Juan Manuel Fangio
 | |
| Born |
24 June 1911 Balcarce, Argentina |
|---|---|
| Died |
17 July 1995 (aged 84) Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |
 Argentine |
| Active years | 1950 – 1951, 1953 – 1958 |
| Teams | Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Mercedes, Ferrari |
| Entries | 52 (51 starts) |
| Championships | 5 (1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957) |
| Wins | 24 |
| Podiums | 35 |
| Career points | 245 (277 9⁄14)[1] |
| Pole positions | 29 |
| Fastest laps | 23 |
| First entry | 1950 British Grand Prix |
| First win | 1950 Monaco Grand Prix |
| Last win | 1957 German Grand Prix |
| Last entry | 1958 French Grand Prix |
Juan Manuel Fangio Déramo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈfanχjo], Italian pronunciation: [ˈfandʒo]; 24 June 1911 – 17 July 1995), nicknamed El Chueco ("the bowlegged one", also commonly translated as "bandy legged") or El Maestro ("The Master"), was a racing car driver from Argentina. He dominated the first decade of Formula One racing, winning the World Drivers' Championship five times.
From childhood, he abandoned his studies to pursue auto mechanics. In 1938, he debuted in Turismo Carretera, competing in a Ford V8. In 1940, he competed with Chevrolet, winning the Grand Prix International Championship and devoted his time to the Argentine Turismo Carretera becoming its champion, a title he successfully defended a year later. Fangio then competed in Europe between 1947 and 1949 where he achieved further success.
He won the World Championship of Drivers five times—a record which stood for 47 years until beaten by Michael Schumacher—with four different teams (Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz and Maserati), a feat that has not been repeated. A member of the Formula 1 Hall of Fame,[2] he is regarded by many as one of the greatest F1 drivers of all time[3] and holds the highest winning percentage in Formula One - 46.15% - winning 24 of 52 Formula One races he entered. Fangio is the only Argentine driver to have won the Argentine Grand Prix, having won it four times in his career—the most of any driver.
After retirement, Fangio presided as the honorary president of Mercedes-Benz Argentina from 1987, a year after the inauguration of his museum, until his death in 1995. In 2011, on the centenary of his birth, Fangio was remembered around the world and various activities were held on the occasion of his birthday.
Early life
Fangio's grandfather Giuseppe Fangio emigrated to Buenos Aires in 1887. Giuseppe managed to buy his own farm near Balcarce within three years by cutting and burning tree branches to transform them into charcoal fuel. His father Loreto, emigrated to Argentina from the small, central Italian town of Castiglione Messer Marino. His mother Herminia Déramo was from Tornareccio. Both parents are from the Chieti province, of the Abruzzo region and married on 24 October 1903. They lived on farms where Herminia was a housekeeper and Loreto worked in the building trade becoming an apprentice stonemason.[4]
Fangio was born on San Juan's day 1911 at 12:10 a.m. in Balcarce, a small city in southern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.[5] His birth certificate was mistakenly dated 23 June by the Register of Balcarce.[6] He was the fourth of six children.[7] In his childhood he became known as El Chueco, the bandy legged one, for his skill in bending his left leg around the ball to shoot on goal during football games.[7]
Fangio started his education at the School No. 4 of Balcarce, Calle 13 before transferring to School No. 1 and 18 Uriburu Av.[6] When Fangio was 13, he dropped out of school and worked as an assistant mechanic.[8] When he was 16, he started out riding as a mechanic for his employer's customers. Fangio also developed pneumonia which almost proved fatal.[9] The symptoms manifested themselves after a football game where Fangio had been hard at running and the effects caused a sharp pain in his chest. He was bed-ridden for two months and cared for by his mother.[10]
After recovering, Fangio served compulsory military service at the age of 21. In 1932, he was enlisted at the Campo de Mayo cadet school near Buenos Aires. His driving skills caught the attention of his commanding officer to appoint Fangio as his official driver. Fangio was discharged before his 22nd birthday after taking his final physical examination. He returned to Balcarce where he aimed to further his football career. Fangio along with his friend José Duffard received offers to play at a club based in Mar del Plata. Their team-mates at Balcarce suggested the two work on Fangio's hobby of building his own car and his parents donated a part of a small section of their home where a rudimentary shed was built.[10]
