Haplogroup T-M184

Haplogroup T-M184
Possible time of origin	39,300-45,100 years BP[1]
Possible place of origin	between Western and Southwest Eurasian Plate[2][3]
Ancestor	LT-L298
Descendants	T1-L206
Defining mutations	M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445
Highest frequencies	Dir (clan), Kurru, Bauris, Armenian Sasuntzis, Chians, Rural Saccensi, Aquilanis, Darod Clan, Fulbe, Eivissencs, Mirandeses, Northeastern Portuguese Jews, Cretans from Lasithi, Rajus, Mahli, Zoroastrians in Kerman, Bakhtiaris, Southern Egyptians

Haplogroup T-M184, also known as haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The unique-event polymorphism (UEP) that defines this clade is the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) known as M184. Other SNPs – M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, and L445 – are considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to M184.

T-M184 is an immediate descendant of haplogroup LT, whose parent clade is haplogroup K. From 2002 to 2008, T-M184 was known as haplogroup K2.^[4] This clade name has since been reassigned to a different subclade of haplogroup K.

Haplogroup T is unusual in that it is both relatively rare and geographically widespread. The clade probably originated around 40,000 years ago somewhere between Germania and Himalayas,^[2][3][5] despite of that some of their highest frequencies have been found in East African and East Indian populations, probably due to recent migration waves according to the available and most updated data. T2-PH110, the most basally split branch of T-M184, has been found in three very separate geographical regions: Germania, Caucasus and Bhutan.^[2][3][6] None of these three regions belong to any of those regions with high frequencies of this linage. According to the Genographic Project the T-M184 frequencies in Germany goes from 3% to 24%, several studies give frequencies in Caucasus from 0% to 12% and the frequency in Bhutan is less than 5%.^{[2][7][8][8][9][10]}

Mendez et al. point to a very ancient origin for T1a-M70 in Europe, the subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.^[4] This is supported by the recent findings of Haak et al. who discovered several T1a1-CTS880 members in a 7000 years old settlement in Karsdorf, Germany.^[11][12] Autosomal analysis of these skeletal remains show an unusual relationship with modern Southwest Asian populations, reaching close to 10%. The T1a1 skeletal remains from this settlement were also found to belong to the H mtdna haplogroup, this settlement have the highest frequency of this mtDNA haplogroup 30.4% (7/23) that have been found in any early Neolithic Europe population until now.^[11]

Origins

Initial research on the T1a-M70

K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])

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J. R. Luis et al. 2004, ^[13]

The main T subclades in Europe

The occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow

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Mendez et al. 2011, ^[4]

Ancient DNA from Karsdorf, Germany

T1a in the ancient Europe around 7000 YBP", This map show the Y-DNA lineages in Europe on the early Neolithic

The 7000-year-old "Goseck circle", a pagan cult structure in Goseck, Burgenlandkreis, Saxony-Anhalt.

The spread of different groups without close social or biological kinship

Building on both the evidence previously available for the LBK and the evidence presented here, we suggest that the repeated occurrence of almost indiscriminate massacres, the possible abduction of selected members, and the patterns of torture, mutilation, and careless disposal all fit into the concept of prehistoric warfare as currently understood within anthropology. Particular LBK groups were singled out for as yet unknown reasons, attacked with brute force, and annihilated by others, probably close neighbors and very likely other LBK groups of the wider region. As has been shown, even within the overall quite homogenous-appearing LBK, recognizable boundaries did exist in many places. These borders most probably were a result of the spread of different groups without close social or biological kinship ties to one another who came in to close contact as a consequence of the LBK colonization pattern. In fact, because the LBK was the first complete Neolithic culture in Central Europe, today all farmers of this time and region are classified as members of the LBK by default, regardless of how these people defined themselves and how they differentiated themselves from their contemporaries.

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(Meyer et al., 2015)

The location of the Karsdorf municipality in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

The individual known as KAR6 (I0795)

This individual belonged to haplogroup T1a (PF5604:7890461C→T, M70:21893881A→C). This is the first instance of this haplogroup in an ancient individual that we are aware of and strengthens the case for the early Neolithic origin of this lineage in modern Europeans, rather than a more recent introduction from the Near East where it is more abundant today.

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(Haak et al., 2015)

The source of the Early European Neolithic

The fact that our samples are from northwestern Anatolia should not be taken to imply that the Neolithic must have entered Europe from that direction.

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(Mathieson et al., 2015)

Haplogroup T1a (PF5604) has been found in two out of two 7500-6800ybp individuals from Karsdorf, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany. Both T1a skeletal remains belong to the Linienbandkeramische Kultur. T1a from Karsdorf constitutes 22.2% of all ancient samples between 7500 and 6800 ybp in Germany. The remainder belong to other clades: 22.2% are H2 carriers from Derenburg, and the remaining 55.6% are G2a bearers from Halberstadt and Derenburg. These ancient specimens' mtDNA haplogroups have been found to be H1*/H1au1b and H46b. Their autosomal ancestral components also consist of around 70% Western European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) and 30% Basal Eurasian.^[11]

The Karsdorf site is located in the valley of Unstrut, Burgenlandkreis, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The slope on which Karsdorf sits is characterized by alluvial loess. The place itself was settled intensively since the earliest phase of the LBK in the region. The settlement area is at least 50 acres in size and nearly 30 houses have been excavated. So-called ‘settlement burials’ were regularly found in pits in the center of the settlement area, of which individual KAR6/I0795 (feature 170, 5207-5070 calBCE, MAMS 22823) was sampled for this study.^[11][14]

The LBK settlement of Karsdorf (Burgenlandkreis, Saxony-Anhalt) is located approximately 100 km south of Derenburg and Halberstadt, on the river Unstrut, and was occupied between 5240 and 5000 BC (Behnke, 2007). The Neolithic buildings(n=24) of three settlement stages are dated to the early and middle LBK (after Meier-Arendt 1966). Except for four graves, all of the 30 burials are associated in groups next to houses in the centre of the settlement, similar to the site of Halberstadt. The individuals are buried in house-flanking pit graves at the western side of the houses and mostly arranged in north-east or north-west orientation. Grave goods are sparse; few graves contained more than one pot or a shell or horn pendant. Associated with every house group we can identify a person with outstanding grave inventory, who may represent a founding generation.|Oelze et al.^[15]

Special features of the LBK site of Karsdorf are graves in association with particular houses, which can therefore be regarded as settlement burials. Most of the individuals were buried in a flexed position, oriented to the north-east or north-west. Six individuals were inhumed in supine and four in prone position, of which only three showed a fully stretched body.

The LBK in Karsdorf is represented by 24 longhouses oriented north-west–south-east. The assemblage is composed of 20 adults (55% males and 35% females), one juvenile (15–18 years), four as infants of 7–14 years and six infants of 0–6 years. The maximum age at death of males ranged between 40 and 59 years and of females from 40–49 years respectively. The oldest individual is a woman with 65–75 years. In association with the house S and H, women, men, and children were buried together, in some cases even in the same pit. The furnishing of the graves at Karsdorf can be regarded as rather sparse. Only 9 out of 34 burials contained grave goods, such as an axe in a man’s grave and a shell buried with a woman, imply sex-specific grave furnishings.

The large variability and the sparse indications for maternal kinship suggest a dynamic and mobile group of which several members were buried elsewhere and/or which integrated individuals who originated from other communities. These integrated individuals could be mostly females due to the high indications for paternal kinship among the analysed individuals. According to Sr isotope ratios, there are two distinct groups of individuals in Karsdorf but none of both are specially 'Exotic'. So, there is no indication of individuals who grew up in geologically distinct uplands or further north in central Germany.

The first group, composed of the majority of the males, could grew up in households that cultivated plots on calcareous soils, very probably in the Unstrut valley in the near vicinity of the settlement. The second group, composed of most of the females, could grew up in households that predominantly cultivated plots on loess, possibly beyond the landmarks of the Unstrut River or about 80m above the site on the Querfurt plateau 1–2 km away. Sex-specific tendencies, the combination of the Sr isotope data with the results of previous carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses, and the similarity of the Sr isotope data of the youngest child with the majority of the males may be evaluated as being in agreement with the predominance of patrilocal residential rules.

The Karsdorf population diet consisted of plant crops consumption quite similar to other LBK sites but ate slightly higher quantities of animal protein. Despite of this, there is one female individual that could be classified as a Vegan because her results show that she fall in the range of those of the domestic and wild fauna from Karsdorf, indicating she might has lived on the similar herbivore diet for unknown reasons.
The consumption of unfermented dairy products is unlikely as there is direct palaeogenetic evidence of lactose intolerance for the site Derenburg.
Children in these LBK cultures may have been weaned around the age of three and apparently ate the similar diet as adults after weaning. The highest isotopic value for stable isotopes of nitrogen is found in the youngest Karsdorf individual likely due to breastfeeding effects. In the Karsdorf population the highest Animal Protein consumption signal is found in a 15–18 years old individual belonging to mtDNA H. In addition, the lowest Plant Crop consumption signal is found in the youngest Karsdorf individual and secondarily in two out of three 21–24 years old individuals belonging to mtDNA U5a and H.^[16]

In 2015 a published study by Mathieson et al. test several individuals from two Neolithic sites in northwest Anatolia, the results showed that Haplogroup T1a-M70, previously found in LBK sites from Germany, was not present in Barcin nor Mentese Neolithic settlements. This fact together with the absence of the mtDNA lineages carried by both of the T1a individuals from Karsdorf and the occurrence of G2a and the mtDNA lineages carried by all of these G2a individuals, could mean that the Early European Neolithic T1a-M70 had a different migration pattern and, therefore, a different geographical origin.

