List of African-American United States Representatives

John Conyers is the longest-serving person and African American in the history of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Congress.

Map of congressional districts represented by African Americans during 114th United States Congress.

The United States House of Representatives has had 131 elected and appointed African-American members. The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress, which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. The US Census Bureau defines African Americans as citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.^[1] The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa. During the founding of the federal government, African Americans were consigned to a status of second-class citizenship or enslaved.^[2] No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870, which prohibits the federal government and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Only 27 out of all 50 states have sent a representative of African descent to the U.S. House (excluding the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia); the earliest is South Carolina in 1870, and the most recent is Utah in 2015. Out of all 131 elected or appointed members of African descent, 34 have been women. 15 states have sent African-American women to the U.S. House, the earliest being New York in 1969 and the most recent being New Jersey and Utah in 2015. The current 114th Congress has a record 46 African-American Representatives or Delegates, including 20 African-American women. Many African-American members of the House of Representatives serve majority-minority districts.^[3] These congressional districts are gerrymandered, limit serious challenges to their re-election, and limit their abilities to represent a larger, more diverse constituency.^[3]

First generation of African-American House members, 1870–1887

(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political Party

      Republican

Representative			Congressional District	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Former slave	Ref.	Note
		Joseph Rainey (1832–1887)	South Carolina's 1st	December 12, 1870	March 3, 1879	Republican	41st (1869–1871)	Yes	[4]	[note 1]
							THRU
							45th (1877–1879)
		Jefferson F. Long (1836–1901)	Georgia's 4th	January 16, 1871	March 3, 1871	Republican	41st (1869–1871)	Yes	[5]	[note 2]
		Robert C. De Large (1842–1874)	South Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1871	January 24, 1873	Republican	42nd (1871–1873)	No	[6]	[note 3]
		Robert B. Elliott (1842–1884)	South Carolina's 3rd	March 4, 1871	November 1, 1874	Republican	42nd (1871–1873)	No	[7]	[note 4]
							43rd (1873–1875)
		Benjamin S. Turner (1825–1894)	Alabama's 1st	March 4, 1871	March 3, 1873	Republican	42nd (1871–1873)	Yes	[8]	[note 5]
		Josiah T. Walls (1842–1905)	Florida's at-large	March 4, 1871	January 29, 1873	Republican	42nd (1871–1873)	Yes	[9]	[note 6]
				March 4, 1873	March 3, 1875		43rd (1873–1875)
			Florida's 2nd	March 4, 1875	April 19, 1876		44th (1875–1877)
		Richard H. Cain (1825–1887)	South Carolina's at-large	March 4, 1873	March 3, 1875	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	No	[10]	[note 7]
			South Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1877	March 3, 1879		45th (1877–1879)
		John R. Lynch (1847–1939)	Mississippi's 6th	March 4, 1873	March 3, 1877	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	Yes	[11]	[note 8]
							44th (1875–1877)
				April 29, 1882	March 3, 1883		47th (1881–1883)
		Alonzo J. Ransier (1834–1882)	South Carolina's 2nd	March 3, 1873	March 3, 1875	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	No	[12]	[note 9]
		James T. Rapier (1837–1883)	Alabama's 2nd	March 4, 1873	March 3, 1875	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	No	[13]	[note 10]
		Jeremiah Haralson (1846–1916)	Alabama's 1st	March 4, 1875	March 3, 1877	Republican	44th (1875–1877)	Yes	[14]	[note 11]
		John Adams Hyman (1840–1891)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1875	March 3, 1877	Republican	44th (1875–1877)	Yes	[15]	[note 12]
		Charles E. Nash (1844–1913)	Louisiana's 6th	March 4, 1875	March 3, 1877	Republican	44th (1875–1877)	No	[16]	[note 13]
		Robert Smalls (1839–1915)	South Carolina's 5th	March 4, 1875	March 3, 1879	Republican	44th (1875–1877)	Yes	[17]	[note 14]
							45th (1877–1879)
				July 19, 1882	March 3, 1883		47th (1881–1883)
			South Carolina's 7th	March 18, 1884	March 3, 1887		48th (1883–1885)
							49th (1885–1887)
		James E. O'Hara (1844–1905)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1883	March 3, 1887	Republican	48th (1883–1885)	No	[18]	[note 15]
							49th (1885–1887)

Second generation of African-American House members, 1887–1929

(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political Party

      Republican

Representative			Congressional District	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Former slave	Ref.	Note
		Henry P. Cheatham (1857–1935)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1889	March 3, 1893	Republican	51st (1889–1891)	Yes	[19]	[note 16]
							52nd (1891–1893)
		John Mercer Langston (1829–1897)	Virginia's 4th	September 23, 1890	March 3, 1891	Republican	51st (1889–1891)	No	[20]	[note 17]
		Thomas E. Miller (1849–1938)	South Carolina's 7th	September 24, 1890	March 3, 1891	Republican	51st (1889–1891)	No	[21]	[note 18]
		George W. Murray (1853–1926)	South Carolina's 7th	March 4, 1893	March 3, 1895	Republican	53rd (1893–1895)	Yes	[22]	[note 19]
			South Carolina's 1st	June 4, 1896	March 3, 1897		54th (1895–1897)
		George Henry White (1852–1918)	North Carolina's 2nd	March 4, 1897	March 3, 1901	Republican	55th (1897–1899)	Yes	[23]	[note 20]
							56th (1899–1901)

