead and appointed him as the Administrator (太守) of Hanzhong.[22]
Service in Shu Han
In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han. He promoted Zhang Fei to "General of Chariots and Cavalry" (車騎將è») and "Director of Retainers" (å¸éš¸æ ¡å°‰), and awarded him the title "Marquis of Xi District" (西鄉侯). His imperial edict for Zhang Fei read: "I have received the Mandate of Heaven and inherited the noble work of my ancestors. I am obliged to restore peace and purge the Empire of chaos. As of now, there are villains and barbarians causing destruction and harm to the people, while those who miss the Han dynasty eagerly hope for its restoration. I feel distressed, I can neither rest well nor have my meals in peace. I have prepared the armies and made an oath to bring Heaven's punishment upon those evildoers. You are loyal and resolute, your deeds are comparable to those of Shao Hu,[notes 2] your fame spreads near and far. As such, I give you special appointments, grant you a title of nobility, and put you in charge of affairs in the capital. You are born with Heaven's might, you use virtue to win over others, and you dish out punishments to wrongdoers. I am very pleased with you. The Classic of Poetry stated: 'Not to distress the people, nor with urgency, but making them conform to the royal state. You have commenced and earnestly displayed your merit, and I will make you happy.'[23] How can I not give encouragement to you?"[24]
Death

Earlier in late 219, Sun Quan broke his alliance with Liu Bei and sent his general Lü Meng to lead an invasion on Jing Province, which resulted in the death of Guan Yu and the loss of Jing Province. In 222, Liu Bei launched a campaign against Sun Quan to take revenge and seize back Jing Province. Zhang Fei was ordered to lead 10,000 troops from Langzhong to rendezvous with Liu Bei's main force at Jiangzhou (江州; around present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing). However, during the mobilisation, Zhang Fei was assassinated by his subordinates Fan Qiang (范彊) and Zhang Da (å¼µé”). They cut off Zhang Fei's head and brought it along with them when they defected to Sun Quan's side. Zhang Fei's camp commandant wrote a report to Liu Bei. When Liu Bei heard that Zhang Fei's camp commandant sent him a report, he exclaimed, "Oh! (Zhang) Fei is dead."[25]
In 260, Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan granted Zhang Fei the posthumous name "Marquis Huan" (桓侯).[26][27]
Family and descendants
In 200 CE, Zhang Fei chanced upon Xiahou Yuan's niece while she was out gathering firewood and took her home. She was 12 or 13 years old at the time. Zhang Fei knew that she was of good upbringing, so he married her. She bore him a daughter, who later married Liu Shan and became known as Empress Jing'ai of the state of Shu.[28][29] Empress Jing'ai had a younger sister who also married Liu Shan and was known as Empress Zhang.[30]
Zhang Fei's eldest son, Zhang Bao, died at a young age.[31] Zhang Bao's son, Zhang Zun (å¼µéµ), served as an Imperial Secretary (尚書). In 263, during the Conquest of Shu by Wei, he followed Zhuge Zhan to defend Mianzhu Pass (綿竹關) from the Wei general Deng Ai but was killed in action.[32][33]
Zhang Fei's second son, Zhang Shao (張紹), inherited his father's marquis title and served as a "Palace Attendant and Deputy Director in the Imperial Secretariat" (ä¾ä¸å°šæ›¸åƒ•å°„) in Shu.[34] In 263, the Shu emperor Liu Shan ordered Zhang Shao, Qiao Zhou and Deng Liang (鄧良) to represent him when he officially surrendered to Deng Ai and brought an end to the Shu regime. After the fall of Shu, Zhang Shao accompanied Liu Shan to the Wei capital Luoyang, where he was enfeoffed as a marquis along with other former Shu officials.[35]
Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Fei's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on the latter as such: "[...] Zhang Fei were referred to as mighty warriors capable of fighting thousands of enemies. They were like tigers among (Liu Bei's) subjects. [...] Zhang Fei had the style of a guoshi[notes 3] when he released Yan Yan out of righteousness. However, [...] Zhang Fei was brutal and heartless, and these shortcomings resulted in their downfalls. This was not something uncommon."[36]
Cheng Yu, an advisor to Cao Cao, also once mentioned that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were "capable of fighting thousands of enemies". In the main text of Zhang Fei's biography, Chen Shou wrote that Zhang Fei respected virtuous persons and detested those of vile character. Liu Bei had constantly warned Zhang Fei about his barbaric behaviour as he once told the latter, "You have dealt out far too excessive punishments. You often flog your men, who are actually the ones who will carry out your orders. Your behaviour will get you into trouble." Zhang Fei still did not change his ways.[37]
In fiction

In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhang Fei's courtesy name is written as 翼德 in Chinese instead of 益德, but both names have the same pronunciation in Mandarin. Zhang Fei was also described to be an alcoholic, and his obsession with wine caused his judgement to be affected from time to time. Throughout the novel, Zhang Fei was shown as an exceedingly loyal and formidable warrior, but also a short-tempered man, who often got into trouble more often when he was not on the battlefield. His weapon was a "1.8 zhang long steel spear" (丈八點鋼矛), which was also called a "1.8 zhang long serpent spear" (丈八蛇矛) because its head was shaped like a serpent.
See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Zhang Fei:
- Oath of the Peach Garden
- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Zhang Fei thrashes the imperial inspector
- Battle of Hulao Pass
- Battle of Changban#In fiction
- Battle of Jiameng Pass
Modern references
Zhang Fakui, a general in the National Revolutionary Army, was nicknamed "Zhang Fei".[38] In 1959, Peng Dehuai, a marshal of the People's Liberation Army, identified himself with Zhang Fei. Because Mao Zedong was popularly associated with Cao Cao, Mao and other members of the Chinese Communist Party interpreted Peng's identification with Zhang as confrontational, eventually leading to Mao ending Peng's career.[39]
Zhang Fei appears on the Kunqu stage as a hualian. In one particular famous scene, The Swaying Reeds, Zhang Fei ambushes and humiliates Zhou Yu before setting him free.
Zhang Fei is featured as a playable character in all instalments of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series, as well as Warriors Orochi, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors. He also appears in other video games produced by Koei, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dynasty Tactics and Kessen II. Other non-Koei titles that he is featured in include Clash of Kingdoms, Three Kingdoms: Fate of the Dragon and Destiny of an Emperor.
In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering, there is a card named "Zhang Fei, Fierce Warrior" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set. In Koihime MusÅ, Zhang Fei is portrayed as a young female character who was given the real name "Rinrin".
See also
- List of people of the Three Kingdoms
- List of Dynasty Warriors characters
Notes
- ↑ Another account stated that Zhang Fei killed Cao Bao in a quarrel. See the article on Cao Bao for details.
- ↑ Duke Mu of Shao (å¬ç©†å…¬), personal name Shao Hu (å¬è™Ž), was a noble who lived in the Western Zhou dynasty during the reigns of King Li and King Xuan. He was known for assisting King Xuan in governing the state, and once led troops to defeat barbarian forces in the Huai River area.