Karsdorf T1a Tribe	Karsdorf-SI	Karsdorf-HI
ID	I0795 KAR6 Feature 170 Musm.no. 2006:14423a	I0797 KAR16a Feature 611 Musm.no. 2004:26374a
Y DNA	T1a1-CTS880 (xT1a1a1b1a-Y13381, T1a1a1a2a-Y18474, T1a1a1a1b2-Y15724, T1a1a1a1b1a2a-Y10911, T1a1a1a1a2a-Y18145, T1a1a1a1a1-CTS8512, T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77)	T1a-M70 (xT1a1-Y3789, T1a2a1a-Z19909, T1a2a2-Y7391, T1a3a-Y9217)
Population	Early EN	Early EN
Language	Paleo-European	Paleo-European
Culture	LBK	LBK
Date (YBP)	7222 - 7085	7515 - 6790
House / Location	S / Karsdorf	H / Karsdorf
Members / Sample Size	1/2	1/2
Percentage	50%	50%
mtDNA	H1* or H1au1b	H46b
Isotope Sr	Native to Unstruttal	Native to Unstruttal
Eye Color	Likely Gray or Blue eyes	Likely Gray or Blue eyes
Hair Color	Likely non-Dark hair	Likely non-Red hair
Skin Pigmentation		Rs1042602 (C;C)
ABO Blood Group	Likely O or B	Rs8176719 (T;T)
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0)	-20.0 / 9.0 (higher Animal Protein)	-20.2 / 9.1 (higher Animal Protein)
FADS activity	rs174554 (A;A)	rs174574 (A;A)
Lactase Persistence		Likely Lactose Intolerant
Ancestral Component (AC)	93% Anatolia Neolithic (HG-like + B.EurAs.) + 7.1% West European Hunter-Gatherer	84% Anatolia Neolithic (WHG-like + B.EurAs.) + 10.1% swAsian like + 5.4% WHG + 0.8% Afro-Eurasian + 0.3% East European Hunter Gatherer
Dodecad [dv3]	69.1% Mediterranean + 21% West European + 10% Southwest Asian	64.2% Mediterranean + 17.4% West European + 10.5% Southwest Asian + 4.2% West Asian + 3.7% Northwest African
Eurogenes [K=36]	56.9% Italian + 31.9% West Mediterranean + 6.3% Iberian + 2.1% Basque + 1.3% North African + 0.9 East Balkan + 0.3% East Mediterranean + 0.3% Arabian	37.1% Italian + 21% West Mediterranean + 16.9% Iberian + 11.8 East Balkan + 7.7% Armenian + 5.5% East Mediterranean + 0.05% North African
Dodecad [Globe13]	67.4% Mediterranean + 16.5% Southwest Asian + 16% North European	61% Mediterranean + 19.7% Southwest Asian + 19.2% North European
Age at Death	45-60	24-26
Death Position	Flexed Left	Stretched Dorsal
SNPs	107.480	95.833
Read Pairs	5.279.657	7.128.606
Sample	Tooth / Rib	Tooth / Rib
Source	[12][16][17]	[12][16][17]
Notes	Goseck circle	Goseck circle

The autosomal data of I0797 show the lowest frequency of Anatolian Neolithic component and the highest frequency of an unknown ancient human population for any studied LBK individual. This reinforce the hipothesis of a possible different geographical origin for this T1a tribe instead of the Greco-Anatolian origin of other human groups found in the LBK like G2a. By his side, I0795 could be some generations younger than I0797 because he show higher autosomal admixture frequencies of surrounding populations like Hunter Gatherer Europeans I2a (West Hunter Gatherers) and Aegean-Anatolian Neolithics G2a and H2.

Why this Early Neolithic settlement was once abandoned, is still unclear.

Distribution

Haplogroup T-M184 (M193, M272, L206, PAGES129) is a fairly rare almost everywhere, In Europe it makes up to 4% of the population on Central Italy, Western Sicily, Northwest Corsica, Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Western Andalucia, Western Alps, Eastern Crete, and Macedonia, frequencies up to 10% in Ibiza, Miranda l Douro, Eastern Oviedo, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma and Ragusa, peaking up to 20% in Sciacca, L'Aquila and some German regions. In Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4% of the population on Southeast and Northwest Caucasus as well as in Southeastern and Western Anatolia, peaking up to 20% in Armenians from Sasun. In Middle East it makes up to 4% of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin, peaking up to 10% in Zoroastrians from Kerman, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians from Azerbaijan, Abudhabians, Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee. In Eastern Africa it makes up to 4% of the population on Upper Egypt and Somalia, peaking up to 10% in Luxor, Jijiga and Dire Dawa. The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T is observed in the Dir Clan of Somaliland, Djibouti and Somali Region, where it accounts for approximately 70 to 90% of the male lineages.^[18] Besides these regions, T is found in isolated pockets as far as Central Asia, Northeast and Eastern India, Northern Asia, Central Africa, and South Africa. Haplogroup T is found in a majority of Dirs in East Africa, Kurru, Bauris & Lodha in South Asia; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fulbe in north Cameroon; Chian Greeks, Aquilanis, Saccensis, Eivissencs / Ibizans and Mirandeses in Europe and Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris in the Middle East.

Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of T on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Turkish haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 ybp and 9,000 ybp, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 ybp). According to the authors, the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T-M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the E1b1b, E1b1a, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.^[13]

The distribution of haplogroup T-M184 in most parts of Europe is patchy or regionalized; for example, haplogroup T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.^[19] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.

Germany

The paternal haplogroup T-M70 varies between 3% and 24% of male lineages in Germany.

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The Genographic Project 2.0, 2012

Armenians from Sasun

Interestingly, haplogroup T-M184, which is relatively rare in other Near Eastern populations, as well as in three of the Armenian collections tested here, represents the most prominent descent in Sasun, comprising 20.1% of the samples. The presence of this haplogroup in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van, by contrast, is more limited, composing only 3.6%, 6.3% and 3.9%, respectively, of the individuals from those collections.[...]Sasun, however, exhibits statistically significant divergence from the remaining Armenian populations, most likely as the result of the prominence in Sasun of lineages (T-M184 and R2a-M124) found at substantially lower frequencies in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van.

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Kristian J Herrera, 2012

T-M184 (xM70)

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Leoneses	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Leon	1/13	7.7%	[6][20]
Ossetian Irons	Iron (Scythian)	South Ossetia	1/21	4.8%	[6][21]
Bhutaneses	Unknown (Tibeto-Burman language)	Bhutan	1/21	4.8%	[2]	T2-PH110
Cordobeses	Andalusian (Romance)	Córdoba	1/27	3.7%	[6][22]
Leoneses	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Leon	2/60	3.3%	[6][22]
Cherkessians	Besleney (Northwest Caucasian)	Circassia	2/126	1.6%	[6][21]
Bizkaians	Bizkaiera (Isolate language)	Bizkaia	1/72	1.4%	[6][22]
Europeans	English (Germanic)	Australia	1/1078	0.9%	[23]

T1-L206 (xM70)

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Syrians	Unspecified	Syria	1/95	1.1%	[4]
Macedonians	Macedonian (Balto-Slavic)	Macedonia	1/201	0.5%	[24]

T1a1-L162 (xL208)

This is an extreme rare T1a1 branch that only have been found in Eivissan islanders and Pontic Greeks from Giresun. Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend from Sinope colonists and Sinope was colonised by Ionians from Miletus. Is interesting to note that there exist an Ionian colony known as Pityussa just like the known Greek name for Eivissa Pityuses. In Eivissa, where is found the famous bust of Demeter that have been confused with the punic Tanit for decades, is known the cult to Demeter. The bust belonging to Demeter have been analysed and is found to contains black particles of volcanic sand origin from the Etna, is thought to be made in Sicily with red clays typical of the eastern Trinacria, which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker.

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Pityusics	Eivissenc (Romance)	Eivissa	9/54	16.7%	[25][26]	L454+. All individuals were interviewed in order to assess the birthplace of their paternal grandfathers. All of them carrying typical Eivissan surnames
Pityusics	Eivissenc (Romance)	Eivissa	7/96	7.3%	[27]	L454+
Pityusics	Eivissenc (Romance)	Eivissa	3/45	6.7%	[28]	L454+

The Pityusic Islanders. One out of the three genetically different populations in the Balearic Islands

The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither shows a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations like do the Mallorcan and Menorcan. With the comparison of the data provided by the Pityusic population with other circumediterranean populations surprises that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with the North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: for some markers shows affinities with Oriental populations (some mtDNA variables), but diverges from these populations when considering other markers. Is a separate case, a island, not in the geographical sense but genetical.

