List of Classical Age states

This article is about the period from 600 BC to 200 AD. For the preceding article, see List of Iron Age states. For the succeeding article, see List of states during Late Antiquity.

Ancient history
Preceded by Prehistory
Ancient Near East
Sumer Egypt Elam Akkad Babylonia Canaan Hittite Empire Crete (Minoan) Syro-Hittite states Georgia Anatolia Armenia Neo-Assyrian Empire Urartu Neo-Babylonian Empire Medes
Classical antiquity
Greece Persia (Achaemenid) Hellenism Rome Africa Late Antiquity
East Asia
China Korea Japan
South Asia
Indus Valley Vedic period Maha Janapadas Maurya Empire Chola Empire Satavahana Gupta Empire
See also
History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization
Followed by the Postclassical Era

The classical age (also the classical antiquity, classical period or classical era) is a broad term for a long period of cultural history generally centered on the Mediterranean Sea and Near East, comprising the interlocking ancient civilizations, c. 600 BC to 200 AD. It is the period in which societies flourished and wielded great influence throughout East Asia, Europe, North Africa, South Asia and the Middle East. It is conventionally taken to begin with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (8th–7th century BC), and continues through the emergence of Christianity and the decline of the Roman Empire (5th century AD). It ends with the dissolution of classical culture at the close of Late Antiquity and (AD 300–600), blending into the Dark Ages or Middle Age (AD 600–1000). Such a wide sampling of history and territory covers many disparate cultures and periods. "Classical antiquity" may refer also to an idealised vision among later people of what was, in Edgar Allan Poe's words, "the glory that was Greece, the grandeur that was Rome!"^[1] The culture of the ancient Greeks, together with some influences from the ancient Orient, prevailed throughout classical antiquity as the basis of art,the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period. but in some parts of the world, the Copper Age served as a transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.

Note 1: China's classical period lasted from 500 BC until 600 AD.
Note 2: India's classical period lasted from the 3rd century BC until the 13th century AD.

Development of states

The development of states—large-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulers—marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary (or pristine) states and secondary states. Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state. The earliest known primary states appeared in Mesopatamia c. 3700 BC, in Egypt c. 3300 BC, in the Indus Valley c. 2500 BC, India c. 1700 BC, and in China c. 1600 BC. As they interacted with their less developed neighbors through trade, warfare, migration, and more generalized ideological influences, the primary states directly or indirectly fostered the emergence of secondary states in surrounding areas, for example, the Hittites in Anatolia, the Minoan and Mycenaean states of the Aegean, or the Nubian kingdoms in the Sudan. Professor Gil Stein at the University of Chicago Oriental Institute states "The excavations and archaeological surveys of the last few decades have vastly increased both the quantity and quality of what we know about ancient states and urbanism. Archaeologists have broadened the scope of their research beyond the traditional focus on rulers and urban elites. Current research now aims at understanding the role of urban commoners, craft specialists, and village-based farmers in the overall organization of ancient states and societies. Given the immense geographical scope encompassed by the term 'the Ancient World'".^[2] This list's the main types state that existed in Africa, Americas, Central Asia, East Asia, Europe, Eurasian Steppe, South Asia, and West Asia, from early Classical antiquity to the beginning of Late Antiquity, a period of 800 years.

Africa

State	Capital	State type	Existed
Aethiopia	Adulis	Kingdom	c. 13th - 5th centuries BC
Aksumite Empire	Aksum	Empire	100 - 960 AD
Blemmyes		Tribal kingdom	600 BC - 8th century AD
Carthaganian Empire	Carthage	Empire	650-146 BC
D'mt	Yeha	Kingdom	980 - 400 BC
Cyrenaica	Cyrene	Kingdom	631-525 BC
Garamantian	Garama	Tribal confederation/empire	1000 BC - 700 AD
Gaetulia		Tribal confederation	c. 350 BC - 550 AD
Kush	Kerma; Napata; Meroe	Kingdom	1070 BC - 350 AD
Libu		Tribal confederation	1550-146BC
Macedonian Empire	Pella	Empire	334 - 323 BC
Macrobia		Tribal kingdom	c. 8th - 4th centuries BC
Mauri		Tribal confederation	580- 285 BC
Mauretania	Julia Caesara	Kingdom/client kingdom	285 BC - 698 AD
Nok		Tribal chiefdom/kingdom	1000 BC - 300AD
Numidia	Cirta	Kingdom	202 - 46 BC
Persian Empire	Ecbatana,Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa	Empire	549 - 330 BC
Ptolemaic	Alexandria	Kingdom/empire	305 - 30 BC
Roman Empire	Rome	Empire	27 BC-476 AD
Roman Republic	Rome	Republic	509-29 BC
Sao	Various	Tribal city states	6th century BC - 6th century AD
Vandals		Tribal chiefdoms	429 - 435 AD