- ↑ Guoshi (國士) could loosely translated as "gentleman of the state". It was used to refer to very outstanding persons in a country. See the dictionary definition of 國士
References
- 1 2 The Sanguozhi stated that Zhang Fei was killed by his subordinates in the sixth lunar month in the first year of the Zhangwu era (221-223) of Liu Bei's reign. Quote from Sanguozhi vol. 32: ([ç« æ¦å…ƒå¹´]å…月, ... 車騎將è»å¼µé£›ç‚ºå…¶å·¦å³æ‰€å®³ã€‚)
- ↑ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 1042. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ↑ (張飛å—益德,涿郡人也,少與關羽俱事先主。羽年長數æ²ï¼Œé£›å…„事之。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主於鄉里åˆå¾’衆,而羽與張飛為之禦侮。先主為平原相,以羽ã€é£›ç‚ºåˆ¥éƒ¨å¸é¦¬ï¼Œåˆ†çµ±éƒ¨æ›²ã€‚先主與二人寢則åŒç‰€ï¼Œæ©è‹¥å…„å¼Ÿã€‚è€Œç¨ äººå»£å,ä¾ç«‹çµ‚日,隨先主周旋,ä¸é¿è‰±éšªã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (英雄記曰:備留張飛守下邳,引兵與è¢è¡“戰於淮陰石äºï¼Œæ›´æœ‰å‹è² ã€‚é™¶è¬™æ•…å°‡æ›¹è±¹åœ¨ä¸‹é‚³ï¼Œå¼µé£›æ¬²æ®ºä¹‹ã€‚è±¹è¡†å …ç‡Ÿè‡ªå®ˆï¼Œä½¿äººæ‹›å‘‚å¸ƒã€‚å¸ƒå–下邳,張飛敗走。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- ↑ (å…ˆä¸»å¾žæ›¹å…¬ç ´å‘‚å¸ƒï¼Œéš¨é‚„è¨±ï¼Œæ›¹å…¬æ‹œé£›ç‚ºä¸éƒŽå°‡ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (... 先主還紹è»ï¼Œé™°æ¬²é›¢ç´¹ï¼Œä¹ƒèªªç´¹å—連èŠå·žç‰§åŠ‰è¡¨ã€‚ç´¹é£å…ˆä¸»å°‡æœ¬å…µå¾©è‡³æ±å—,與賊龔都ç‰åˆï¼Œè¡†æ•¸åƒäººã€‚ ... æ›¹å…¬æ—£ç ´ç´¹ï¼Œè‡ªå—擊先主。先主é£éº‹ç¬ã€å«ä¹¾èˆ‡åŠ‰è¡¨ç›¸èžï¼Œè¡¨è‡ªéƒŠè¿Žï¼Œä»¥ä¸Šè³”禮待之,益其兵,使屯新野。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- ↑ (先主背曹公ä¾è¢ç´¹ã€åŠ‰è¡¨ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (曹公以江陵有è»å¯¦ï¼Œæ先主據之,乃釋輜é‡ï¼Œè¼•è»åˆ°è¥„陽。èžå…ˆä¸»å·²éŽï¼Œæ›¹å…¬å°‡ç²¾é¨Žäº”åƒæ€¥è¿½ä¹‹ï¼Œä¸€æ—¥ä¸€å¤œè¡Œä¸‰ç™¾é¤˜é‡Œï¼ŒåŠæ–¼ç•¶é™½ä¹‹é•·å‚。先主棄妻å,與諸葛亮ã€å¼µé£›ã€è¶™é›²ç‰æ•¸å騎走,曹公大ç²å…¶äººè¡†è¼œé‡ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- ↑ (表å’,曹公入èŠå·žï¼Œå…ˆä¸»å¥”江å—。曹公追之,一日一夜,åŠæ–¼ç•¶é™½ä¹‹é•·é˜ªã€‚先主èžæ›¹å…¬å’至,棄妻å走,使飛將二å騎拒後。