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Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004

T1a1a1a1b1a1a-Y3836

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Panamanians	Panamanian Spanish (Romance languages)	Los Santos Province	1/30	3.3%	[29]
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance languages)	Caldas	2/75	2.7%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Panamanians	Panamanian Spanish (Romance languages)	Panama Province	1/43	2.3%	[29]
Northwest Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance languages)	Mountainous region of Jujuy	1/50	2%	[30] YHRD	Admixed population
Puerto Ricans	Puerto Rican Spanish (Romance languages)	Southeast Puerto Rico	2/110	1.8%	[31]
Native Mirandese speakers	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Miranda de l Douro	1/58	1.7%	[32][33]
Panamanians	Panamanian Spanish (Romance languages)	Chiriquí Province	1/92	1.1%	[29]
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance languages)	Bogotá	2/195	1%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance languages)	Valle del Cauca	1/103	1%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Europeans	Brazilian Portuguese (Romance languages)	São Paulo	1/120	0.8	YHRD	European descents
Ecuatorians	Castilian (Romance languages)	Quito	1/120	0.8%	[34]
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance languages)	Antioquia	6/777	0.7%	[35]
Mexicans	Mexican Spanish (Romance languages)	Tuxtla Gutiérrez	1/154	0.7	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Mexicans	Mexican Spanish (Romance languages)	Mérida	1/159	0.6%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Eastern Andalusians	Andalusian (Romance)	Granada	1/180	0.6%	[36]
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance languages)	Santander	1/193	0.5%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Chileans	Chilean Spanish (Romance languages)	Concepción	1/198	0.5%	YHRD
Mexicans	Mexican Spanish (Romance languages)	Guadalajara	1/246	0.4%	YHRD	Mestizo individuals
Europeans	Brazilian Portuguese (Romance languages)	Rio Grande do Sul	1/255	0.4%	[37]

Northern Asia

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Nentsi	Nenets	Nenetsia and Western Siberia	27/54	50%	[38]	K(xL, NOP). In Karafet et al. 2008, Forest Nentsi and Tundra Nentsi were found to be 0% K(xL, NOP).
Kazakhs	Kazakh	Kosh-Agachski Raion	19/49	38.8%	[39]	K(xL, NOP). According to Dulik 2011 only T fit.
Tuvinians	Tuvan	Kyzyl and Ubsunur Hollow	10/102	9.8%	[39]	In Kharkov et al. 2013 were sampled 296 Tuvinians from Kyzyl and were found to be 0% T.
Kazakhs	Kazakh	Southwestern Altai	1/30	3.3%	[40]
Khakass	Khakas	Abakan	3/176	1.7%	.[39]