Early racing career
After finishing his military service, Fangio opened his own garage and raced in local events. He began his racing career in Argentina in 1934, driving a 1929 Ford Model A, which he had rebuilt. These local events were unlike anything in Europe or North America, they were long-distance races held on mostly dirt roads up and down South America. During his time racing in Argentina, he drove Chevrolet cars and was Argentine National Champion in 1940 and 1941. One particular race, which he won in 1940, the Gran Premio del Norte, was almost 10,000 km long. This race started in Buenos Aires and ran up through the Andes to Lima, Peru and back again, taking nearly two weeks with stages held each day. Following many successes driving mainly modified American stock cars; he was funded by the Argentine Automobile Club and the Argentine government and sent to Europe in 1948 to continue his career.[11][12]
In the Tourism Highway category, Fangio participated in his first race between 18 October to 30 October 1938 as the co-pilot of Luis Finocchietti. Despite not winning the Argentine Road Grand Prix, Fangio drove most of the way and qualified in seventh place. In November of that year, he entered the "400 km of Tres Arroyos ", but it was suspended due to a fatal accident.[13]
In 1939, the circuit was in Forest, which conformed well with his last involvement with a Ford V8. With Hector Tieri as his partner, they led Turismo Carretera that year with a Chevrolet, competing for the Argentine Grand Prix. Suspended by a strong rain and resumed in Cordoba, he managed their first stage victory, winning the fourth stage from Catamarca to San Juan. In October, after 9500 km of competition in Argentina, Bolivia and Peru, he won his first race in Turismo Carretera, the Grand Prix International North. He became the first TC Argentine Champion to have driven a Chevrolet.[14]
In 1941, he beat Oscar Gálvez in the Grand Prix Getúlio Vargas in Brazil. For the second time, Fangio was crowned champion of Argentine TC. In 1942, he ended South Grand Prix in tenth place in accordance with the general classification. In April he won the race "Mar y Sierras" and had to suspend the mechanical activity due to the start of World War II.[13]
In 1946, after a brief period of inactivity, Fangio returned to racing with two races in Morón and Tandil driving a Ford T. In February 1947, Fangio competed at National Mechanics (MN) in the circuit Retirement, and on the 1st of March, he started the race for Rosario City Award. Subsequently, Fangio triumphed in the circuit 'Double Back Window' Race.[15]
Formula One and sports car racing
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Overview
Fangio, unlike later Formula One drivers, started his racing career at a mature age and was the oldest driver in many of his races. During his career, drivers raced with almost no protective equipment on circuits with no safety features, although F1 cars back in the 1950s were a lot slower, less physically demanding to drive and less advanced than F1 cars 4 and more decades later. Fangio had no compunction about leaving a team, even after a successful year or even during a season, if he thought he would have a better chance with a better car. As was then common, several of his race results were shared with team mates after he took over their car during races when his own had technical problems. His rivals included Alberto Ascari, Giuseppe Farina and Stirling Moss. Throughout his career, Fangio was backed by funding from the Argentine government of Juan Perón.[16]
World championship successes
Fangio's first entry into Grand Prix racing came in the Grand Prix de l'ACF at Reims, where he started his Simca Gordini from 11th on the grid but retired. Back to South America, during a long-distance race, he went off the road in Peru and tumbled down a mountainside. His co-driver, Daniel Urrutia was thrown out of the car, and when Fangio found him, he was dying. Following Urrutia’s death, he considered quitting the sport. But he resolved to carry on and returned to Europe the following year, and raced in Sanremo, but having upgraded to a Maserati 4CLT/48 sponsored by the Automobile Club of Argentina he dominated the event, winning both heats to take the aggregate win by almost a minute over Prince Bira. Fangio entered a further six Grand Prix races in 1949, winning four of them against top-level opposition.[12][17]