飛據水斷橋,瞋目橫矛曰:「身是張益德也,å¯ä¾†å…±æ±ºæ»ï¼ã€æ•µçš†ç„¡æ•¢è¿‘者,故é‚å¾—å…。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主旣定江å—,以飛為宜都太守ã€å¾è™œå°‡è»ï¼Œå°æ–°äºä¾¯ï¼Œå¾Œè½‰åœ¨å—郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (å…ˆä¸»å…¥ç›Šå·žï¼Œé›²é ˜ç•™ç‡Ÿå¸é¦¬ã€‚æ¤æ™‚先主å«å¤«äººä»¥æ¬Šå¦¹é©•è±ªï¼Œå¤šå°‡å³å兵,縱橫ä¸æ³•ã€‚先主以雲嚴é‡ï¼Œå¿…能整齊,特任掌內事。權èžå‚™è¥¿å¾ï¼Œå¤§é£èˆŸèˆ¹è¿Žå¦¹ï¼Œè€Œå¤«äººå…§æ¬²å°‡å¾Œä¸»é‚„å³ï¼Œé›²èˆ‡å¼µé£›å‹’兵截江,乃得後主還。) Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主è»ç›Šå¼·ï¼Œåˆ†é£è«¸å°‡å¹³ä¸‹å±¬ç¸£ï¼Œè«¸è‘›äº®ã€å¼µé£›ã€è¶™é›²ç‰å°‡å…µæº¯æµå®šç™½å¸ã€æ±Ÿå·žã€æ±Ÿé™½ï¼ŒæƒŸé—œç¾½ç•™éŽ®èŠå·žã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- ↑ (先主入益州,還攻劉璋,飛與諸葛亮ç‰æ³æµè€Œä¸Šï¼Œåˆ†å®šéƒ¡ç¸£ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (è‡³æ±Ÿå·žï¼Œç ´ç’‹å°‡å·´éƒ¡å¤ªå®ˆåš´é¡ï¼Œç”Ÿç²é¡ã€‚飛呵é¡æ›°ï¼šã€Œå¤§è»è‡³ï¼Œä½•ä»¥ä¸é™ï¼Œè€Œæ•¢æ‹’戰?ã€é¡è…曰:「å¿ç‰ç„¡ç‹€ï¼Œä¾µå¥ªæˆ‘州,我州但有斷é å°‡è»ï¼Œç„¡æœ‰é™å°‡è»ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€é£›æ€’,令左å³ç‰½åŽ»æ–«é ,é¡è‰²ä¸è®Šï¼Œæ›°ï¼šã€Œæ–«é 便斫é ,何為怒邪ï¼ã€é£›å£¯è€Œé‡‹ä¹‹ï¼Œå¼•ç‚ºè³”客。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (飛所éŽæˆ°å…‹ï¼Œèˆ‡å…ˆä¸»æœƒäºŽæˆéƒ½ã€‚益州旣平,賜諸葛亮ã€æ³•æ£ã€é£›åŠé—œç¾½é‡‘å„五百斤,銀åƒæ–¤ï¼ŒéŒ¢äº”åƒè¬ï¼ŒéŒ¦åƒåŒ¹ï¼Œå…¶é¤˜é ’賜å„æœ‰å·®ï¼Œä»¥é£›é ˜å·´è¥¿å¤ªå®ˆã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (æ›¹å…¬ç ´å¼µé¯ï¼Œç•™å¤ä¾¯æ·µã€å¼µéƒƒå®ˆæ¼¢å·ã€‚郃別ç£è«¸è»ä¸‹å·´è¥¿ï¼Œæ¬²å¾™å…¶æ°‘於漢ä¸ï¼Œé€²è»å®•æ¸ ã€è’™é ã€ç›ªçŸ³ï¼Œèˆ‡é£›ç›¸æ‹’五å餘日。飛率精å’è¬é¤˜äººï¼Œå¾žä»–é“邀郃è»äº¤æˆ°ï¼Œå±±é“迮狹,å‰å¾Œä¸å¾—相救,飛é‚ç ´éƒƒã€‚éƒƒæ£„é¦¬ç·£å±±ï¼Œç¨èˆ‡éº¾ä¸‹å餘人從間é“退,引è»é‚„å—é„,巴土ç²å®‰ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (二å三年,先主率諸將進兵漢ä¸ã€‚分é£å°‡è»å³è˜ã€é›·éŠ…ç‰å…¥æ¦éƒ½ï¼Œçš†ç‚ºæ›¹å…¬è»æ‰€æ²’。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- ↑ (æ›¹æ´ªç ´å³è˜ï¼Œæ–¬å…¶å°‡ä»»å¤”ç‰ã€‚三月,張飛ã€é¦¬è¶…èµ°æ¼¢ä¸ï¼Œé™°å¹³æ°å¼·ç«¯æ–¬å³è˜ï¼Œå‚³å…¶é¦–。