Europe

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Marchigianos	Marchigiano (Romance)	Arquata del Tronto and Apiro	2/2	100%	[41]
Cretans and southern Aegeans	Southeastern Greek	Crete and southern Aegean	2/6	33.3%	[42]
Rural Saccensi	Sicilian (Romance)	Sciacca	6/20	30%	[43]
Chians	Southeastern Greek	Khíos	4/16	25%	[44]
German Stilfser/Tyrolese	Southern Austro-Bavarian (Upper German)	Stilfs	4/17	23.5%	[45]
Sephardic Levites	Not Specified	Not Specified	7/31	22.6%	[46]	Among Ashkenazi Levites found at 3.3% but different haplotype.
Venetians	Venetian (Romance)	Vigasio and Povegliano Veronese	2/9	22.2%	[47]
Abruzzesi	Neapolitan language (Romance)	L'Aquila	6/30	20%	[48]	macro-haplogroup LT is 30% in L'Aquila population. This was the land of Samnium inhabited by the Caraceni
Cretans	Cretan Greek	Lasithi	9/50	18%	[49]	According to Martinez2007 only can belong to T1a-M70
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	Sciacca	5/28	17.9%	[50]
Urban Ragusani	Sicilian (Romance)	Ragusa	3/19	15.8%	[43]
Northeastern Portuguese Jews	Judaeo-Portuguese (Romance)	Bragança	9/57	15.7%	[51]	T have been found to be the second largest lineage in the Mirandês speaking population of Miranda do Douro too. Haplogroup T was not found in a sample of Belmonte Jews.
Albanians	Albanian	Brescia (Lombardia)	12/83	14.5%	[52]	The haplogroup tested is K*(xNOP), is assumed as LT and most probably are members of T
Rural Normensi	Italian (Romance)	Norma	1/7	14.3%	[43]
Corsicans	Corsican (Romance)	Balagne (region of Corsica suprana)	3/24	12.5%	[53]
Rural Piazzesi	Sicilian (Romance)	Piazza Armerina	3/24	12.5%	[43]
Cantabrians	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Cantabria	2/18	11.1%	[54]	All individuals were interviewed in order to assess the geographical origin of their grandparents and their speaking dialect.
Marchigianos	Marchigiano (Romance)	Matelica	1/9	11.1%	[41]
Gaditanos	Andalusian (Romance)	Cádiz	3/28	10.7%	[55]
Native Mirandese speakers	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Miranda de l Douro	6/58	10.4%	[32][33]
Pacenses	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Badajoz	3/29	10.3%	[20]
Asturianos	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Eastern Uviéu	1/10	10%	[56]
Murcianos	Murcian (Romance)	Murcia	1/10	10%	[57]
Rural Alcamesi	Sicilian (Romance)	Alcamo	2/22	9.1%	[43]
Cretans	Cretan Greek	Lasithi	2/23	8.7%	[58]
Ligurians and Tuscans	Ligurian (Romance)	La Spezia / Massa	2/24	8.3%	[48]
Lugueses	Galician language (Romance)	Lugo	1/12	8.3%	[20]
Campanians	Neapolitan language (Romance)	West Campania	7/84	8.3%	[59]
Campanians	Neapolitan language (Romance)	Cilento	4/48	8.3%	[49]
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	Alcamo	2/24	8.3%	[50]
Lebaniegos	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Liébana	3/37	8.1%	[60]
Corsicans	Corsican (Romance)	Corte (region of Corsica suprana)	5/62	8.1%	[53]
Segovianos	Castilian language (Romance)	Segovia	2/25	8%	[20]
Marchigianos	Marchigiano (Romance)	Offida	3/38	7.9%	[61]
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	East Sicily	9/114	7.9%	[50]
Northern Portugueses	Portuguese (Romance)	Vila Real	3/39	7.7%	[62]
Materanis	Neapolitan language (Romance)	Matera	4/52	7.7%	[63]
Campanians	Neapolitan language (Romance)	Campania	8/108	7.4%	[64]
Cretans	Cretan Greek	Oropedio Lasithiou	3/41	7.3%	[58]
Latinensis	Neapolitan language (Romance) (Romance)	Latina	3/42	7.3%	[63]
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	Ragusa	2/28	7.1%	[50]
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	Piazza Armerina	2/28	7.1%	[50]
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	Trapani	3/43	7%	[53]
Ligurians	Ligurian (Romance)	La Spezia	3/43	7%	[63]
Leccesis	Salentino language (Romance)	Lecce	3/46	6.5%	[63]
Walloons	Walloon (Romance)	Wallonia	3/47	6.4%	[65]
Ascolanis	Marchigiano (Romance)	Ascoli Piceno	3/47	6.4%	[63]
Asturianos	Eonavian (Romance)	Navia-Eo	2/31	6.5%	[56]
Gagauzes	Gagauz (Turkic)	Kongaz	3/48	6.3%
Solàndris	Solànder (Rhaeto-Romance)	Val de Sól	4/65	6.2%	[66]
Northern Portuguese	Portuguese (Romance)	Aveiro	4/66	6.1%
Western Andalusians	Andalusian (Romance)	Huelva	10/167	6%	[36]
Aragonese	Aragonese and Castilian (Romance)	Aragón	2/34	5.9%
Corsicans	Corsican	Corsica	2/34	5.9%
Panteschis	Sicilian with Siculo-Arabic influences (Romance)	Pantelleria	1/17	5.9%	[67]
Extremadurans	Astur-Leonese and Castilian (Romance)	Extremadura	3/52	5.8%
Bulgarians	Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages)	Unspecified Bulgarian region	4/69	5.8%	[68]
Tuscans	Tuscan (Romance)	Tuscany	3/53	5.7%	[69]
Dutch	Hollandic (West Germanic)	North Holland	1/18	5.6%
Lombardians	Lombard and Italian (Romance)	Lombardia	1/18	5.6%	[53]
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	Mazara del Vallo	1/18	5.6%
Southern Italians	Italian (Romance)	South Apulia	4/71	5.6%
Asturians	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Asturies	4/74	5.4%	[70]
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	South Sicily	3/55	5.4%
Lombardians	Lombard and Italian (Romance)	Lombardia	7/131	5.3%
Hutterites	Austro-Bavarian (Upper German)	Tyrol	4/75	5.3%
Peloponnesians	Southern Greek	Peloponnese	1/19	5.3%	[42]
Estonians	Estonian (Uralic)	Estonia	11/207	5.3%
Gutes	Gutnish (North Germanic)	Gotland	2/40	5%
Alsatians	Alsatian (Upper German)	Strossburi	4/80	5%
Asturians	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Asturies	1/20	5%
Italian speakers	Italian (Romance)	Bozen	3/59	5%
Ladin Stilfser/Tyrolese	Ladin (Romance)	Stelvio	1/20	5%
Gaditanos	Andalusian language (Romance)	Cadiz	1/20	5%	[20]
Malacitanos	Andalusian language (Romance)	Malaga	1/20	5%	[20]
Macedonians and Thracians	Northern Greek	East Macedonia and Thrace	1/21	4.8%	[42]
Bulgarians	Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages)	Razgrad	1/21	4.8%	[68]
Northeastern Portuguese	Portuguese (Romance)	Trás os Montes	3/64	4.7%
Sardinians	Sassarese (Romance)	Sassari	2/43	4.7%	[53]
Aretuseis	Sicilian (Romance)	Buccheri	1/22	4.6%	[63]
Casteddammaresis	Sicilian (Romance)	Casteddammari	1/22	4.6%	[63]
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	East Sicily	4/87	4.6%
Western Andalusians	Andalusian (Romance)	Huelva	1/22	4.5%	[55]
West Andalusians	Andalusian (Romance)	Sevilla	7/155	4.5%	[55]
Galicians	Galician (Romance)	Santiago	2/46	4.4%
Palentinos	Castilian language (Romance)	Palencia	1/23	4.4%	[20]
Catalonians	Catalan (Romance)	Aragó	1/23	4.4%	[71]
Ligurians	Ligurian (Romance)	Central Liguria	2/45	4.4%	[61]
Catalonians	Catalan (Romance)	Penedès	7/164	4.3%	[71]
Greeks	Greek	Athens	4/92	4.3%
Northern Portuguese	Portuguese	Beira Litoral	5/116	4.3%
Ligurians	Ligurian (Romance)	La Spezia	2/46	4.3%	[72]
South Italians	Salentino (Romance)	North Apulia	2/46	4.3%
Cantabrians	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Cantabria	3/70	4.3%	[55]
Cimbrians	Cimbrian (West Germanic languages)	Lessinia	1/24	4.2%	[66]
Pincianos	Castilian language (Romance)	Valladolid	1/24	4.2%	[20]
Macedonians	Northern Greek	Central Macedonia	1/25	4%	[42]
Madrileños	Castilian language (Romance)	Madrid	2/50	4%	[20]
Germans	German (West Germanic)	Berlin	4/103	3.9%
Northern Portuguese	Portuguese (Romance)	Braga	2/51	3.9%