For the first World Championship of Drivers in 1950, Fangio was taken on by the Alfa Romeo team alongside Farina and Luigi Fagioli. With competitive racing machinery following the Second World War still in short supply, the pre-war Alfettas proved dominant. Fangio won each of the three races he finished, but Farina's three wins and a fourth place allowed him to take the title. In 1950s non-championship races Fangio took a further four wins and two seconds from eight starts. Fangio won three more championship races for Alfa in 1951 in the Swiss, French and Spanish Grands Prix, and with the improved Ferraris taking points off his team mates, Fangio took the title in the final race, six points ahead of Ascari. [18][12][16][17]
With the 1952 World Championship being run to Formula Two specifications, Alfa Romeo were unable to use their supercharged Alfettas and withdrew. As a result, the defending champion found himself without a car for the first race of the championship and remained absent from F1 until June, when he drove the British BRM V16 in non-championship F1 races at Albi and Dundrod. Fangio had agreed to drive for Maserati in a non-championship race at Monza the day after the Dundrod race, but having missed a connecting flight he decided to drive through the night from Paris, arriving half an hour before the start. Badly fatigued, Fangio started the race from the back of the grid but lost control on the second lap, crashed into a grass bank, and was thrown out of the car as it flipped end over end. He was taken to hospital with multiple injuries, the most serious being a broken neck, and spent the rest of 1952 recovering in Argentina.[12][17]
In Europe, and back to full racing fitness in 1953, Fangio rejoined Maserati for the championship season, and against the dominant Ferraris led by Ascari he took a lucky win at Monza. Fangio qualified second with Bonetto seventh, and Fangio set fastest lap on his way to a 1.4-second victory over Nino Farina while Bonetto retired out of fuel. Along with that win, Fangio secured three second places to finish second in the Championship, and also came third first time out in the Targa Florio. He ended 1953 by winning the dauntingly dangerous and difficult 2,000 mi (3,200 km) Carrera Panamericana in Mexico driving a Lancia D24; Fangio was able to win this 5-day open public road rally that started at the Mexico-Guatemala border and ended at the Mexico-United States border in record time- about 18 and a half hours total driving time.[12][17][19]
In 1954 Fangio raced for Maserati until Mercedes-Benz entered competition in mid-season. Winning eight out of twelve races (six out of eight in the championship) in that year, he continued to race with Mercedes—driving the W196 Monoposto—in 1955 in a team that included Stirling Moss. For 1955, Fangio subjected himself to a training programme which was strenuous in an effort to keep up his fitness levels high which was comparable to his younger rivals. He won a particularly brutal race at the Gran Premio de la Republica Argentina. This race was run during a gruelling heat wave, and with track temperature of over 135 °F (57 °C), few drivers other than Fangio were able to complete the race. At the end of the second successful season (which was overshadowed by the 1955 Le Mans disaster in which more than 80 spectators were killed, an accident which happened right in front of and nearly killed him) Mercedes withdrew from racing and after four attempts, Fangio would never race at Le Mans again. [20][12]
In 1956 Fangio moved to Ferrari to win his fourth title. Enzo Ferrari and Fangio did not have a very warm relationship, despite their shared success. Fangio took over his team-mate's cars after he suffered mechanical problems in three races, the Argentine, Monaco and Italian Grands Prix. In each case the points were shared between the two drivers. At the season-ending Italian Grand Prix, Fangio's Ferrari team mate Peter Collins, who was in a position to win the World Championship with just 15 laps to go, handed over his car to Fangio. They shared the six points won for second place, giving Fangio the World title.
"I have never driven that quickly before in my life and I don't think I will ever be able to do it again."