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (劉備é£å°‡å³è˜å±¯ä¸‹è¾¯ï¼Œå¤ªç¥–é£æ›¹æ´ªå¾ä¹‹ï¼Œä»¥ä¼‘為騎都尉,åƒæ´ªè»äº‹ã€‚太祖謂休曰:「æ±é›–åƒè»ï¼Œå…¶å¯¦å¸¥ä¹Ÿã€‚ã€æ´ªèžæ¤ä»¤ï¼Œäº¦å§”事於休。備é£å¼µé£›å±¯å›ºå±±ï¼Œæ¬²æ–·è»å¾Œã€‚衆è°ç‹ç–‘,休曰:「賊實斷é“者,當ä¼å…µæ½›è¡Œã€‚今乃先張è²å‹¢ï¼Œæ¤å…¶ä¸èƒ½ä¹Ÿã€‚宜åŠå…¶æœªé›†ï¼Œä¿ƒæ“Šè˜ï¼Œè˜ç ´å‰‡é£›è‡ªèµ°çŸ£ã€‚ã€æ´ªå¾žä¹‹ï¼Œé€²å…µæ“Šè˜ï¼Œå¤§ç ´ä¹‹ï¼Œé£›æžœèµ°ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- ↑ (先主為漢ä¸çŽ‹ï¼Œæ‹œé£›ç‚ºå³å°‡è»ã€å‡ç¯€ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主為漢ä¸çŽ‹ï¼Œé·æ²»æˆéƒ½ï¼Œç•¶å¾—é‡å°‡ä»¥éŽ®æ¼¢å·ï¼Œè¡†è«–以為必在張飛,飛亦以心自許。先主乃拔延為ç£æ¼¢ä¸éŽ®é å°‡è»ï¼Œé ˜æ¼¢ä¸å¤ªå®ˆï¼Œä¸€è»ç›¡é©šã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 40.
- ↑ Classic of Poetry translation
- ↑ (ç« æ¦å…ƒå¹´ï¼Œé·è»Šé¨Žå°‡è»ï¼Œé ˜å¸éš·æ ¡å°‰ï¼Œé€²å°è¥¿é„‰ä¾¯ï¼Œç–曰:「朕承天åºï¼Œå—£å¥‰æ´ªæ¥ï¼Œé™¤æ®˜é–亂,未ç‡åŽ¥ç†ã€‚今寇虜作害,民被è¼æ¯’,æ€æ¼¢ä¹‹å£«ï¼Œå»¶é ¸é¶´æœ›ã€‚朕用怛然,åä¸å®‰å¸ï¼Œé£Ÿä¸ç”˜å‘³ï¼Œæ•´è»èª¥èª“,將行天罰。以å›å¿ 毅,侔蹤å¬ã€è™Žï¼Œå宣é邇,故特顯命,高墉進爵,兼å¸äºŽäº¬ã€‚其誕將天å¨ï¼ŒæŸ”æœä»¥å¾·ï¼Œä¼å›ä»¥åˆ‘,稱朕æ„焉。詩ä¸äº‘乎,『匪疚匪棘,王國來極。肇æ•æˆŽåŠŸï¼Œç”¨éŒ«çˆ¾ç¥‰ã€ã€‚å¯ä¸å‹‰æŸï¼ã€) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (先主ä¼å³ï¼Œé£›ç•¶çŽ‡å…µè¬äººï¼Œè‡ªé–¬ä¸æœƒæ±Ÿå·žã€‚臨發,其帳下將張é”ã€èŒƒå½Šæ®ºé£›ï¼ŒæŒå…¶é¦–ï¼Œé †æµè€Œå¥”å«æ¬Šã€‚飛營都ç£è¡¨å ±å…ˆä¸»ï¼Œå…ˆä¸»èžé£›éƒ½ç£ä¹‹æœ‰è¡¨ä¹Ÿï¼Œæ›°ï¼šã€Œå™«ï¼é£›æ»çŸ£ã€‚ã€) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (追謚飛曰桓侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ ([景耀]三年秋ä¹æœˆï¼Œè¿½è¬šæ•…å°‡è»é—œç¾½ã€å¼µé£›ã€é¦¬è¶…ã€é¾çµ±ã€é»ƒå¿ 。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
- ↑ (åˆï¼Œå»ºå®‰äº”年,時霸從妹年å三四,在本郡,出行樵採,為張飛所得。飛知其良家女,é‚以為妻,產æ¯å¥³ï¼Œç‚ºåŠ‰ç¦ªçš‡åŽã€‚) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- ↑ (後主敬哀皇åŽï¼Œè»Šé¨Žå°‡è»å¼µé£›é•·å¥³ä¹Ÿã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 34.