Beneventanis	Neapolitan language (Romance)	Benevento	1/26	3.9%	[63]
Tuscans	Tuscan (Romance)	South Tuscany	3/79	3.8%
Riojans	Riojan and Castilian (Romance)	La Rioja	2/54	3.7%	[54]
Marchigianos	Marchigiano (Romance)	Apennines Marche	1/27	3.7%
Calabrians	Southern Italian (Romance)	West Calabria	1/27	3.7%	[61]
Urban Biellesi	Piedmontese (Romance)	Bièla	3/81	3.7%	[43]
Ukrainians	Ukrainian (East Slavic)	Kharkiv Oblast	2/55	3.6%	[73]
Native Sayaguese speakers	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Sayago	1/28	3.6%	[32]
Galicians	Galician (Romance)	Montes Baixo Miño	1/28	3.6%
Corsicans	Corsican (Romance)	Ajaccio (region of Corsica sutana)	1/28	3.6%	[53]
Estonians	Estonian (Uralic)	Estonia	-	3.5%
Southern Portugueses	Portuguese (Romance)	Évora	1/29	3.5%
Cretans	Cretan Greek	Khania	1/29	3.5%	[49]
Canarians	Canarian Spanish (Romance)	La Palma	3/85	3.5%
Scanians	Scanian dialects (South Scandinavian)	Malmö	1/29	3.4%
Occitans	Auvergnat (Romance)	Clermont-Ferrand	3/89	3.4%
Azoreans	Portuguese (Romance)	Eastern Azores	3/87	3.4%	[74]
Asturians	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Uviéu	6/182	3.3%	[70]
Galicians	Galician (Romance)	Lugo	2/61	3.3%
Albanians	Albanian dialects	Albania	1/30	3.3%
Northeastern Portuguese	Portuguese (Romance)	Bragança	1/30	3.3%	[51]
Northern Portuguese	Portuguese (Romance)	Viseu	1/30	3.3%
Northern Portuguese	Portuguese (Romance)	Guarda	1/30	3.3%
Catanzaresis	southern Calabrese (Romance)	Catanzaro	1/30	3.3%	[63]
Sicilians	Sicilian (Romance)	West Sicily	4/122	3.3%
Leoneses	Astur-leonese language (Romance)	Leon	7/221	3.2%	[20]
Lithuanians	Aukštaitian (Baltic)	West Aukstaiciai	1/31	3.2%
Euboeans	Thessalian (Hellenic)	Euboea	3/93	3.2%	[63]
Greeks	Northern Greek	Western Greece	1/31	3.2%	[42]
Campanians	Neapolitan language (Romance)	San Giorgio La Molara	1/31	3.2%	[61]
Valencians	Catalan and Castilian (Romance)	Valencia	1/31	3.2%	[55]
Southern Tyroleans	Southern Austro-Bavarian (Upper German)	Lower Vinschgau	1/32	3.1%
Rhinelanders	Ripuarian (Central Franconian)	Köln	3/96	3.1%
Swedes	Swedish dialects (East Scandinavian)	Örebro	1/32	3.1%
Cantabrians	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Cantabria	3/98	3.1%	[75]
Albaceteño	Castilian language (Romance)	Albacete	1/32	3.1%	[20]
Portuguese	Portuguese (Romance)	Madeira	4/129	3.1%
Asturianos	Astur-Leonese language (Romance)	Asturias	1/33	3%	[20]
Lentinesi	Sicilian (Romance)	Lentini	1/33	3%	[63]
Shetlanders with Aboriginal surnames	Scots language and Norn Language (Germanic)	Shetland	1/35	2.9%		Shetland Project
Aretuseis	Sicilian (Romance)	Siracusa	4/138	2.9%	[63]
Baslers	Basel German (West Germanic)	Basel-Stadt	18/643	2.8%	[70]
Russians	Russian (East Slavic)	Smolensk Oblast	3/107	2.8%	[73]
Gienenses	Castilian language (Romance)	Jaen	1/36	2.8%	[20]
Native Alistano speakers	Astur-Leonese (Romance)	Aliste	1/36	2.8%	[32]
Germans	German (Germanic)	Germany	1/37	2.7%		Karafet15
Russians	Russian (East Slavic)	Oryol Oblast	3/110	2.7%	[73]
Macedonians	Macedonian (Balto-Slavic)	Macedonia	4/150	2.7%	[76]
Azoreans	Portuguese (Romance)	Central Azores	2/76	2.6%	[74]
Augustanis	Sicilian (Romance)	Augusta	1/38	2.6%	[63]
Czechs	Czech (West Slavic)	Vysocina	1/40	2.5%	[77]
Fiemmeses	Fiamazzo (Romance)	Val de Fiem	1/41	2.4%	[66]
Flemish	Dutch (West Germanic)	Turnhout	1/42	2.4%	[78]	‘1675’ data set
Russians	Russian (East Slavic)	Oryol Oblast	1/42	2.4%
Bulgarians	Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages)	Haskovo	1/41	2.4%	[68]
Flemish	Dutch (West Germanic)	Tongeren	1/43	2.3%	[79]	T1a1a-L208
Sardinians	Sardinian, Corsican (Romance)	Sardinia	28/1204	2.3%	[80]
Russians	Russian (East Slavic)	Kursk Oblast	1/45	2.2%	[73]
Sardinians	Gallurese (Romance)	Gaddùra	1/46	2.2%	[53]
Sardinians	Sardinian (Romance)	Sardinia	27/1204	2.2%	[81]
Belvederesi	Neapolitan language (Romance)	Belvedere Marittimo	1/45	2.2%	[63]
Fascians	Fascian (Rhaeto-Romance)	Fascia	1/47	2.1%	[66]
Russians	Russian (East Slavic)	Lipetsk Oblast	1/47	2.1%
Ukrainians	Ukrainian (East Slavic)	Chernihiv Raion	2/96	2.1%	[73]
Sardinians	Sardinian (Romance)	Trexenta	1/47	2.1%	[53]
Lithuanians	Aukštaitian (Baltic)	western Aukštaitija	1/50	2%	[73]
Ukrainians	Ukrainian (East Slavic)	Sumy Oblast	2/101	2%	[73]
Zamoranos	Castilian (Romance)	Campos - Pan	1/50	2%	[32]
Southwestern Almerians	Andalusian (Romance)	Alpujarra Almeriense and Poniente Almeriense	1/50	2%	[82]
Alpujarreños	Andalusian (Romance)	Alpujarra de la Sierra	1/50	2%
Corinthians	Ionian-Peloponesian and Albanian (Hellenic)	Corinthia	2/104	1.9%	[63]
Macedonians	Macedonian (Balto-Slavic)	Macedonia	4/211	1.9%	[83]
Catalonians	Catalan language (Romance language)	Camp de Tarragona	4/214	1.9%	[71]
Ukrainians	Ukrainian (East Slavic)	Cherkasy Raion	2/101	1.8%	[73]
Adigeses	Italian (Romance)	Val d'Adige	1/56	1.8%	[66]
Bosch surname members	Catalan language (Romance language)	Països Catalans	1/56	1.8%	[84]
Basques	Gipuzkoan (Isolate language)	Southwestern Gipuzkoa	1/57	1.8%	[54]
Basques	Gipuzkoan (Isolate language)	Gipuzkoa	1/58	1.7%	[85]
Flemish	Dutch (West Germanic)	Noord-Brabant	2/119	1.7%	[78]	‘1775’ data set
Bulgarians	Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages)	Sofia	1/59	1.7%	[68]
Bulgarians	Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages)	Lovech	1/62	1.6%	[68]
Balearics	Majorcan (Romance)	Majorca	2/129	1.6%	[71]
Czechs	Czech (West Slavic)	Plzen	1/62	1.6%	[77]
Mecklenburgers	East Low Saxon (West Germanic)	Rostock	3/200	1.5%	[86]
Russians	Russian (East Slavic)	Oryol Oblast	2/143	1.4%	[73]
Catalonians	Catalan (Romance)	Castelló	2/146	1.4%	[71]
Bulgarians	Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages)	Plovdiv	2/159	1.3%	[68]
Bulgarians	Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages)	Montana, Bulgaria	1/80	1.3%	[68]
Catalonians	Catalan (Romance)	Central Catalonia	3/230	1.3%	[71]
Catalonians	Catalan (Romance)	Barcelona	3/231	1.3%	[71]
Catalonians	Catalan (Romance)	Barcelona Periphery	3/235	1.3%	[71]
Czechs	Czech (West Slavic)	Usti nad Labem	1/86	1.2%	[77]
Russians	Russian (East Slavic)	Penza Oblast	1/81	1.2%
Faroese	Faroese (Germanic)	Faroe Islands	1/89	1.1%	[87]	Grandfathers originated from various Faroese islands.
Southwestern Almerians	Andalusian (Romance)	Laujar de Andarax, Ohanes, Berja and Adra	1/90	1.1%	[88]
Eastern Andalusians	Andalusian (Romance)	Granada	2/180	1.1%	[36]
Austrian Germans	Southern Bavarian (Germanic)	Salzburg (state)	2/200	1%	[89]
Ukrainians	Ukrainian (East Slavic)	Lviv Oblast	1/101	1%	[73]
Aragonese	Aragonese and Castilian (Romance)	Aragón	2/200	1%	[70]
Castellonenses	Catalan language (Romance)	Castelló	5/515	1%	[20]
Austrian Germans	Southern Bavarian (Germanic)	Upper Austria	2/225	0.9%	[89]
Czechs	Czech (West Slavic)	South Moravia	2/216	0.9%	[77]
Croatians	Croatian (West Slavic)	Zagreb	1/114	0.9%
Catalonians	Catalan (Romance)	Girona	2/219	0.9%	[71]
Bulgarians	Bulgarian language (South Slavic languages)	Sofia Province	2/257	0.8%	[68]
Catalonians	Catalan (Romance)	València	1/173	0.6%	[71]
Czechs	Czech (West Slavic)	Prague	3/595	0.5%	[77]
Germans	German (West Germanic)	area of Halle	1/234	0.4%	[90]
Individuals living in Catalonia	Catalan language (Romance)	Barcelona metropolitan area	1/247	0.4%	[91]
Slovaks	Slovak (West Slavic)	Slovakia	1/473	0.2%	[92]