Third generation of African-American House members, 1929–1970

(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political Parties

      Democratic       Republican

Representative			Congressional District	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Ref.	Note
		Oscar Stanton De Priest (1871–1951)	Illinois's 1st	March 4, 1929	January 3, 1935	Republican	71st (1929–1931)	[24]	[note 21]
							72nd (1931–1933)
							73rd (1933–1935)
		Arthur W. Mitchell (1883–1968)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1935	January 3, 1943	Democratic	74th (1935–1937)	[25]	[note 22]
							75th (1937–1939)
							76th (1939–1941)
							77th (1941–1943)
		William L. Dawson (1886–1970)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1943	November 9, 1970	Democratic	78th (1943–1945)	[26]	[note 23]
							THRU
							91st (1969–1971)
		Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. (1908–1972)	New York's 22nd	January 3, 1945	January 3, 1953	Democratic	79th (1945–1947)	[27]	[note 24]
							THRU
							82nd (1951–1953)
			New York's 16th	January 3, 1953	January 3, 1963		83rd (1953–1955)
							THRU
							87th (1961–1963)
			New York's 18th	January 3, 1963	February 28, 1967		88th (1963–1965)
							89th (1965–1967)
							90th (1967–1969)
				April 11, 1967	January 3, 1971
							91st (1969–1971)
		Charles Diggs (1922–1998)	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 1955	June 3, 1980	Democratic	84th (1955–1957)	[28]	[note 25]
							THRU
							96th (1979–1981)
		Robert N. C. Nix, Sr. (1898–1987)	Pennsylvania's 4th	June 4, 1958	January 3, 1963	Democratic	85th (1957–1959)	[29]	[note 26]
							86th (1959–1961)
							87th (1961–1963)
			Pennsylvania's 2nd	January 3, 1963	January 3, 1979		88th (1963–1965)
							THRU
							95th (1977–1979)
		Augustus F. Hawkins (1907–2007)	California's 21st	January 3, 1963	January 3, 1975	Democratic	88th (1963–1965)	[30]	[note 27]
							THRU
							93rd (1973–1975)
			California's 29th	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1991		94th (1975–1977)
							THRU
							101st (1989–1991)
		John Conyers (born 1929)	Michigan's 1st	January 3, 1965	January 3, 1993	Democratic	89th (1965–1967)	[31]	[note 28]
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
			Michigan's 14th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013		103rd (1993–1995)
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
			Michigan's 13th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Shirley Chisholm (1924–2005)	New York's 12th	January 3, 1969	January 3, 1983	Democratic	91st (1969–1971)	[32]	[note 29]
							THRU
							97th (1981–1983)
		Bill Clay (born 1931)	Missouri's 1st	January 3, 1969	January 3, 2001	Democratic	91st (1969–1971)	[33]	[note 30]
							THRU
							106th (1999–2001)
		Louis Stokes (1925–2015)	Ohio's 21st	January 3, 1969	January 3, 1993	Democratic	91st (1969–1971)	[34]	[note 31]
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
			Ohio's 11th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1999		103rd (1993–1995)
							104th (1995–1997)
							105th (1997–1999)
		George W. Collins (1925–1972)	Illinois's 6th	November 3, 1970	December 8, 1972	Democratic	91st (1969–1971)	[35]	[note 32]
							92nd (1971–1973)