—Fangio after the 1957 German Grand Prix[21]
In 1957 Fangio returned to Maserati, who were still using the same iconic 250F which Fangio had driven at the start of 1954. Fangio started the season with a hat-trick of wins in Argentina, Monaco and France, before retiring with engine problems in Britain. At the next race, the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring circuit, Fangio needed to extend his lead by six points to claim the title with two races to spare. From pole position Fangio dropped to third behind the Ferraris of Mike Hawthorn and Collins but managed to get past both by the end of the third lap. Fangio had started with half-full tanks since he expected that he would need new tyres half-way through the race. In the event Fangio pitted on lap 13 with a 30-second lead, but a disastrous stop left him back in third place and 50 seconds behind Collins and Hawthorn. Fangio came into his own, setting one fastest lap after another, culminating in a record-breaking time on lap 20 a full eleven seconds faster than the best the Ferraris could do. On the penultimate lap Fangio got back past both Collins and Hawthorn, and held on to take the win by just over three seconds. With Musso finishing down in fourth place, Fangio claimed his fifth title. This performance is often regarded as the greatest drive in Formula One history, and it was to be Fangio's last win.[12][16][17]
After his series of consecutive championships he retired in 1958, following the Grand Prix de l'ACF. Such was the respect for Fangio, that during that final race, race leader Hawthorn had lapped Fangio and as Hawthorn was about to cross the line, he braked and allowed Fangio through so he could complete the 50-lap distance in his final race. He would cross the line over two minutes down on Hawthorn. Getting out of the Maserati after the race, he said to his mechanic simply, “It is finished.” He was famous for winning a race at the slowest possible speed. He won 24 World Championship Grands Prix from 52 entries – a winning percentage of 46.15%, the best in the sport's history (Alberto Ascari, who is in second, holds a percentage of 40.63%).[12][16]
Kidnapping
The Batista Dictatorship of Cuba established the non-Formula One Cuban Grand Prix in 1957. Fangio won the 1957 event, and had set fastest times during practice for the 1958 race. On 23 February 1958, two unmasked gunmen of Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement entered the Hotel Lincoln in Havana and kidnapped Fangio at gunpoint. The motive was simple, by capturing the biggest name in motorsport the rebels were showing up the government and attracting worldwide publicity to their cause. But despite the shocking news spreading across the globe, President Batista would not be outdone and ordered the race to continue as usual while a crack team of police hunted down the kidnappers. They set up roadblocks at intersections, and guards were assigned to private and commercial airports and to all competing drivers.[22][23][24]
Fangio was taken to three separate houses. His captors allowed him to listen to the race via radio, bringing a television for him to witness reports of a disastrous crash after the race concluded. In the third house, Fangio was allowed his own bedroom but became convinced that a guard was standing outside of the bedroom door at all hours. The captors talked about their revolutionary programme which Fangio had not wished to speak about as he did not have an interest in politics. Convinced that he was not in danger he went on to develop a case of Stockholm Syndrome, admitting afterwards that he sympathised with his captors' actions: "Well, this is one more adventure. If what the rebels did was in a good cause, then I, as an Argentine, accept it." Fangio was released after 29 hours and he remained a good friend of his captors afterwards.[24][25][26]
The captors motives were to force the cancellation of the race in an attempt to embarrass the Batista regime. After Fangio was handed over to the Argentine embassy soon after the race, many Cubans were convinced that Batista was losing his power because he failed to track the captors down. The Cuban Revolution concluded in January 1959, cancelling the 1959 Cuban Grand Prix. The Fangio kidnapping was dramatized in a 1999 Argentine film directed by Alberto Lecchi, Operación Fangio.[24][27][28][29]
Later life and death
Fangio attended the 1958 Indianapolis 500 and was offered $20,000 in an attempt to qualify in a Kurtis-Offy run by car owner George Walther, Jr. Fangio had previously attended the 500 in 1948 which expressed his interest in competing the race. However he was unable to qualify and Walther allowed for Fangio to stand aside before a contract with British Petroleum came to light who had not wanted another driver to take over Fangio's position.[30]
During the rest of his life after retiring from racing Fangio sold Mercedes-Benz cars, often driving his former racing cars in demonstration laps. Even before he joined the Mercedes Formula One team, in the mid-1950s, Fangio had acquired the Argentine Mercedes concession. He was appointed President of Mercedes-Benz Argentina in 1974, and its Honorary President for Life in 1987.
Fangio was also the flagman for the 1975 Talladega 500 (NASCAR race).
At the beginning of the 1980s Fangio underwent successful bypass surgery to correct a heart condition.[31] He had also been suffering from kidney failure for some time before his death.[7]
In 1980 Konex Foundation granted him the Diamond Konex Award as the best Sportman of the decade in Argentina.