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,^[93] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,^[49] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,^[49] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,^[49] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,^[49] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benavento,^[49] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,^[59] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,^[49] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,^[94] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,^[95] 7% (6/86) of Sardinians in Tempio,^[96] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,^[97] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,^[98] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,^[55] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León|,^[55] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,^[98] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,^[98] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,^[99] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,^[100] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,^[101] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,^[99] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,^[102] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,^[93] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,^[93] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc,^[103] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,^[98] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,^[104] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,^[105] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,^[106] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,^[101] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,^[99] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,^[107] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,^[108] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,^[101] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,^[109] 0.8% (1/132) of "Andalusians" in Northwest Tunisia,^[110] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),^[111] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie^[112]

Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Toulouse (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).^{[113][114][115][116][117][118][59][119][62][120][87][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][119][133][134][135][41][82][136][137][138][139]} According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup.^[140] Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.^[141]

Middle East and Caucasus

Haplogroup T has some significant frequencies in Southeast and Eastern Anatolia, the Zagors Mountains and some parts around the Persian Gulf on both sides. Out of 867 reported in FTDNA haplogroup T-(former K2)project - 284 (32%) are from this area, almost 50% of those from eastern Saudi Arabia .

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Tajiks	Darî (Southwestern Iranian)	Logar Province	2/4	50%	[142]
Iraqi Jews	Judeo-Iraqi Arabic (Central Semitic)	Iraq	7/32	21.9%	[4]	12.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.4% T1a3-Y11151
Armenian Sasuntzis	Western Armenian dialect, Kurmanji and Dimli (Northwestern Iranian) languages	Sasun	21/104	20.2%	[7]	T1a1 and T1a2 subclades
Kurdish Jews	Judeo-Aramaic (Central Semitic)	Kurdistan	19/99	19.2%	[143]
Kurdish Jews	Judeo-Aramaic (Central Semitic)	Kurdistan	9/50	18%	[4]	10% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 8% T1a1-L162
Druzes	Palestinian Arabic (Central Semitic)	Galilee	7/40	17.5%	[144]
Assyrians	Aramaic (Central Semitic)	refugees in Armenia	16/106	15.1%	[145]	Their homeland in the areas around Urmia.
Assyrians	Aramaic (Central Semitic)	Unknown	4/28	14.3%	[8]
Iranian Jews	Judeo-Iranian (Southwestern Iranian)	Iran	3/22	13.6%	[4]	4.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.1% T1a3-Y11151
Zoroastrians	Persian	Kerman	5/37	13.5%	[146]
Iraqi Jews	Judeo-Iraqi Arabic (Central Semitic)	Iraq	13/99	13.1%	[147]
Bakhtiaris	Bakhtiari (Southwestern Iranian (Perside))	Izeh	13/103	12.6%	[9][148]
Mountain Jews	Judeo-Tat (Southwestern Iranian)	Derbentsky District	2/17	11.8%	[8]	All belong to T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77
Armenians	Western Armenian dialect	Historical Southwestern Armenia	11/96	11.5%	[149]
Abudhabians	Gulf Arabic (Semitic)	Abu Dhabi	21/191	11%	[Research 1]
Assyrians	Assyrian (Central Semitic)	West Azerbaijan Province	4/39	10.3%	[10]
Iranian Jews	Judeo-Iranian (Southwestern Iranian)	Iran	5/49	10.2%	[147]
Persian Muslims	Persian	Shiraz	5/51	9.8%	[146]
Persian Muslims	Persian	Kerman	6/66	9.1%	[146]
Iraqis	Iraqi Arabic (Semitic)	Al-Qadisiyah	6/69	8.7%	[150]
Kurds	Sorani (Northwestern Iranian)	Kurdestan	5/59	8.5%	[10]
Omani Arabs	Omani Arabic (Semitic)	Oman	10/121	8.3%	[13]
Kurds	Sorani (Northwestern Iranian)	Kurdestan	2/25	8%	[151]
Azeris	Azeri (Oghuz)	West Azerbaijan Province	5/63	7.9%	[10]
Mazanderanis	Mazanderan (Western Iranian)	Mazandaran	1/13	7.7%	[151]
Cypriots	Cypriot Greek	Cyprus	3/41	7.3%	[92]
Iraqis	Iraqi Arabic (Semitic)	Iraq	10/139	7.2%	[152]
Kuwaitis	Gulf Arabic (Semitic)	Kuwait	3/42	7.1%	[120]
Iraqis	Iraqi Arabic (Semitic)	Iraq	3/43	7%	[153]
Arabs	Levantine Arabic	Israel and Palestine	10/143	7%	[154]
Persians	Farsi (Southwestern Iranian)	Fars	3/44	6.8%	[10]
Christian Arabs	Levantine Arabic	Israel and Palestine	3/44	6.8%	[155]
Western Armenians	Armenian	Eastern Turkey	6/90	6.7%	[156]
Persians	Farsi (Southwestern Iranian)	Yazd	3/46	6.5%	[10]
Armenians	Armenian	Gardman	6/96	6.3%	[7]
Tajiks	Tajik (Southwestern Iranian)	Samangan Province	1/16	6.3%	[151]
Yezidis	Kurmanji (Northwestern Iranian)	refugees in Armenia	12/196	6.1%	[145]	Their homeland in the areas around Laliş.
Muslim Arabs	Levantine Arabic	Israel and Palestine	7/119	5.9%	[155]
Not specified	not specified	Zahedan	6/103	5.8%	[157]
Northern Armenians	Armenian	Northern Armenia, southern Georgia (Bolnisi, Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe) and northwestern Azerbaijan (around Gyanja)	10/189	5.3%	[156]
Armenians	Armenian	Tehran	2/38	5.3%	[146]
Eastern Armenians	Armenian	Karabakh	11/215	5.1%	[156]
Persians	Farsi (Southwestern Iranian)	Khorasan	3/59	5.1%	[10]
Saudi Arabians	Arabic dialects (Semitic)	Saudi Arabia	8/157	5.1%	[158]
Armenians	Armenian	Syunik	7/140	5%	[156]
Emiratis	Gulf Arabic (Semitic)	United Arab Emirates	8/164	4.9%
Lebanese Muslims	Lebanese Arabic (Semitic)	Lebanon	28/568	4.9%	[159]
Cypriots	Cypriot Greek	Lemesos	6/126	4.8%	[160]
Kumyks	Kumyk (Turkic)	Khasavyurtovsky District	1/21	4.8%	[8]
Avars	Avar (Northeast Caucasian)	southeastern Dagestan	2/42	4.8%	[21]
Kurds	Kurmanji (Northwestern Iranian)	Anatolia	12/251	4.8%	[161]
Kurds	Kurdish dialects (Northwestern Iranian)	Kurdistan	6/126	4.8%	[Research 2]
Anizes	Gulf Arabic (Semitic)	Kuwait	1/21	4.7%	[162]
Lebaneses	Levantine Arabic (Semitic)	Lebanon	43/914	4.7%
Cypriots	Cypriot Greek	Cyprus	3/65	4.6%
Maronites	Lebanese Arabic and Syriac (Semitic)	Lebanon	24/518	4.6%	[159]
Armenians	Armenian	Ararat	2/44	4.6%	[156]
Muslim Kurds	Kurdish dialects (Northwestern Iranian)	Kurdistan	4/95	4.2%	[143]
Qeshmis	Qishmi (southwestern Iranian)	Qeshm	2/49	4.1%	[10]
Lurs	Luri (Southwestern Iranian)	Lorestan	2/50	4%	[10]
Sadats	Languages of Iran	Different cities of Iran	2/50	4%	[163]
Persians	Persian	Eastern Iran	3/77	3.9%	[164]
Armenians	Armenian	Lake Van	4/103	3.9%	[7]
Saudi Arabians	Arabic dialects (Semitic)	Saudi Arabia	4/106	3.8%	[92]
Not Specified	Not Specified	Birjand	1/27	3.7%	[157]	All T1a3-Y12871
Armenians	Armenian	Ararat Valley	4/110	3.6%	[7]
Tajiks	Tajik (Southwestern Iranian)	Afghanistan	2/56	3.6%	[142]
Armenians	Armenian	Armenia	2/57	3.5%	[21]
Iranians	Languages of Iran	South Iran	4/117	3.4%	[114]
Ionians	Greek	Phokaia	1/31	3.2%	[165]
Bandaris	Bandari (Southwestern Iranian)	Bandar Abbas	4/131	3.1%	[10]
Cypriots	Cypriot Greek	Larnaka	2/67	3%	[160]
Alans	Karachay-Baksan-Chegem (Turkic)	Kabardino-Balkaria	1/69	2.9%	[21]
Tajiks	Darî (Southwestern Iranian)	Ferghana	1/35	2.9%	[166]
Tajiks	Tajik (Southwestern Iranian)	Takhar Province	1/35	2.9%	[151]
Jordanians	Arabic dialects (Semitic)	Jordania	8/273	2.9%
Cypriots	Cypriot Greek	Ammochostos	3/122	2.5%	[160]
Lezghins	Lezgian (Northeast Caucasian)	Southern Dagestan	2/81	2.5%	[167]
Turks	Turkish	Turkey	13/523	2.5%
Persians	Persian (Southwestern Iranian)	Esfahan	1/13	2.4%	[151]
Iranians	Languages of Iran	Iran	7/324	2.2%	[159]
Azerbaijani Muslims	Azerbaijani (Turkic)	Uromia	2/91	2.2%	[146]
Yemenite Jews	Hebrew and Arabic	Yemen	2/94	2.1%	[147]
Andis	Andi (Northeast Caucasian)	western Dagestan	1/49	2%	[21]
Cypriots	Cypriot Greek	Paphos	2/105	1.9%	[160]
Cypriots	Cypriot Greek	Nicosia	3/161	1.9%	[160]
Pashtuns	Pashto (Eastern Iranian)	Kunduz Province	1/53	1.9%	[151]
Assyrians	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Semitic)	Uromia and Tehran	1/55	1.8%	[146]
Abkhazians	Abkhaz (Northwest Caucasian)	Abkhazia	1/58	1.7%	[167]
Kuwaitis	Gulf Arabic (Semitic)	Kuwait	2/117	1.7%	[168]
Greek Orthodox	Koine Greek	Lebanon	2/116	1.7%	[159]
Not specified	not specified	Mashhad	2/129	1.6%	[157]	0.8% T1a3-Y11151 (xY8614)
Aeolians	Greek	Smyrna	1/68	1.5%	[165]
Turkmens	Turkmen (Oghuz)	the people of Golestan	1/68	1.5%	[10]
Kumyks	Kumyk (Turkic)	Northern Dagestan	1/73	1.4%	[21]
Kuban Nogays	Nogai (Turkic)	north of Sea of Azov around Prymorsk	1/87	1.2%	[21]
Ossetian Digors	Digorian (Scythian)	North Ossetia	1/127	0.8%	[167]
Yemeni Arabs	Sanaani Arabic (Semitic)	Sana'a	1/129	0.8%	[Research 3]
Syrians	Syrian Arabic (Semitic)	Syria	4/518	0.8%	[159]
Kabardins	Kabardian (Northwest Caucasian)	Kabardino-Balkaria	1/140	0.7%	[21]
Circassians	Adyghe (Northwest Caucasian)	Republic of Adygea	1/142	0.7%	[167]
Pashtuns	Pashto (Eastern Iranian)	mainly living in the Southern Afghanistan province of Kandahar	1/141	0.7%	[169]
Abkhazians	Abkhaz (Northwest Caucasian)	Abkhazia	1/162	0.6%	[21]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,^[9] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,^[170] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,^[9] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,^[170] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,^[171] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine,^[172] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,^[173] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,^[170] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,^[171] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,^[9][174] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,^[172] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine,^[172] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,^[9][174] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,^[9][174] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,^[174] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,^[9][174] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel^[172] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.^[174]