Fourth generation of African-American House members, 1971–present

(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political Parties

      Democratic       Republican

Representative			Congressional District	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Ref.	Note
		Ron Dellums (born 1935)	California's 7th	January 3, 1971	January 3, 1975	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	[36]	[note 33]
							93rd (1973–1975)
			California's 8th	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1993		94th (1975–1977)
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
			California's 9th	January 3, 1993	February 6, 1998		103rd (1993–1995)
							104th (1995–1997)
							105th (1997–1999)
		Ralph Metcalfe (1910–1978)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1971	October 10, 1978	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	[37]	[note 34]
							93rd (1973–1975)
							94th (1975–1977)
							95th (1977–1979)
		Parren Mitchell (1922–2007)	Maryland's 7th	January 3, 1971	January 3, 1987	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	[38]	[note 35]
							THRU
							99th (1985–1987)
		Charles B. Rangel (born 1930)	New York's 18th	January 3, 1971	January 3, 1973	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	[39]	[note 36]
			New York's 19th	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1983		93rd (1973–1975)
							THRU
							97th (1981–1983)
			New York's 16th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993		98th (1983–1985)
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
			New York's 15th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013		103rd (1993–1995)
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
			New York's 13th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (born 1932)	California's 37th	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1975	Democratic	93rd (1973–1975)	[40]	[note 37]
			California's 28th	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1979		94th (1975–1977)
							95th (1977–1979)
		Barbara Jordan (1936–1996)	Texas's 18th	January 3, 1973	January 3, 1979	Democratic	93rd (1973–1975)	[41]	[note 38]
							94th (1975–1977)
							95th (1977–1979)
		Andrew Young (born 1932)	Georgia's 5th	January 3, 1973	January 29, 1977	Democratic	93rd (1973–1975)	[42]	[note 39]
							94th (1975–1977)
							95th (1977–1979)
		Cardiss Collins (1931–2013)	Illinois's 7th	June 5, 1973	January 3, 1997	Democratic	93rd (1973–1975)	[43]	[note 40]
							THRU
							104th (1995–1997)
		Harold Ford, Sr. (born 1945)	Tennessee's 8th	January 3, 1975	January 3, 1983	Democratic	94th (1975–1977)	[44]	[note 41]
							THRU
							97th (1981–1983)
			Tennessee's 9th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1997		98th (1983–1985)
							THRU
							104th (1995–1997)
		Julian C. Dixon (1934–2000)	California's 28th	January 3, 1979	January 3, 1993	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	[45]	[note 42]
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
			California's 32nd	January 3, 1993	December 8, 2000		103rd (1993–1995)
							THRU
							106th (1999–2001)
		William H. Gray (1941–2013)	Pennsylvania's 2nd	January 3, 1979	September 11, 1991	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	[46]	[note 43]
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
		Mickey Leland (1944–1989)	Texas's 18th	January 3, 1979	August 7, 1989	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	[47]	[note 44]
							THRU
							101st (1989–1991)
		Bennett M. Stewart (1912–1988)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1979	January 3, 1981	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	[48]	[note 45]
		George W. Crockett, Jr. (1909–1997)	Michigan's 13th	November 4, 1980	January 3, 1991	Democratic	96th (1979–1981)	[49]	[note 46]
							THRU
							101st (1989–1991)
		Mervyn M. Dymally (1926–2012)	California's 31st	January 3, 1981	January 3, 1993	Democratic	97th (1981–1983)	[50]	[note 47]
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
		Gus Savage (1925–2015)	Illinois's 2nd	January 3, 1981	January 3, 1993	Democratic	97th (1981–1983)	[51]	[note 48]
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
		Harold Washington (1922–1987)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1981	April 30, 1983	Democratic	97th (1981–1983)	[52]	[note 49]
							98th (1983–1985)
		Katie Hall (1938–2012)	Indiana's 1st	November 2, 1982	January 3, 1985	Democratic	97th (1981–1983)	[53]	[note 50]
							98th (1983–1985)
		Major R. Owens (1936–2013)	New York's 12th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	[54]	[note 51]
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
			New York's 11th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2007		103rd (1993–1995)
							THRU
							109th (2005–2007)
		Edolphus Towns (born 1934)	New York's 11th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1993	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	[55]	[note 52]
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
			New York's 10th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013		103rd (1993–1995)
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
		Alan Wheat (born 1951)	Missouri's 5th	January 3, 1983	January 3, 1995	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	[56]	[note 53]
							THRU
							103rd (1993–1995)
		Charles Hayes (1918–1997)	Illinois's 1st	August 23, 1983	January 3, 1993	Democratic	98th (1983–1985)	[57]	[note 54]
							THRU
							102nd (1991–1993)
		Alton R. Waldon, Jr. (born 1936)	New York's 6th	June 10, 1986	January 3, 1987	Democratic	99th (1985–1987)	[58]	[note 55]
		Mike Espy (born 1953)	Mississippi's 2nd	January 3, 1987	January 22, 1993	Democratic	100th (1987–1989)	[59]	[note 56]
							101st (1989–1991)
							102nd (1991–1993)
							103rd (1993–1995)
		Floyd H. Flake (born 1945)	New York's 6th	January 3, 1987	November 17, 1997	Democratic	100th (1987–1989)	[60]	[note 57]
							THRU
							105th (1997–1999)
		John Lewis (born 1940)	Georgia's 5th	January 3, 1987	Incumbent	Democratic	100th (1987–1989)	[61]	[note 58]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Kweisi Mfume (born 1948)	Maryland's 7th	January 3, 1987	February 15, 1996	Democratic	100th (1987–1989)	[62]	[note 59]
							THRU
							104th (1995–1997)
		Donald M. Payne (1934–2012)	New Jersey's 10th	January 3, 1989	March 6, 2012	Democratic	101st (1989–1991)	[63]	[note 60]
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
		Craig Washington (born 1941)	Texas's 18th	December 9, 1989	January 3, 1995	Democratic	101st (1989–1991)	[64]	[note 61]
							102nd (1991–1993)
							103rd (1993–1995)
		Barbara-Rose Collins (born 1939)	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 1991	January 3, 1993	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	[65]	[note 62]