Following his retirement, Fangio was active in assembling automotive memorabilia associated with his racing career. This led to the creation of the Museo Juan Manuel Fangio, which opened in Balcarce in 1986.[32]
Fangio was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1990. He returned to the spotlight in 1994, when he publicly opposed a new Province of Buenos Aires law denying driving licences to those over 80 (which included Fangio). Denied a renewal of his card, Fangio reportedly challenged Traffic Bureau personnel to a race between Buenos Aires and seaside Mar del Plata (a 400 km (250 mi) distance) in two hours or less, following which an exception was made for the five-time champion.[33]
In 1990, Fangio met the three-time world champion, Ayrton Senna, who had genuinely felt the encounter had reflected the mutual affection for both drivers.[34]
Juan Manuel Fangio died in Buenos Aires in 1995, at the age of 84 from kidney failure and pneunomia; he was buried in his home town of Balcarce. His pall-bearers were his younger brother Ruben Renato ("Toto"), Moss, compatriot racers José Froilán González and Carlos Reutemann, Jackie Stewart and the president of Mercedes-Benz Argentina at the time.[35]
Private life
In the early 1950s, Fangio was involved in a road accident when he was forced to swerve to avoid an oncoming truck. The car, a Lancia Aurelia GT clipped a pole, spinning twice and threw Fangio out, which led him to sustain grazed elbows. One passenger stated the incident was the first time Fangio had been so terrified since the Korean War.[36]
Fangio was never married, but was involved in a romantic relationship with Andrea Berruet whom he broke up with in 1960. They had a son named Oscar Cacho Espinosa who was acknowledged as the unrecognised son of Fangio in 2000.[37] In July 2015, an Argentinian court ruling ordered exhumation of Fangio's body after Espinosa's claims to be the unacknowledged son of the former race car driver.[38] In December 2015, the Court confirmed that Espinosa was indeed Fangio's son.[39] In February 2016, it was confirmed that Rubén Vázquez is Fangio's son.[40]
His nephew, Juan Manuel Fangio II, is also a successful racing driver.
Legacy
"You must always strive to be the best, but you must never believe that you are."
—Juan Manuel Fangio[41]
The official Formula One website states of Fangio: "Many consider him to be the greatest driver of all time."[42] Several highly successful later drivers, such as Jim Clark, Alain Prost, Ayrton Senna and Michael Schumacher, have been compared with Fangio. However, it is acknowledged that such comparisons are not realistic, since the qualities required for success, the levels of competition, and the rules have changed over time.
His record of five World Championship titles stood for 45 years, until German driver Michael Schumacher took his sixth title in 2003. Schumacher said, "Fangio is on a level much higher than I see myself. What he did stands alone and what we have achieved is also unique. I have such respect for what he achieved. You can't take a personality like Fangio and compare him with what has happened today. There is not even the slightest comparison."[43][44]
In his home country of Argentina, Fangio is revered as one of the greatest sportsmen the nation has ever produced. Argentines often refer to him as El Maestro, el mejor,[45][46] which translates into The Master, the best one.
"What he did in his time is something that was an example of professionalism, of courage, of style and as a man, a human being. Every year there is a winner of the championship, but not necessarily a world champion. I think Fangio is the example of a true world champion"
—Ayrton Senna[47]
The first Michel Vaillant story was partly based on an imaginary conflict stirred up by fictional newspaper The New Indian on Fangio winning the World Championship at the Indy 500.
Six statues of Fangio, sculpted by Catalan artist Joaquim Ros Sabaté, stand at race venues around the world: Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires; Monte Carlo, Monaco; Montmeló, Spain; Nürburgring, Germany; Stuttgart-Untertürkheim, Germany; and Monza, Italy.
An automobile museum was established in Balcarce (Fangio's birthplace) in 1986, and named the Museo Juan Manuel Fangio (Juan Manuel Fangio Museum).
Argentina's largest oil company, Repsol YPF, launched the "Fangio XXI" gas brand. The Zonda 2005 C12 F was named after him in 2005 because of his endorsement (the Zonda was originally intended to be named "Fangio F1," but was changed out of respect after his death). Maserati created a special website in 2007 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his fifth and final world championship triumph.[48] A Mercedes-Benz W196R Formula 1 race car, driven by Fangio in his World Championship-qualifying Grand Prix races in 1954 and 1955, was sold for a record $30 million at an auction in England on July 12, 2013.[49]
Racing record
Career highlights
World Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Shared drive. † Car ran with streamlined, full-width bodywork.
Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results
| Year | Team | Co-Drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class Pos. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 |  Automobiles Gordini |
José Froilán González |
Gordini T15S | S3.0 | 95 | DNF Ignition | |
| 1951 | Louis Rosier |
Louis Rosier |
Talbot-Lago T26C | S5.0 | 92 | DNF Oil tank | |
| 1953 |  S.P.A. Alfa Romeo |
Onofre Marimón |
Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 CM | S5.0 | 22 | DNF Engine | |
| 1955 |  Daimler Benz AG |
 Stirling Moss |
Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR | S3.0 | 134 | DNF Withdrawn | |
Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results
| Year | Team | Co-Drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class Pos. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1954 | Scuderia Lancia Co. |
Eugenio Castellotti |
Lancia D24 | S5.0 | 51 | DNF Rear axle | |
| 1956 | Scuderia Ferrari |
Eugenio Castellotti |
Ferrari 860 Monza | S5.0 | 194 | 1st | 1st |
| 1957 | Maserati Factory |
Jean Behra |
Maserati 450S | S5.0 | 197 | 1st | 1st |
Complete 24 Hours of Spa
| Year | Team | Co-Drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class Pos. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1953 | S.P.A. Alfa Romeo |
Consalvo Sanesi |
Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 CM Spider | S | 5 | DNF Accident | |
Complete Mille Miglia results
| Year | Team | Co-Drivers/Navigator | Car | Class | Pos. | Class Pos. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | Augusto Zanardi |
Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Competizione | S+2.0 | 3rd | 3rd | |
| 1952 | Giulio Sala |
Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint | GT2.0 | 22nd | 7th | |
| 1953 | S.P.A. Alfa Romeo |
Giulio Sala |
Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 CM | S+2.0 | 2nd | 2nd |
| 1955 | Daimler Benz AG |
Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR | S+2.0 | 2nd | 2nd | |
| 1956 | Scuderia Ferrari |
Ferrari 290 MM | S+2.0 | 4th | 4th |
Complete Carrera Panamericana results
| Year | Team | Co-Drivers/Navigator | Car | Class | Pos. | Class Pos. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1953 | Scuderia Lancia |
Gino Bronzoni |
Lancia D24 Pininfarina | S+1.6 | 1st | 1st |
Indianapolis 500 results
| Year | Chassis | Engine | Start | Finish | Team |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1958 | Kurtis Kraft | Novi | DNQ | Novi Auto Air Conditioner |
Formula One records
Fangio holds the following Formula One records:
| Record | |
|---|---|
| Highest percentage of wins | 46% (24 wins out of 52 entries) |
| Highest percentage of pole positions | 55.8% (29 pole positions out of 52 entries) |
| Highest percentage of front row starts | 92.31% (48 front row starts out of 52 entries) |
| Oldest World Champion | 46 years, 41 days (1957) |
| World Champion with most teams | 4 teams (Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Mercedes and Maserati) |
Notes and references
- 1 2 Up until 1990, not all points scored by a driver contributed to their final World Championship tally (see list of points scoring systems for more information). Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
- ↑ "Formula 1™ – The Official F1™ Website". Formula1.com. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ↑ "The Official Formula 1 Website". Formula1.com. Retrieved 20 March 2011. "Many consider him to be the greatest driver of all time."
- ↑ Donaldson 2003, p. 7-8.
- ↑ "F1 Fanatics: Juan Manuel Fangio". F1fanatics.wordpress.com. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- 1 2 "Biography of Juan Manuel Fangio (Part One 1911–1936)" (in Spanish). Museo Fangio. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- 1 2 3 Tremayne, David (18 July 1995). "Obituaries: Juan Manuel Fangio". The Independent.
- ↑ "Juan Manuel Fangio – Developed Childhood Interest In Cars". jrank.org. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ↑ "Juan Manuel Fangio – Pieced Together Own Race Car". jrank.org. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- 1 2 Donaldson 2003, p. 14-15.
- ↑ Rendall, Ivan (1995) [1993]. The Chequered Flag: 100 years of motor racing. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 166. ISBN 0-297-83550-5.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Juan-Manuel Fangio - Biography". grandprixhistory.org.
- 1 2 "Part Two (1937–1942)". Argentina: Foundation Fangio. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ↑ Sabaris, Gerardo (2010). "Un tributo al chueco ... Biografica". Argentina: jmfangio.org. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ↑ "Part Three (1943–1949)". Argentina: Foundation Fangio. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 "Juan Manuel Fangio". ESPN UK.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Juan-Manuel Fangio Profile - Drivers - GP Encyclopedia - F1 History on Grandprix.com". grandprix.com.
- ↑ Jones, Hill 1995, p. 16.
- ↑ "Lancia Wins Big Road Race". Townsville Daily Bulletin. Townsville Daily Bulletin. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ↑ Donaldson 2003.
- ↑ "MASERATI AND FANGIO F1 WORLD CHAMPIONS IN 1957". www.greatcarstv.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
- ↑ "Cuba Rebels Kidnap Champ Race Driver". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 24 February 1958. p. 1.