- ↑ (後主張皇åŽï¼Œå‰åŽæ•¬å“€ä¹‹å¦¹ä¹Ÿã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 34.
- ↑ (é•·å苞,早å¤ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (è‹žåéµç‚ºå°šæ›¸ï¼Œéš¨è«¸è‘›çž»æ–¼ç¶¿ç«¹ï¼Œèˆ‡é„§è‰¾æˆ°ï¼Œæ»ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (å¿ ã€çº‚é¦³é‚„æ›´æˆ°ï¼Œå¤§ç ´ä¹‹ï¼Œæ–¬çž»åŠå°šæ›¸å¼µéµç‰é¦–,進è»åˆ°é›’。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
- ↑ (次å紹嗣,官至ä¾ä¸å°šæ›¸åƒ•å°„。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (用光祿大夫è™å‘¨ç–,é™æ–¼è‰¾ï¼Œå¥‰æ›¸æ›°ï¼šã€Œ... 謹é£ç§ç½²ä¾ä¸å¼µç´¹ã€å…‰ç¥¿å¤§å¤«è™å‘¨ã€é§™é¦¬éƒ½å°‰é„§è‰¯å¥‰é½Žå°ç·©ï¼Œè«‹å‘½å‘Šèª , ...〠... ç´¹ã€è‰¯èˆ‡è‰¾ç›¸é‡æ–¼é›’縣。 ... 後主舉家æ±é·ï¼Œæ—£è‡³æ´›é™½ï¼Œ ... 尚書令樊建ã€ä¾ä¸å¼µç´¹ã€å…‰ç¥¿å¤§å¤«è™å‘¨ã€ç¥•æ›¸ä»¤éƒ¤æ£ã€æ®¿ä¸ç£å¼µé€šä¸¦å°åˆ—侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
- ↑ (評曰:關羽ã€å¼µé£›çš†ç¨±è¬äººä¹‹æ•µï¼Œç‚ºä¸–è™Žè‡£ã€‚ç¾½å ±æ•ˆæ›¹å…¬ï¼Œé£›ç¾©é‡‹åš´é¡ï¼Œä¸¦æœ‰åœ‹å£«ä¹‹é¢¨ã€‚然羽剛而自矜,飛暴而無æ©ï¼Œä»¥çŸå–敗,ç†æ•¸ä¹‹å¸¸ä¹Ÿã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (åˆï¼Œé£›é›„壯å¨çŒ›ï¼Œäºžæ–¼é—œç¾½ï¼Œé謀臣程昱ç‰å’¸ç¨±ç¾½ã€é£›è¬äººä¹‹æ•µä¹Ÿã€‚羽善待å’ä¼è€Œé©•æ–¼å£«å¤§å¤«ï¼Œé£›æ„›æ•¬å›å而ä¸æ¤å°äººã€‚ ... 先主常戒之曰:「å¿åˆ‘殺旣éŽå·®ï¼Œåˆæ—¥éžæª›å¥å…’,而令在左å³ï¼Œæ¤å–ç¦ä¹‹é“也。ã€é£›çŒ¶ä¸æ‚›ã€‚) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association, JSTOR (Organization) (1944). The Journal of Asian studies, Volumes 3-4. Association for Asian Studies. p. 163. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ↑ Domes, Jurgen. Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image, London: C. Hurst & Company. 1985. ISBN 0-905838-99-8. p.91
- Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Luo, Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
- Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
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