Americas

Map of the world in 500 BC

name	capital	state type	existed
Nazca	Various	Tribal chiefdom's	100 BC - 800 AD
Maya	Various	Kingdom city states	2000 BC - 900 AD
Moche	Moche-Trujillo	United Independent Polities	100 - 800 AD
Olmec	La Venta, Tenochtitlán	Kingdom city states	1400-400 BC
Paracas	Various	Tribal Chiefdom's	800 - 100 BC
Pueblo	Various	Tribal chiefdom's	12th century BC - 14th century AD
Teotihuacan Empire	Teotihuacan	Empire	100 BC - 8th century AD
Zapotec	Kingdom city states	700 BC - 1521 AD
Mound Builders (Hopewell, Adena, Poverty Point, Cole Creek culture, Fort Ancient, Mississippians)	Tribal chiefdoms	3500 BC - 1750 AD

Europe

North and West

name	capital	state type	existed
Alamani		Tribal confederation	85 BC - 213 AD
Basternae	Various	Tribal confederation	200 BC - 300AD
Belgae	Various	Tribal confederation	600 BC -
Brigantia		Tribal kingdom	700 BC -
Cait		Tribal kingdom	25 - 871 AD
Caledonia		Tribal confederacy	650 BC - 1st century AD
Catuvellauni	Verulamium	Tribal kingdom/client	550 BC - 51 AD
Ce		Tribal kingdom	1st century - 900 AD
Connacht		Tribal chiefdom/kingdom	c. 10th century BC - 1474 AD
Deceangli		Tribal kingdom	500 BC - 76 AD
Fortriu		Tribal kingdom	1 - 850 AD
Helvetii		Tribal confederacy	650 BC - 68 AD
Iceni	Venta Icenorum	Tribal kingdom/client	500 BC - 64 AD
Iverni	Ivernis	Tribal federated chiefdom's	500 BC - 400 AD
Meath	Dublin	Kingdom	1st century - 1173 AD
Noricum	Magdalensberg	Tribal kingdom/federation	400 - 16 BC
Ordovice		Tribal kingdom	500 BC -
Ossory	Kilkenny	Kingdom	150 - 1185 AD
Pictland		Tribal confederation	250 BC - 850 AD ^[3]
Raeti		Tribal confederation	500 - 15 BC
Saxons		Tribal confederation	5th century BC - 754 AD
Silure		Tribal kingdom	650 BC -
Suebi		Tribal confederation	60 BC - 409 AD
Taurisci		Tribal federation	c. 450 - 112 BC
Vandals		Tribal chiefdoms	2nd century BC - 409 AD
Vindelicia		Tribal kingdom	5th century BC - 1st century AD

South and East

State	Capital	Type	Existed
Achaean League	Various	Confederation of city states	280 - 140 BC
Aetolian League	Various	Confederation of city states	290 - 189 BC
Antigonid Empire		Empire	306 - 168 BC
Aquitani	Various	Tribal confederation/client	550-27 BC
Arcadia		Kingdom	980-743 BC
Acarnania		Kingdom	7th - 1st century BC
Argolis	Argos	Kingdom/republic	1200-226 BC
Astures	Asturica	Tribal federation	550 BC - 68 AD
Athens		Republican city state/client	1068-146 BC
Boii	Felsina	Tribal kingdom	390 BC - 8 AD
Cantabri		Tribal confederation	650 BC - 1st century AD
Carthaganian Empire	Carthage	Empire	650-146 BC
Celtici		Tribal confederation	600 - 19 BC
Celtiberia		Tribal confederation	650-19 BC
Corinthia	Corinth	City state	700-338 BC
Dacia	Sarmizegetusa, Regia	Kingdom	700 BC - 106 AD
Dardania	Ulpiana?	Tribal Kingdom	4th century - 168 BC
Delian	Various	League of city states	478-404 BC
Etruria	Veii	Kingdom	768 - 264 BC
Gallaeci	Various	Tribal confederation	500-139 BC
Getae	Not specified	Tribal Kingdom	7th century BC -4th century AD
Iapydes	Various	Tribal confederation	9th century - 34 BC
Illyria	Scodra	Kingdom	2000-168 BC
League of Corinth	Various	Federated states	338 - 337 BC
Liburnia		Tribal thalassocracy ^[4]	11th century - 34 BC
Ligures		Tribal confederation	5th century - 2nd century BC
Locria	Amphissa, Naupactus	Kingdom	1250-386 BC
Lucania		Tribal kingdom	1000-356 BC^[5]
Lusitania		Tribal confederation	c. 450 - 27 BC
Macedonian Empire	Pella	Empire	334 - 323 BC
Maedi	Iamphorynna	Tribal kingdom	5th century - 86 BC
Magna Graecia	Various	Kingdom city states	740 - 89 BC
Odrysia	Seuthopolis	Kingdom	460 BC- 46 AD
Oenotria	Metabon	Tribal kingdom	1000-325 BC
Paeonia		Principality/kingdom/client	535 BC - 681 AD
Padanian Etruria	Various	Federated city states	9th century - 5th century BC
Persian Empire	Ecbatana,Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa	Empire	549 - 330 BC
Phocis	Delphi	Amphictyony^[6]	690 - 222 BC
Rome	Rome	Kingdom	753-509 BC
Roman Empire	Rome	Empire	27 BC-476 AD
Roman Republic	Rome	Republic	509-29 BC
Sabinum	Bovianum	Tribal kingdom	c. 760 - 494 BC
Samnium		Tribal confederation	c. 600 - 82 BC
Scordisci	Singidunum	Independent tribal state	3rd century BC - 1st century AD
Sicani		Tribal confederation	c. 13th century - 300 BC
Sicels		Tribal confederation	c. 11th century - 425 BC
Sparta	Sparta	Kingdom	950-146 BC
Thessaly	Larissa	Kingdom	950 - 344 BC
Tartessos	Tartessus	Tribal kingdom	1000-450 BC ^[7]
Thrace		Tribal chiefdoms	1500-450 BC
Turdetani		Tribal confederation	5th century - 190 BC
Umbria		Tribal kingdom	9th century - 3rd century BC
Vandals		Tribal chiefdoms	409 - 429 AD
Venedae		Tribal confederation	400 BC - 7th century AD
Veneti		Tribal federation	6th century - 218 BC
Vettones		Tribal confederation	300 - 14 BC