- ↑ "Cuban Rebels Kidnap Argentine Auto Racer". The Newburgh News. 24 February 1958. p. 1.
- 1 2 3 "Kidnapped in Cuba". ESPN UK.
- ↑ "Rebels let Fangio see crash on TV". The Bulletin. 26 February 1958. p. 2.
- ↑ "Fangio Released by Rebels "Treated Very Well"". The Glasgow Herald. 26 February 1958. p. 7.
- ↑ "Rebels Free Fangio; Foul Play is Cry in Tragic Cuban Auto Race". The Portsmouth Times. 25 February 1958. p. 1.
- ↑ "Fangio Kidnapping Convinces Many Batista Powerless". The Free Lance-Star. 26 February 1958. p. 2.
- ↑ "Operación Fangio" (in Spanish). Cine Nacional. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ↑ Davidson, Shaffer 2006, p. 144.
- ↑ "Juan Manuel Fangio". easybuenosairescity.com. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ↑ "Op bezoek bij Juan Manuel Fangio: de mythe". Autovisie. 1991 nr 1: Page 44–51. 5 January 1991.
- ↑ "''La Nación'': Cuándo los mayores no deben manejar" (in Spanish). Lanacion.com.ar. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ↑ "Biography of Juan Manuel Fangio (1985–1995 Part Six)" (in Spanish). Museo Fangio. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ↑ Donaldson, Gerald (2003). Fangio: The Life Behind the Legend. London: Virgin Books. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-7535-1827-4.
- ↑ "Fangio gives Sandown crowd a treat". The Age. 13 September 1978. p. 54.
- ↑ «Un hijo no reconocido de Fangio vive en Cañuelas» InfoCañuelas, 17 de noviembre de 2009. Consultado el 19 de febrero de 2011.
- ↑ Exhumarán el cadáver de Juan Manuel Fangio - La Prensa (Spanish)
- ↑ Confirman que "Cacho" Espinosa es hijo de Fangio - Clarín (Spanish).
- ↑ Confirmaron que Rubén Vázquez es hijo de Fangio - Cuatro Cuatro Dos (Spanish).
- ↑ "DRIVERS: JUAN-MANUEL FANGIO". www.grandprix.com. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
- ↑ "The Official Formula 1 Website – Juan Manuel Fangio". formula1.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
- ↑ "Schumi: Fangio was greater than me". London: BBC. 12 October 2003. Retrieved 29 September 2006.
- ↑ "Champion Schumacher Rejects Comparisons To Fangio". usgpindy.com. Retrieved 29 September 2006.
- ↑ "Juan Manuel Fangio". f1-grandprix.com. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
- ↑ "Discovery Channel – Guide Car". discoverychannelasia.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2006.
- ↑ "Formula 1's greatest drivers. Number 2: Juan Manuel Fangio". BBC Sport.
- ↑ "Maserati commemorates Fangio anniversary". F1Fanatic.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
- ↑ "Mercedes sells at auction for record $30 million". Money. July 12, 2013.
- 1 2
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 https://web.archive.org/web/20151121222148/http://www.driversdb.com/drivers/juan-manuel-fangio/. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Carreras Año 1949 - Museo Fangio". museofangio.com.
- ↑ "1949 Grand Prix du Rousillon". silhouet.com.
- ↑ "Formula 2 1949 - Monza". formula2.net.
- 1 2 3 "South American Formula Libre/Temporada Races 1946-1952". teamdan.com.
- ↑ Allen Brown. "Circuit d'Albi, 10 Jul 1949 « Non-Championship F1 « OldRacingCars.com". oldracingcars.com.
- ↑ "Un tributo al chueco... Pau, 1950". jmfangio.org.
- ↑ Allen Brown. "Autodromo di Ospedaletti, 16 Apr 1950 « Non-Championship F1 « OldRacingCars.com". oldracingcars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1950 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Monaco". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Formula 2 1950 - Angouleme". formula2.net.
- ↑ "Results 1950 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Belgium". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1950 Formula 1 Grand Prix of France". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "1950 Nations GP". chicanef1.com.
- 1 2 "1950 Non-World Championship Formula One Races". silhouet.com.
- 1 2 "South American Formula Libre/Temporada Races 1946-1952". teamdan.com.