			Michigan's 15th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1997		103rd (1993–1995)
							104th (1995–1997)
		Gary Franks (born 1953)	Connecticut's 5th	January 3, 1991	January 3, 1997	Republican	102nd (1991–1993)	[66]	[note 63]
							103rd (1993–1995)
							104th (1995–1997)
		William J. Jefferson (born 1947)	Louisiana's 2nd	January 3, 1991	January 3, 2009	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	[67]	[note 64]
							THRU
							110th (2007–2009)
		Maxine Waters (born 1938)	California's 29th	January 3, 1991	January 3, 1993	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	[68]	[note 65]
			California's 35th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013		103rd (1993–1995)
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
			California's 43rd	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Lucien E. Blackwell (1931–2003)	Pennsylvania's 2nd	November 5, 1991	January 3, 1995	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	[69]	[note 66]
							103rd (1993–1995)
		Eva M. Clayton (born 1934)	North Carolina's 1st	November 3, 1992	January 3, 2003	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	[70]	[note 67]
							THRU
							107th (2001–2003)
		Sanford Bishop (born 1947)	Georgia's 2nd	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[71]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Corrine Brown (born 1946)	Florida's 3rd	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[72]
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
			Florida's 5th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Jim Clyburn (born 1940)	South Carolina's 6th	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[73]	[note 68]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Cleo Fields (born 1962)	Louisiana's 4th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1997	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[74]	[note 69]
							104th (1995–1997)
		Alcee Hastings (born 1936)	Florida's 23rd	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2013	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[75]
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
			Florida's 20th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Earl F. Hilliard (born 1942)	Alabama's 7th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2003	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[76]	[note 70]
							THRU
							107th (2001–2003)
		Eddie Bernice Johnson (born 1935)	Texas's 30th	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[77]	[note 71]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Cynthia McKinney (born 1955)	Georgia's 11th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1997	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[78]	[note 72]
							104th (1995–1997)
			Georgia's 4th	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2003		105th (1997–1999)
							106th (1999–2001)
							107th (2001–2003)
				January 3, 2005	January 3, 2007		109th (2005–2007)
		Carrie P. Meek (born 1926)	Florida's 17th	January 3, 1993	January 3, 2003	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[79]	[note 73]
							THRU
							107th (2001–2003)
		Mel Reynolds (born 1952)	Illinois's 2nd	January 3, 1993	October 1, 1995	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[80]	[note 74]
							104th (1995–1997)
		Bobby Rush (born 1946)	Illinois's 1st	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[81]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Bobby Scott (born 1947)	Virginia's 3rd	January 3, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[82]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Walter Tucker (born 1957)	California's 37th	January 3, 1993	December 15, 1995	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[83]	[note 75]
							104th (1995–1997)
		Mel Watt (born 1945)	North Carolina's 12th	January 3, 1993	January 6, 2014	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[84]	[note 76]
							THRU
							113th (2013–2015)
		Albert Wynn (born 1951)	Maryland's 4th	January 3, 1993	May 31, 2008	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[85]	[note 77]
							THRU
							110th (2007–2009)
		Bennie Thompson (born 1948)	Mississippi's 2nd	April 13, 1993	Incumbent	Democratic	103rd (1993–1995)	[86]	[note 78]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Chaka Fattah (born 1956)	Pennsylvania's 2nd	January 3, 1995	Incumbent	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	[87]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Sheila Jackson Lee (born 1950)	Texas's 18th	January 3, 1995	Incumbent	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	[88]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		J. C. Watts (born 1957)	Oklahoma's 4th	January 3, 1995	January 3, 2003	Republican	104th (1995–1997)	[89]	[note 79]
							105th (1997–1999)
							106th (1999–2001)
							107th (2001–2003)
		Jesse Jackson, Jr. (born 1965)	Illinois's 2nd	December 12, 1995	November 21, 2012	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	[90]	[note 80]
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
		Juanita Millender-McDonald (1938–2007)	California's 37th	March 26, 1996	April 22, 2007	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	[91]	[note 81]
							THRU
							110th (2007–2009)
		Elijah Cummings (born 1951)	Maryland's 7th	April 16, 1996	Incumbent	Democratic	104th (1995–1997)	[92]	[note 82]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Julia Carson (1938–2007)	Indiana's 10th	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2003	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	[93]	[note 83]
							106th (1999-2001)
							107th (2001–2003)
			Indiana's 7th	January 3, 2003	December 15, 2007		108th (2003–2005)
							109th (2005–2007)
							110th (2007–2009)
		Danny K. Davis (born 1941)	Illinois's 7th	January 3, 1997	Incumbent	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	[94]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Harold Ford, Jr. (born 1970)	Tennessee's 9th	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2007	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	[95]	[note 84]
							THRU
							109th (2005–2007)
		Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (born 1945)	Michigan's 15th	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2003	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	[96]	[note 85]
							106th (1999–2001)
							107th (2001–2003)
			Michigan's 13th	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2011		108th (2003–2005)
							THRU
							111th (2009–2011)
		Gregory W. Meeks (born 1953)	New York's 6th	February 3, 1998	January 3, 2013	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	[97]	[note 86]