Africa

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Northern Dir tribes	Northern Somali (East Cushitic)	Dire Dawa	14/17	82.4%	[18]	Dir sub-clans of Dire Dawa are Issa, Gurgura and Gadabuursi.
Issas and/or Gadabuursi	Northern Somali (East Cushitic)	Djibouti	30/40	75%	[175]	This sample is only 25% E-M215. According to Plaster et al. only have been found two very different lineages, T-M184 and E-M215, among northern Dirs.
Anteony	Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy)	old Antemoro Kingdom	22/37	59.5%	[176]	The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
Aushi	Aushi	Zambia	1/2	50%	[177]
Akie	Akie people (Nilotic)	Tanzania	3/13	23.1%	[Hirbo et al.]	Akie people have remnants of a Cushitic language
Somalis	Darood Somali (East Cushitic)	Jijiga (Ogaden)	19/83	22.9%	[18]	Jijiga is mostly inhabited by Darod subclans like Bartire, Geeri Koombe and Ogaden.
Arabs from Somalia	Benaadir (Cushitic)	immigrants in Yemen	7/33	21.2%	[178]
Lemba	Venda and Shona (Bantu)	South Africa	6/34	17.6%	[4]	Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians.
Fulbe	Fula	northern Cameroon	3/17	17.6%	[179]
Rangi	Rangi Language (Bantu)	Tanzania	5/32	15.6%	[Hirbo et al.]
Multiple ethnicity	-	Somalia	15/105	14.3%	[180][181]
Iraqw	Iraqw language (Cushitic)	Tanzania	6/47	12.8%	[Hirbo et al.]
Wachagga	Kichagga (Niger-Congo)	Dār as-Salām	3/24	12.5%	[144]	Mixed with Rift Southern Cushites.
Somali	Somali (Cushitic)	immigrants to Norway	12/104	11.5%	[182]
Bench	Bench(northern Omotic)	Bench Maji Zone	14/126	11.4%	[18]
Kores	(Cushitic)	SNNP	2/18	11.1%	[18]
Oromo	Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic)	Oromiyaa	1/9	11.1%	[183]
Gorowa	Gorowa language (Cushitic)	Tanzania	2/19	10.5%	[Hirbo et al.]
Somali	Somali (Cushitic)	immigrants to Denmark	21/201	10.4%	[184]
Upper Egyptians	Egyptian Arabic	Luxor Governorate	3/29	10.3%	[25][185]
Kontas	Konta language (Omotic)	Konta special woreda	11/107	10.3%	[18]
Rendille	Rendille language (Cushitic)	Kenya	3/31	9.7%	[Hirbo et al.]
Gewadas	Gewada language (east Cushitic)	SNNP	11/116	9.5%	[18]
Antalaotra	Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy)	old Antemoro Kingdom	4/43	9.3%	[176]	The Antalaotra are in charge of the magical and religious domains; they have the ability to read and write Sorabe. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
Upper Egyptians	Egyptian Arabic	Aswan Governorate	1/11	9.1%	[186]
Subiya	Subiya/Kuhane (Bantu)	Zambia	1/11	9%	[177]
Upper Egyptians	Egyptian Arabic	Assiut Governorate	6/70	8.6%	[186]
Konsos	(Semitic)	Konso special woreda	2/24	8.3%	[18]
Somali	Somali (Cushitic)	immigrants to Sweden	12/147	8.2%	[187]
Arabs and Berbers	Egyptian Arabic and Siwi	Lower Egypt	12/147	8.2%	[13]
Upper Egyptians	Egyptian Arabic	Sohag Governorate	4/52	7.7%	[186]
Egyptians	Erythraic (Cushitic)	Egypt	7/92	7.6%	[181][183]	If the K* sample is M184+ then 8.7%
Oromo	(Semitic)	SNNP	2/28	7.1%	[177]
Tigray-Tigrinyas	Tigrinya (South Semitic)	SNNP	2/30	6.7%	[18]
Dirashas	Dirasha (east Cushitic)	Dirashe special woreda	5/79	6.3%	[18]
Canarians	Canarian Spanish	Tenerife	11/178	6.2%
Omo Valley	Omotic languages	Ethiopia	6/98	6.1%	[177]
Upper Egyptians	Egyptian Arabic	Qena Governorate	3/52	5.8%	[186]
Afars	Afar (East Cushitic)	Afar Region	6/111	5.4%	[18]
Ethiopians	Ethiopian languages	Ethiopia	4/74	5.4%	[153]
Mashiles	Mashile language (Cushitic)	SNNP	7/130	5.4%	[18]
Gurages	Gurage languages (South Semitic)	SNNP	6/118	5.1%	[18]
Canarians	Canarian Spanish	Gran Canaria	4/78	5.1%	[177]
Oromo	Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic)	Oromiyaa	4/78	5.1%	[177]
Oromo	Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic)	Adis Abeba	2/40	5%	[177]
Turu	Nyaturu (Bantu)	Tanzania	1/20	5%	[188]
Moroccan Jews	Haketia (Romance)	Israel	1/20	5%	[189]
Gedeos	Gedeo (east Cushitic)	SNNP	6/122	4.9%	[18]
Wairak	Iraqw (Cushitic)	Tanzania	2/41	4.9%	[13]
Western Libyans	Libyan Arabic (Semitic)	Tripoli region	7/142	4.9%	[190]
Kanuri	Kanuri	Cameroon	1/21	4.8%	[Hirbo et al.]
Iraqw[191]	Iraqw (Cushitic)	Tanzania	2/43	4.7%
Yems	Yemsa (Omotic)	SNNP	5/107	4.7%	[18]
Gobeze	Cushitic	SNNP	5/113	4.4%	[18]
Upper Egyptians	Egyptian Arabic	Minya Governorate	1/23	4.3%	[186]
Konsos	Konso language (East Cushitic)	Konso special woreda	4/94	4.3%	[18]
Amhara	Amharic (Semitic)	Ethiopia	2/48	4.2%	[177]
Kembaatas	East Cushitic	Kembata Tembaro Zone	4/102	3.9%	[18]
Maasai	Maasai (Eastern Nilotic)	Kenya	3/79	3.8%	[177]
Bantus	Bantu (Niger-Congo)	Botswana	1/40	2.5%	[192]
Lower Egyptians	Egyptian Arabic (Semitic)	Mansoura	1/44	2.2%	[25][185]
Berbers	Siwi (Berber)	Siwa Oasis	2/93	2.2%	[193][194]
Meru	Meru (Northeast Bantu)	Tanzania	2/99	2%	[195]
Itam	Ibibio	Obong Itam (Southeast Nigeria)	1/50	2%	[196][197]
Berbers	Shilha (Berber)	Asni	1/54	1.9%	[193][194]
Eastern Libyans	Libyan Arabic (Semitic)	Benghazi	4/214	1.9%	[198]
Algerians	Algerian Arabic (Semitic)	Algeria	3/164	1.8%	[172]
Baribas	Baatonum (Niger–Congo)	Benin	1/57	1.8%	[199]	T1a-M70(xT1a2-L131)
Bokoras	Karamojong (Eastern Nilotic)	Karamoja region	1/59	1.7%	[200]
Lower Egyptians	Egyptian Arabic (Semitic)	Cairo	1/63	1.6%	[201]
Tumbuka	Tumbuka (Niger-Congo)	northern Malawi	1/61	1.6%	[197]
Soussians	Tunisian Arabic (Semitic)	Sousse	3/220	1.4%	[202]
Chewa	Chewa (Niger-Congo)	Malawi	1/92	1.1%	[197]
Bantu	Narrow Bantu (Niger-Congo)	Pretoria	1/98	1%	[197]
Nilotes	Ateker (Eastern Nilotic)	Karamoja region	1/118	0.8%	[200]
Bantus	Bantu	Botswana, Namibia and Zambia	1/140	0.7%	[203]	Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic group
Basothos	Sesotho (Niger-Congo)	Lesotho	1/181	0.6%	[204]
Khoisans	Khoisan	Botswana, Namibia and Zambia	1/371	0.3%	[203]	Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic group

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 9.7% (3/31) of Datogs in Tanzania,^[188] 5.8% (4/69) of Kordofanians in Kurdufan,^[172] 5.6% (1/18) of Tuaregs in Gorom-Gorom,^[205] 4.8% (5/105) of Tunisians in Sfax,^[206] 4.8% (3/63) of Libyans in Tripoli Area,^[207] 2.6% (1/39) of Hutus in Rwanda^[208] 2.1% (1/47) of Berbers in Sejenane,^[209] 1.9% (1/53) of Ovimbundo in Angola,^[210] and 1.5% (1/68) of Mozabites in Ghardaia,^[211]

South Asia

Haplogroup T1a-M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin.^[212]

Haplogroup T-M184 has been detected in:

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Kurru	Yerukala (Dravidian)	Andhra Pradesh	10/18	55.6%	[119]
Bauris	Bengali (Indo-Aryan)	West Bengal	10/19	52.6%	[119]	K* is found at 6/19, if M70- but M184+, then could be 84.2%. Bauris are thought to be descendants of a native tribe of the Central Highlands before the Aryan invasion, then as Bauris have not been well assimilated and have not participated satisfactorily in the new Aryan society, the Bauris ended up being seen as "low caste". They are at "halfway" between the old Bauri tribal and the new Aryan society lifestyle.
Lodha	Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda)	West Bengal	2/4	50%	[119]
Rajus	Telugu (Dravidian)	Andhra Pradesh	3/19	15.9%	[119]
Maheli	Mahali (Kherwari Munda)	West Bengal	2/13	15.3%	[119]
Chenchus	Chenchu (Dravidian)	Andhra Pradesh	3/20	15%	[119]	K* is found at 7/20, if M70- but M184+, then could be 50%
Kare Vokkal	Kannada (Dravidian)	Uttara Kannada	4/30	13.3%	[213]	K* is found at 3/30, if M70- but M184+, then could be 23.3%
Banjaras	Lambadi (Indo-Aryan)	Andhra Pradesh	2/18	11.1%	[119]
Gonds	Gondi (Dravidian)	South Uttar Pradesh	4/38	10.6%	[214]
Gonds	Gondi (Dravidian)	Madhya Pradesh	10/139	7.2%	[214]
Indians	languages of India	South India	18/305	5.9%	[119]
Maheli	Mahali (Kherwari Munda)	Jamshedpur from Jharkhand; Purulia, Midnapore & other location from West Bengal	2/38	5.3%	[119][215]	Two samples from different studies grouped together
Chenchus	Chenchu (Dravidian)	Andhra Pradesh	3/61	4.9%	[119][216]	Samples from Trivedi et al. and Kivisild et al.
Banjaras	Lambadi (Indo-Aryan)	Andhra Pradesh	2/53	3.8%	[119][216]	Two samples from different studies grouped together
Indians	languages of India	East India	14/367	3.8%	[119]
Gujaratis	Gujarati (Indo-Aryan)	Gujarat	1/29	3.4%	[216]
Lodha	Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda)	Midnapore & other location from West Bengal	2/71	2.8%	[119][215][217]	Three samples from different studies grouped together
Sahariyas	Saharia (Munda)	Madhya Pradesh	2/73	2.7%	[218]
Tamtas	(Indo-Aryan)	Bageshwar	1/34	2.9%	[212]
Kshatriyas	(Indo-Aryan)	Pithoragarh	2/79	2.5%	[212]
Aryas	Arya (Indo-Aryan)	Nainital	1/46	2.2%	[212]
Laotians	Lao (Tai-Kadai)	Laos	1/53	1.9%	[144]

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,^[219] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,^[220] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,^[220] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,^[221] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,^[222] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,^[220] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,^[214] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,^[214] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,^[220] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,^[223] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,^[222] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,^[214] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,^[220] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,^[220] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,^[214] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,^[214] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,^[224] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,^[220] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.^[222]

Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).