- ↑
- ↑ "Results 1950 Formula 1 Season". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ Allen Brown. "Bari, 9 Jul 1950 « Non-Championship F1 « OldRacingCars.com". oldracingcars.com.
- ↑ "Formula 2 1950 - GP de Marseilles". formula2.net.
- ↑ "Mille Miglia". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1951 Formula 1 Season". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1951 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Switzerland". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1951 Formula 1 Grand Prix of France". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ STATS F1. "V Gran Premio di Bari • STATS F1". statsf1.com.
- ↑ "Results 1951 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Spain". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1951 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Great Britain". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1951 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Germany". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "South American Formula Libre/Temporada Races 1946-1952". teamdan.com.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "South American Formula Libre/Temporada Races 1946-1952". teamdan.com.
- ↑ "Carreras Año 1953 - Museo Fangio". museofangio.com.
- ↑ "Results 1953 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Italy". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Formula 2 1953 - Modena GP". formula2.net.
- ↑ "Supercortemaggiore". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Carrera Panamericana". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1953 Formula 1 Season". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Mille Miglia". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Formula 2 1953 - Napoli GP". formula2.net.
- ↑ "Results 1953 Formula 1 Grand Prix of France". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "1953 BRDC International Trophy". chicanef1.com.
- ↑ "Results 1953 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Great Britain". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1953 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Germany". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "1953 Formula Libre Races". teamdan.com.
- ↑ "Formula 2 1953 - Bordeaux GP". formula2.net.
- ↑ "Targa Florio". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1954 Formula 1 Season". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1954 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Argentina". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1954 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Belgium". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1954 Formula 1 Grand Prix of France". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1954 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Germany". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1954 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Switzerland". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1954 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Italy". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Tourist Trophy". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Formula 1 1954 - GP von Berlin / Avusrennen, 19.09". formula2.net.
- ↑ "Results 1954 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Spain". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1955 Formula 1 Season". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1955 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Argentina". F1 Fansite.
- 1 2 "Un tributo al chueco... Buenos Aires 1955". jmfangio.org.
- ↑ "Eifelrennen Nürburgring". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1955 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Belgium". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20151122225105/http://www.f1-fansite.com/f1-results/results-1955-formula-1-grand-prix-of-netherlands/. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "GP Sverige". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1955 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Italy". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "GP Venezuela". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Mille Miglia". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20151129121003/http://www.f1-fansite.com/f1-results/results-1955-formula-1-grand-prix-of-grand-britain/. Archived from the original on November 29, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Tourist Trophy". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Targa Florio". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1956 Formula 1 Season". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1956 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Argentina". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20151121194804/http://www.jmfangio.org/gp1956baires.htm. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Sebring 12 Hours". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1956 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Great Britain". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1956 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Germany". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1956 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Monaco". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Nürburgring 1000 Kilometres". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1956 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Italy". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "GP Venezuela". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Supercortemaggiore". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1957 Formula 1 Season". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1957 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Argentina". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Un tributo al chueco... Buenos Aires 1957". jmfangio.org.
- ↑ "Gran Premio de Cuba". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Sebring 12 Hours". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1957 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Monaco". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Monsanto". racingsportscars.com.
- ↑ "Results 1957 Formula 1 Grand Prix of France". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1957 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Germany". F1 Fansite.
- 1 2 "Carreras Año 1957 - Museo Fangio". museofangio.com.
- ↑ "Results 1957 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Pescara". F1 Fansite.
- ↑ "Results 1957 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Italy". F1 Fansite.
- 1 2 "Un tributo al chueco... Buenos Aires 1958". jmfangio.org.
Further reading
- Gerald Donaldson. Fangio: The Life Behind the Legend. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0753518274
- Karl Ludvigsen. Juan Manuel Fangio: Motor Racing’s Grand Master. Haynes Manuals Inc. ISBN 978-1859606254
- Pierre Menard & Jacques Vassal. Juan-Manuel Fangio: The Race in the Blood. Chronosports. ISBN 978-2847070453
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juan Manuel Fangio. |
- Juan Manuel Fangio Website
- Statistical analysis of drivers, 1950-2013
- Maserati Celebrates Fangio
- Juan Manuel Fangio Museum (Spanish)
- Amigos de Fangio (Spanish)
- Juan Manuel Fangio at the Internet Movie Database
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