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
			New York's 5th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Barbara Lee (born 1946)	California's 9th	April 7, 1998	January 3, 2013	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	[98]	[note 87]
							THRU
							112th (2011–2013)
			California's 13th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Stephanie Tubbs Jones (1949–2008)	Ohio's 11th	January 3, 1999	August 20, 2008	Democratic	106th (1999–2001)	[99]	[note 88]
							THRU
							110th (2007–2009)
		William Lacy Clay, Jr. (born 1956)	Missouri's 1st	January 3, 2001	Incumbent	Democratic	107th (2001–2003)	[100]	[note 89]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Diane Watson (born 1933)	California's 32nd	June 5, 2001	January 3, 2003	Democratic	107th (2001–2003)	[101]	[note 90]
			California's 33rd	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2011		108th (2003–2005)
							THRU
							111th (2009–2011)
		Frank Ballance (born 1942)	North Carolina's 1st	January 3, 2003	June 11, 2004	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	[102]	[note 91]
		Artur Davis (born 1967)	Alabama's 7th	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2011	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	[103]	[note 92]
							109th (2005–2007)
							110th (2007–2009)
							111th (2009–2011)
		Denise Majette (born 1955)	Georgia's 4th	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2005	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	[104]	[note 93]
		Kendrick Meek (born 1966)	Florida's 17th	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2011	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	[105]	[note 94]
							109th (2005–2007)
							110th (2007–2009)
							111th (2009–2011)
		David Scott (born 1945)	Georgia's 13th	January 3, 2003	Incumbent	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	[106]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		G. K. Butterfield (born 1947)	North Carolina's 1st	July 20, 2004	Incumbent	Democratic	108th (2003–2005)	[107]	[note 95]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Emanuel Cleaver (born 1944)	Missouri's 5th	January 3, 2005	Incumbent	Democratic	109th (2005–2007)	[108]	[note 96]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Al Green (born 1947)	Texas's 9th	January 3, 2005	Incumbent	Democratic	109th (2005–2007)	[109]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Gwen Moore (born 1951)	Wisconsin's 4th	January 3, 2005	Incumbent	Democratic	109th (2005–2007)	[110]	[note 97]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Yvette Clarke (born 1964)	New York's 11th	January 3, 2007	January 3, 2013	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	[111]
							111th (2009–2011)
							112th (2011–2013)
			New York's 9th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Keith Ellison (born 1963)	Minnesota's 5th	January 3, 2007	Incumbent	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	[112]	[note 98]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Hank Johnson (born 1954)	Georgia's 4th	January 3, 2007	Incumbent	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	[113]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Laura Richardson (born 1962)	California's 37th	August 21, 2007	January 3, 2013	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	[114]	[note 99]
							111th (2009–2011)
							112th (2011–2013)
		André Carson (born 1974)	Indiana's 7th	March 11, 2008	Incumbent	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	[115]	[note 100]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Donna Edwards (born 1958)	Maryland's 4th	June 17, 2008	Incumbent	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	[116]	[note 101]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Marcia Fudge (born 1952)	Ohio's 11th	November 18, 2008	Incumbent	Democratic	110th (2007–2009)	[117]	[note 102]
							THRU
							114th (2015–2017)
		Karen Bass (born 1953)	California's 33rd	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2013	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	[118]
			California's 37th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Hansen Clarke (born 1957)	Michigan's 13th	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2013	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	[119]	[note 103]
		Cedric Richmond (born 1973)	Louisiana's 2nd	January 3, 2011	Incumbent	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	[120]
							113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Tim Scott (born 1965)	South Carolina's 1st	January 3, 2011	January 2, 2013	Republican	112th (2011–2013)	[121]	[note 104]
		Terri Sewell (born 1965)	Alabama's 7th	January 3, 2011	Incumbent	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	[122]	[note 105]
							113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Allen West (born 1961)	Florida's 22nd	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2013	Republican	112th (2011–2013)	[123]	[note 106]
		Frederica Wilson (born 1942)	Florida's 17th	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2013	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	[124]
			Florida's 24th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent		113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Donald Payne, Jr. (born 1958)	New Jersey's 10th	November 6, 2012	Incumbent	Democratic	112th (2011–2013)	[125]	[note 107]
							113th (2013–2015)
							114th (2015–2017)
		Joyce Beatty (born 1950)	Ohio's 3rd	January 3, 2013	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	[126]
							114th (2015–2017)
		Steven Horsford (born 1973)	Nevada's 4th	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2015	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	[127]	[note 108]
		Hakeem Jeffries (born 1970)	New York's 8th	January 3, 2013	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	[128]
							114th (2015–2017)
		Marc Veasey (born 1971)	Texas's 33rd	January 3, 2013	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	[129]
							114th (2015–2017)
		Robin Kelly (born 1956)	Illinois's 2nd	April 9, 2013	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	[130]	[note 109]
							114th (2015–2017)
		Alma Adams (born 1946)	North Carolina's 12th	November 12, 2014	Incumbent	Democratic	113th (2013–2015)	[131]	[note 110]
							114th (2015–2017)
		Will Hurd (born 1977)	Texas's 23rd	January 3, 2015	Incumbent	Republican	114th (2015–2017)	[132]
		Brenda Lawrence (born 1954)	Michigan's 14th	January 3, 2015	Incumbent	Democratic	114th (2015–2017)	[133]
		Mia Love (born 1975)	Utah's 4th	January 3, 2015	Incumbent	Republican	114th (2015–2017)	[134]	[note 111]
		Bonnie Watson Coleman (born 1945)	New Jersey's 12th	January 3, 2015	Incumbent	Democratic	114th (2015–2017)	[135]