Central Asia and East Asia

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Xibes	Xibe (Tungusic)	Xinjiang	1/8	12.5%	[225][226]
Xibes	Xibe (Tungusic)	Xinjiang	3/32	9.4%	[227]
Bajo sea Nomads	Bajaw (Malayo-Polynesian)	Sulawesi	2/27	7.4%	[228]	T1a-M70
Khampas	Khams Tibetan (Sino-Tibetan)	Markham	1/18	5.6%	[229]	T-M272
Adis	Adi (Sino-Tibetan)	Arunachal Pradesh	3/55	5.5%	[230]
Uzbeks	Uzbek (Turkic)	Sar-e Pol Province	1/28	3.6%	[151]
Tibetans	Dbus (Sino-Tibetan)	Dromo	1/39	2.6%	[229]	T-M272
Uyghur	Uyghur (Turkic)	Xinjiang	1/48 (1/4 samples)	2.1%	[231]
Uyghur	Uyghur (Turkic)	Xinjiang	3/284	1.1%	[232]
Uzbeks	Uzbek (Turkic)	Jawzjan Province	1/94	1.1%	[151]
Mongolians	Mongolian (Mongolic)	Inner Mongolia	1/100	1%	[232]
Tibetans	Dbus (Sino-Tibetan)	Qüxü	1/203	0.5%	[229]	T-M272

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 4.9% (2/41) of Xibe in Xinjiang,^[233] 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province,^[234] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.^[235]

Colonial America

Population	Language	Location	Members/Sample size	Percentage	Source	Notes
Quechuas	Quechua	Lima Region	3/11	27.3%	[144]
Movimas	Movima language (Language isolate)	Beni	1/5	20%	[236]
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance)	Antioquia	9/51	17.6%	[237]
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance)	Aranzazu, Caldas	23/190	12.1%	[237]
Panamians	Castilian (Romance languages)	Los Santos Province	3/30	10%	[29]
Centralwest Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	San Luis	3/30	10%	[30]
Napu runas	Kichwa	Ecuadorian Amazon	2/21	9.5%	[238]
Bahamians	Bahamian English (West Germanic)	Long Island	3/43	7%	[239]
Panamians	Castilian (Romance languages)	Panama Province	3/43	7%	[29]
Northwest Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	Mountainous region of San Salvador de Jujuy	6/86	7%	[240]
Kolla	Quechua, Aymara and Argentinian Spanish	Mountainous region of Tucumán	2/29	6.9%	[241][242]
Centralwest Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	Tucumán	2/30	6.7%	[30]
Tule	Kuna (Chibchan languages)	Kuna Yala	1/16	6.3%	[29]
Basques	Basque (Isolate language)	Nevada	1/16	6.3%	[Research 4]
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance)	Marinilla and its zone of influence	15/241	6.2%	[243]
Centralwest Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	Mountainous region of La Rioja (Capital)	5/87	5.7%	[240]
Kolla	Quechua, Aymara and Argentinian Spanish	Mountainous region of Jujuy	1/18	5.6%	[244]
Northeast Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	Corrientes	1/21	4.8%	[245]
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance)	Cundinamarca	1/22	4.5%	[237]
Northwest Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	Jujuy	2/50	4%	[30]
Chileans	Chilean Spanish (Romance languages)	Concepción	8/198	4%	[246]
Centralwest Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	Mountainous region of Mendoza (Capital)	3/75	4%	[240]
Brazilians	Brazilian Portuguese (Romance)	Serra, Espírito Santo	1/29	3.5%	[247]
Ecuatorians	Castilian (Romance languages)	Quito	4/120	3.3%	[34]
Central Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	La Pampa	1/30	3.3%	[30]
Central Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	Córdoba	1/31	3.2%	[30]
Chileans	Chilean Spanish (Romance languages)	Temuco	6/194	3.1%	[246]
Panamians	Castilian (Romance languages)	Herrera Province	1/36	2.8%	[29]
Europeans	Brazilian Portuguese (Romance languages)	Rio Grande do Sul	5/255	2%	[37]
Chileans	Chilean Spanish (Romance languages)	Santiago de Chile	4/196	2%	[246]
Centralwest Argentinians	Argentinian Spanish (Romance)	Buenos Aires	3/150	2%	[245]
Quechuas	Quechua	Bolivia	1/55	1.8%	[248]
Bahamians	Bahamian English (West Germanic)	Eleuthera	1/60	1.7%	[239]
Colombians	Colombian Spanish (Romance)	Peque (Antioquia)	1/62	1.6%	[237]
Chileans	Chilean Spanish (Romance languages)	Punta Arenas	3/194	1.6%	[246]
Salvadorans	Castilian (Romance)	El Salvador	2/150	1.3%	[249]
Jamaicans	Jamaican Patois (English creole)	Jamaica	2/159	1.3%	[250]
Panamians	Castilian (Romance languages)	Chiriquí Province	1/92	1.1%	[29]
Brazilians	Brazilian Portuguese (Romance)	Santa Catarina	1/109	0.9%	[251]
Virgin islanders	Virgin Islands Creole English (Germanic)	Saint Thomas (Virgin Islands)	1/134	0.8%	[252]
Palenques	Palenquero (Castilian-Bantu)	Palenque de San Basilio	1/150	0.7%	[197]
Chileans	Chilean Spanish (Romance languages)	Iquique	1/207	0.5%	[246]
Brazilians	Brazilian Portuguese (Romance)	Espírito Santo	1/253	0.4%	[253]

Elite endurance runners

Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T^[254] and specifically to the T1a1a* (old T1a*) subclade, according to further studies.^[4] T1a1a* was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.^[255]

Notable haplogroup members

A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson. The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare, as it is throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the idea that his immediate paternal ancestry was British. But Jefferson's T type is also closely related to Egyptian and Iberian T branches of the haplogroup.

Thomas Jefferson

Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson’s patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President’s Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.

“

”

Turi E. King et al., ^[256]

Thomas Jefferson

The affiliation of the Jefferson haplotype to T1a* and the absence of closely related haplotypes (zero to two step mutations away) in the network supports the hypothesis that this haplotype belongs to an ancient rare European Y-chromosome lineage rather than to lineages that recently migrated to Europe from the Near East.

“

”

Mendez, 2011

Subclades

Tree

Phylogenetic Tree of the Eurasian Haplogroup T-M184 and their closest macro-lineages

Latest 2015 tree (ISOGG 2015)

Branching of T-M184 LT  L298    (43900ybp)   LT*  (xM184, M20)   All cases without M184 or M20 T  M184    (39,300-45,100ybp)   T*  (xL206)   All cases without L206 or PH110   T1  L206    (26600ybp)   T1*  (xM70)   Syria   T1a  M70    (19,000-30,000ybp)[4]   T1a*  (xL162,L131,Y11151)   All cases without L162, L131 or Y11151   T1a1  L162    (15400ybp)   T1a1*  (xL208)   Pityusic Islanders, Pontic Greeks from Giresun, Germany and Balkars.   T1a1a  L208    (14800ybp)   T1a1a*  (xCTS11451, Y16897)   All cases without CTS11451 or Y16897   T1a1a1  CTS11451    (9500ybp)   T1a1a1*  (xY4119, Y6671)   All cases without Y4119 or Y6671   T1a1a1a  Y4119    (9200ybp)   T1a1a1a*  (xCTS2214)   All cases without CTS2214   T1a1a1a1  CTS2214    (8900ybp)   {{{1}}}   T1a1a1a2  Y6671    (8900ybp)       T1a1a1b  Y6671    (9200ybp)       T1a1a2  Y16897    (9500ybp)       T1a2  L131    (15400ybp)       T1a3  Y11151    (15400ybp)     T2 PH110    (26600ybp)      Ossetian Irons, Leoneses, Germans and Bhutaneses L M20 L1 M22  West Asia, Europe, Central and South Asia.   L2 L595    Widely widespread in Europe, where is found the highest diversity of this lineage. Macro-Haplogroup LT

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the 2012 ISOGG Tree.

• T (L445, L452, L455/PF5670, PR4091, L810, M184/Page34/USP9Y+3178, M272/PF5667, Page129) Found in Germania, Armenia, Iberian Peninsula and Bhutan. Also found in a South Australia European sample and a Palestinian individual.
  • T1 (L206, L490) Found in Syria.
    • T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Early Neolithic skeleton found in Karsdorf, Germany, 7200 years old. Also in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Ossetia, England, Italy and Portugal.
      • T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found in Eivissa, northern Anatolia and Germany.
        • T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in Upper Egypt, Horn of Africa, western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
          • T1a1a1 (P77) Mostly found in Middle East, western Europe and Ashkenazi Jews.
          • T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi Jews.
            • T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria, Italian Jews and Ashkenazi Jews.
      • T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
        • T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite Jews and Palestine(P327).
        • T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
      • T1a3 (L1255) Found in Kuwait.

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012	ISOGG 2013
T-M184	26	VIII	1U	25	Eu16	H5	F	K*	K	T	T	K2	K2	T	T	T	T	T	T
K-M70/T-M70	26	VIII	1U	25	Eu15	H5	F	K2	K2	T	T1	K2	K2	T	T	T	T1	T1a	T1a
T-P77	26	VIII	1U	25	Eu15	H5	F	K2	K2	T2	T1a2	K2	K2	T2	T2	T2a1	T1a1b	T1a1a1	T1a1a1

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001

β Underhill 2000

γ Hammer 2001

δ Karafet 2001

ε Semino 2000

ζ Su 1999

η Capelli 2001

Y-DNA backbone tree

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
	"Y-chromosomal Adam"
		A00	A0-T [χ 3]
			A0	A1[χ 4]
				A1a	A1b
					A1b1		BT
						B	CT
							DE						CF
						D	E		C		F
															F1	F2		F3	GHIJK
																				G	HIJK
																						H	IJK
																							IJ	K
																						I	J		LT [χ 5]		K2
																										L	T		NO [χ 6]	K2b [χ 7]	K2c	K2d		K2e [χ 8]
																													N	O		K2b1 [χ 9]	P
																																	M	S [χ 10]		Q	R
Y-DNA by populations Famous Y-DNA haplotypes
Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4. Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a"). Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO). Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

References

Original research

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External links

• The Y-DNA Haplogroup T Project
• T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0795_390K
• T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0795_1240K
• T1a-M70 skeleton, Germany I0797_1240K
• Settlement Burials at the Karsdorf LBK Site, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
• Map of the 7100ybp T1a settlement of Karsdorf
• Video: Karsdorf's adjacent pagan structure for tribal rituals
• Video: Tribal culture contemporaneous to T1a and their adjacent pagan structure