Delegates in the House (non-voting members)

(Note: Delegates are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)

Political Parties

      Democratic       Republican       Independent

Delegate			Congressional District	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Ref.	Note
		Walter E. Fauntroy (born 1933)	District of Columbia's at-large	March 23, 1971	January 3, 1991	Democratic	92nd (1971–1973)	[136]	[note 112]
							THRU
							101st (1989–1991)
		Melvin H. Evans (1917–1984)	Virgin Islands's at-large	January 3, 1979	January 3, 1981	Republican	96th (1979–1981)	[137]	[note 113]
		Eleanor Holmes Norton (born 1937)	District of Columbia's at-large	January 3, 1991	Incumbent	Democratic	102nd (1991–1993)	[138]
							THRU
							114th (2015-2017)
		Victor O. Frazer (born 1943)	Virgin Islands's at-large	January 3, 1995	January 3, 1997	Independent	104th (1995–1997)	[139]	[note 114]
		Donna Christian-Christensen (born 1945)	Virgin Islands's at-large	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2015	Democratic	105th (1997–1999)	[140]	[note 115]
							THRU
							113th (2013–2015)
		Stacey Plaskett (born 1964)	Virgin Islands's at-large	January 3, 2015	Incumbent	Democratic	114th (2015–2017)	[141]

African Americans elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated

Political Party

      Republican

Representative			Congressional District	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Former slave	Ref.	Note
		John Willis Menard (1838–1893)	Louisiana's 2nd	Denied seat	Denied seat	Republican	41st (1869–1871)	No	[142]	[note 116]
		P. B. S. Pinchback (1837–1921)	Louisiana's at-large	Denied seat	Denied seat	Republican	43rd (1873–1875)	No	[143]	[note 117]

See also

Federal government

• African Americans in the United States Congress
  • List of African-American United States Senators
  • Congressional Black Caucus
  • Congressional Black Caucus Foundation
• List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries

State and local government

• African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789-1866
• List of African-American U.S. state firsts
• List of first African-American mayors

Notes

1. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Benjamin Whittemore. Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives and the first to serve in Congress from South Carolina.
2. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the House of Representatives denial to seat Samuel F. Gove. He retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Georgia.
3. Unseated in 1873 by a contested election that involved Christopher C. Bowen, the previous seat holder. The seat remained vacant until March 1873.
4. Resigned from office. Elected in November 1874 to the South Carolina House of Representatives.
5. Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Alabama.
6. Removed from office in 1873 and 1876 due to contested elections that involved Silas L. Niblack and Jesse Finley, respectively. First African American to serve in Congress from Florida.
7. Retired from office.
8. Seated in Congress after contested election that involved James Chalmers in 1882. Lost office during reelection in 1883. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi. Youngest member of the 43rd United States Congress at age 26.
9. Retired from office. Former Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina.
10. Lost office during reelection.
11. Lost office during reelection.
12. Lost office during re-nomination. First African American to serve in Congress from North Carolina.
13. Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Louisiana.
14. Seated in Congress after contested election that involved George Tillman in 1882. Elected in 1884 to fill vacancy caused by death of Edmund Mackey. Lost reelection and retired from office in final term.
15. Lost office during reelection.
16. Lost office during reelection. Brother-in-law of George Henry White.
17. Seated in Congress after the contested election that involved Edward Venable in September 1890. Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Virginia.
18. Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in September 1890. Lost office during reelection in final term.
19. Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in June 1896. Lost office during reelection. Distant relative of Jim Clyburn.
20. Retired from office. Brother-in-law of Henry P. Cheatham.
21. Lost office during reelection to Arthur W. Mitchell. First African American to serve in Congress from Illinois and the first to serve from outside the southern states.
22. Retired from office. First African American to be elected to Congress as a Democrat.
23. Died while in office.
24. Excluded from membership in the 90th United States Congress in February 1967. Reelected to fill vacancy caused by exclusion from membership, but did not take oath of office. Lost office during renomination. First African American to serve in Congress from New York.^[27]
25. Censured, resigned and jailed for three years for mail fraud. First African American to serve in Congress from Michigan. The first person to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 91st United States Congress during the first session.
26. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of Earl Chudoff In 1958. Lost office during renomination. First African American to serve in Congress from Pennsylvania.
27. Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from California.
28. First African-American to become Dean of the United States House of Representatives.
29. Retired from office. First African-American woman to serve in Congress and the first African-American woman to run as a presidential candidate in 1972.
30. Retired from office. His son, William Lacy Clay, Jr., succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Missouri.
31. Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Ohio. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 92nd United States Congress during the second session and in the 93rd United States Congress during the first session.
32. Elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel Ronan. Died while in office and his wife, Cardiss Collins, filled the vacancy caused by his death.
33. Resigned from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 101st United States Congress.
34. Died while in office.
35. Retired to run unsuccessfully as Lieutenant Governor of Maryland. First African American to serve in Congress from Maryland. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 95th United States Congress.
36. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 93rd United States Congress during the second session and in the 94th United States Congress during the first session.
37. Retired to run unsuccessfully as Attorney General of California. First woman to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 94th United States Congress during the second session.
38. Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Texas.
39. Resigned to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations.
40. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of her husband, George W. Collins. Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 96th United States Congress.
41. Retired from office. His son, Harold Ford, Jr. succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Tennessee.
42. Reelected to the 107th United States Congress, but died before the commencement of the Congress. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 98th United States Congress
43. Resigned to become President of the United Negro College Fund. Served as chair for the House Democratic Caucus during the 101st United States Congress and House Democratic Whip during the 102nd United States Congress.
44. Died while in office. Served as chair for the Congressional Black Caucus in the 99th United States Congress.
45. Lost office during renomination.
46. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Diggs. Retired from office.
47. Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 100th United States Congress.
48. Lost office during renomination.
49. Resigned to become Mayor of Chicago.
50. Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Adam Benjamin, Jr. Lost office during renomination. First African American to serve in Congress from Indiana.
51. Retired from office.
52. Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 102nd United States Congress.
53. Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate seat in Missouri.
54. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Harold Washington. Lost office during renomination.
55. Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Joseph Addabbo. Lost office during renomination.
56. Resigned to become the United States Secretary of Agriculture.
57. Resigned to become a pastor at the Allen African Methodist Episcopal Church.
58. Served as Democratic chief whip in the 102nd through 109th Congresses. Also, served as the Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip in the 110th through 112th Congresses.
59. .Resigned to become Executive Director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 103rd United States Congress. Also, served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress
60. Died while in office. His son, Donald Payne, Jr., succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from New Jersey. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 104th United States Congress.
61. Elected to office to fill vacancy caused by death of Mickey Leland. Lost office during renomination.
62. Lost office during renomination.
63. Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Connecticut.
64. Lost office during reelection; first African-American Democrat to be defeated for reelection by a Republican. Sentenced to 13 years for bribery after a corruption investigation.
65. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 105th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the Democratic Steering Committee in the 105th through 108th Congresses. Served as Democratic chief deputy whip in the 106th through 112th Congresses.
66. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of William H. Gray. Lost office during renomination.
67. Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Walter B. Jones, Sr.. Retired from office. Served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress.
68. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 106th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th through 109th Congresses. Served as House majority whip in the 110th through 111th Congresses. Served as the Assistant Democratic Leader in the 112th United States Congress. Distant relative of George W. Murray.
69. Retired from office. Youngest member of the 103rd United States Congress at age 30.
70. Lost office during renomination.
71. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th United States Congress.
72. Lost office during renomination for the 2003 and 2007 term.
73. Retired from office. Her son, Kendrick Meek, succeeded her in office.
74. Resigned after being convicted on 12 counts of sexual assault, obstruction of justice and solicitation of child pornography and being sentenced to five years in prison.
75. Resigned due to scandals involving accepting and demanding bribes while mayor of Compton. Tucker was sentenced to 27 months in prison for extortion and tax evasion.
76. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 109th United States Congress. Resigned to become Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency
77. Lost office during renomination and resigned.
78. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mike Espy.
79. Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Oklahoma. Served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th through 107th Congresses.
80. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mel Reynolds. Resigned, citing mental and physical health problems, but acknowledging that he was under two separate investigations by the House Ethics Committee and the FBI. Jackson pleaded guilty on February 20, 2013 to one count of wire and mail fraud. He was sentenced to 30 months in federal prison.
81. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Walter Tucker. Died while in office.
82. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Kweisi Mfume. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 108th United States Congress.
83. Died while in office and her grandson, André Carson, filled the vacancy caused by her death.
84. Succeeded his father, Harold Ford, Sr., in office. Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Tennessee. Youngest member of the 105th United States Congress at age 26.
85. Lost office during renomination. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 110th United States Congress.
86. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Floyd H. Flake.
87. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Ron Dellums. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 111th United States Congress.
88. Died while in office.
89. Succeeded his father, Bill Clay, in office.
90. Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Julian C. Dixon. Retired from office.
91. Resigned and was sentenced to four years in prison, two years supervised release, and fined $10,000, for mail fraud and money laundering.
92. Retired to run unsuccessfully as Governor of Alabama. Became a member of the Republican Party in 2012.
93. Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Georgia.
94. Succeeded his mother, Carrie P. Meek, in office. Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Florida.
95. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank Ballance. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 114th United States Congress.
96. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 112th United States Congress.
97. First African American to serve in Congress from Wisconsin.
98. First African American to serve in Congress from Minnesota and the first Muslim to serve in Congress.
99. Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Juanita Millender-McDonald. In 2012 was reprimanded due to use of Congressional office staff in 2010 House election campaign. Lost office during reelection.
100. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his grandmother, Julia Carson.
101. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Albert Wynn.
102. Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 113th United States Congress.
103. Lost office during renomination.
104. Appointed to Senate by South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley to replace Jim DeMint. Served as Republican assistant majority whip in the 112th United States Congress. First African American to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress.
105. Served as Democratic senior whip in the 112th United States Congress.
106. Lost office during reelection.
107. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his father, Donald M. Payne.
108. Lost office during reelection; first African-American Democrat to be defeated for reelection by a white Republican. First African American to serve in Congress from Nevada.
109. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse Jackson, Jr.
110. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Mel Watt
111. First female African-American Republican to serve in Congress, first African American to serve in Congress from Utah and first Haitian American to serve in Congress.
112. Elected to serve in Congress after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a Delegate by the District of Columbia Delegate Act of 1970. Retired to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of the District of Columbia. First African American to serve as a delegate for the District of Columbia. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 97th United States Congress.
113. Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
114. Lost office during reelection.
115. Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Virgin Islands. First woman elected to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
116. Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of James Mann. Denied seat due to a contested election that involved Caleb S. Hunt, but was permitted to address the House while in session. First African American elected to Congress, but denied seat.
117. Denied seat due to a contested election that involved George A. Sheridan.

References

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2. "Time Line of African American History, 1881-1900". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
3. Terkel, Amanda (September 27, 2012). "Senate Likely To Remain Without Black Members For Years". Retrieved February 9, 2013.
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6. "De Large, Robert Carlos, (1842 - 1874)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
7. "Elliott, Robert Brown, (1842 - 1884)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
8. "Turner, Benjamin Sterling, (1825 - 1894)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
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42. "Young, Andrew Jackson, Jr., (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
43. "Collins, Cardiss, (1931 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
44. "Ford, Harold Eugene, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
45. "Dixon, Julian Carey, (1934 - 2000)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
46. "Gray, William Herbert, III, (1941 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
47. "Leland, George Thomas (Mickey), (1944 - 1989)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
48. "Stewart, Bennett McVey, (1912 - 1988)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
49. "Crockett, George William, Jr., (1909 - 1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
50. "Dymally, Mervyn Malcolm, (1926 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
51. "Savage, Gus, (1925 - 2015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
52. "Washington, Harold, (1922 - 1987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
53. "Hall, Katie Beatrice, (1938 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
54. "Owens, Major Robert Odell, (1936 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
55. "Towns, Edolphus, (1934 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
56. "Wheat, Alan Dupree, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
57. "Hayes, Charles Arthur, (1918 - 1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
58. "Waldon, Alton R., Jr., (1936 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
59. "Espy, Alphonso Michael (Mike), (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
60. "Flake, Floyd Harold, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
61. "Lewis, John R., (1940 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
62. "Mfume, Kweisi, (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
63. "Payne, Donald Milford, (1934 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
64. "Washington, Craig Anthony, (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
65. "Collins, Barbara-Rose, (1939 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
66. "Franks, Gary A., (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
67. "Jefferson, William Jennings, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
68. "Waters, Maxine, (1938 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
69. "Blackwell, Lucien Edward, (1931 - 2003)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
70. "Clayton, Eva M., (1934 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
71. "Bishop, Sanford Dixon, Jr., (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
72. "Brown, Corrine, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
73. "Clyburn, James Enos, (1940 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
74. "Fields, Cleo, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
75. "Hastings, Alcee Lamar, (1936 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
76. "Hilliard, Earl Frederick, (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
77. "Johnson, Eddie Bernice, (1935 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
78. "McKinney, Cynthia Ann, (1955 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
79. "Meek, Carrie P., (1926 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
80. "Reynolds, Mel, (1952 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
81. "Rush, Bobby L., (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
82. "Scott, Robert Cortez, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
83. "Tucker, Walter R., III, (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
84. "Watt, Melvin L., (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
85. "Wynn, Albert Russell, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
86. "Thompson, Bennie, (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
87. "Fattah, Chaka, (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
88. "Jackson Lee, Sheila, (1950 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
89. "Watts, Julius Caesar, Jr. (J. C.), (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
90. "Jackson, Jesse L., Jr., (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
91. "Millender-McDonald, Juanita, (1938 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
92. "Cummings, Elijah Eugene, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
93. "Carson, Julia May, (1938 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
94. "Davis, Danny K., (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
95. "Ford, Harold, Jr., (1970 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
96. "Kilpatrick, Carolyn Cheeks, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
97. "Meeks, Gregory W., (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
98. "Lee, Barbara, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
99. "Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, (1949 - 2008)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
100. "Clay, William Lacy, Jr., (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
101. "Watson, Diane Edith, (1933 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
102. "Ballance, Frank W., Jr., (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
103. "Davis, Artur, (1967 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
104. "Majette, Denise L., (1955 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
105. "Meek, Kendrick B., (1966 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
106. "Scott, David, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
107. "Butterfield, George Kenneth, Jr. (G.K.), (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
108. "Cleaver, Emanuel, II, (1944 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
109. "Green, Al, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
110. "Moore, Gwendolynne S. (Gwen), (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
111. "Clarke, Yvette Diane, (1964 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
112. "Ellison, Keith, (1963 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
113. "Johnson, Hank, (1954 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
114. "Richardson, Laura, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
115. "Carson, André, (1974 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
116. "Edwards, Donna F., (1958 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
117. "Fudge, Marcia L., (1952 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
118. "Bass, Karen, (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
119. "Clarke, Hansen, (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
120. "Richmond, Cedric, (1973 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
121. "Scott, Tim, (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
122. "Sewell, Terri, (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
123. "West, Allen, (1961 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
124. "Wilson, Frederica, (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
125. "Payne, Donald, Jr., (1958 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
126. "Beatty, Joyce, (1950 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
127. "Horsford, Steven, (1973 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
128. "Jeffries, Hakeem, (1970 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
129. "Veasey, Marc, (1971 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
130. "Kelly, Robin L., (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
131. "Adams, Alma, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
132. "Hurd, William Ballard, (1977 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
133. "Lawrence, Brenda L., (1954 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
134. "Love, Ludmya Bourdeau (Mia), (1975 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
135. "Watson Coleman, Bonnie, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
136. "Fauntroy, Walter Edward, (1933 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
137. "Evans, Melvin Herbert, (1917 - 1984)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
138. "Norton, Eleanor Holmes, (1937 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
139. "Frazer, Victor O., (1943 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
140. "Christensen, Donna Marie, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
141. "Plaskett, Stacey M., (1964 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
142. Office of the Historian. "John Willis Menard of Louisiana became the first African American to address the U.S. House, February 27, 1869". Historical Highlights, History, Art & Archives. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
143. Office of the Historian. "'Crafting an Identity,' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood". Black Americans in Congress. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved August 7, 2013.

Further reading

• Clay, William L. Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991. Amistad Press, 1992. ISBN 1-56743-000-7
• Dray, Philip. Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Houghton Mifflin Co, 2008. ISBN 978-0-618-56370-8
• Foner, Eric. Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction. 1996. Revised. ISBN 0-8071-2082-0
• Freedman, Eric. African Americans in Congress: A Documentary History. CQ Press, 2007. ISBN 0-87289-385-5
• Gill, LaVerne McCain. African American Women in Congress: Forming and Transforming History. Rutgers University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8135-2353-2
• Hahn, Steven. A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South From Slavery to the Great Migration. 2003. ISBN 0-674-01169-4
• Haskins, James. Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press, 1999. ISBN 1-57356-126-6
• Lynch, Matthew (2012). Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313397929.
• Middleton, Stephen. Black Congressmen During Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. ISBN 0-313-06512-8
• Rabinowitz, Howard N. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press, 1982. ISBN 0-252-00929-0
• Walton, Jr., Hanes; Puckett, Sherman C.; Deskins, Jr., Donald R. (2012). The African American Electorate: A Statistical History. Congressional Quarterly Press. ISBN 9780872895089.
• Wasniewski, Matthew as editor. Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2008. ISBN 978-0-16-080194-5. The website, Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book. To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication, see H. Doc. 108-224 - Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007. Made available by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO).

External links

• African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2012 A 66-page history produced by the Congressional Research Service, a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress.
• Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 - Present Perform search of desired Representative or Delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress.
• Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007 A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski, historian of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenter. He discusses the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007. The video is 164 minutes in length.
• Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007.
• Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate. Maintained by Blackpast.org.