Eurasian Steppe and Central Asia

name	capital	state type	existed
Aria		Kingdom/client	700 BC - 300 BC
Albania	Kabalak, Partav	Kingdom/client	65 BC - 628 AD
Caspiane		Tribal kingdom/client	650 BC - 387 AD
Bactria	Bactra	Tribal kingdom/client	2140 - 550 BC
Balhara	Balkh	Tribal kingdom	12th - 7th centuries BC
Cimmerian Bosporus	Panticapaeum	Kingdom/client	480 BC - 370 AD
Bulgar	Balkh/Phanagoria	Tribal confederation	7th century BC - 7th century AD
Chorasmia		Tribal confederation	1290-180 BC
Cimmeria		Tribal confederation	1300 - 625 BC
Colchis	Phasis	Kingdom	1300 BC - 2nd century AD
Dahae		Tribal confederation	700 - 530 BC
Dayuan		Kingdom/client	329 BC - 280 AD
Fergana	Khokand	Kingdom	220 BC - 590 AD
Gelonia	Gelonos	Tribal kingdom	5th century BC - 5th century AD
Greco-Bactria	Bactra, Alexandria on the Oxus	Kingdom	256 - 125 BC
Huns		Nomadic confederation	600 BC - 370 AD
Iberia	Armazi, Mtskheta, Tbilisi	Kingdom	302 BC - 508 AD
Issedone	Issedon	Tribal chiefdom	650-58 BC
Kangju		Tribal federation	280 BC - 585 AD
Kashgar	Kashgar	Kingdom/client	80 - 850 AD
Kucha	Kucha	Buddhist kingdom	46 - 658 AD
Kushan Empire	Bagram,Peshawar,Taxila,Mathura	Empire	30 - 375 AD
Khwarezm	Kath, Gurganj	Kingdom	180 BC - 98 AD
Lazica	Phasis	Kingdom/client	1st century BC - 7th century AD
Macedonian Empire	Pella	Empire	334 - 323 BC
Magyar		Tribal confederation/principality	1100 BC - 895 AD
Maurya Empire	Pataliputra	Empire	322-185 BC
Massagatae		Tribal confederation	600 - 46 BC
Parthian Empire	Ctesiphon	Empire	247 BC - 224 AD
Persian Empire	Ecbatana,Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa	Empire	549 - 330 BC
Qiang		Tribal chiefdoms/confederation	2000 BC - 150 BC
Saka		Tribal confederation	500 BC-50 BC
Sarmatia	Tarki (Makhachkala)	Tribal confederation	450BC-400 AD
Scythia	Neopolis	Tribal kingdom	690BC-250 BC
Seleucid Empire	Seleucia, Antioch	Empire	312 - 63 BC
Sogdiana	Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Kesh	Kingdom/client	750 - 550 BC
Thyssagetae		Tribal chiefdom	650 BC - 110 AD
Venedae		Tribal confederation	400 BC - 7th century AD
Xiongnu		Tribal confederation (empire)	209 - 155 BC
Xianyun		Nomadic tribal federation	824-209 BC

East Asia

Map of the world in 100 BC

Name	Capital/s	Type	Existed
Âu Lạc	Cổ Loa	Kingdom	257-207 BC
Ba	Yíchéng	Tribal confederation	13th century - 311 BC
Baekje	Wirye,Ungjin,Sabi	Kingdom	18 BC - 660 AD
Buyeo	Buyeoseong	Kingdom	189 BC - 494 AD
Cai	Shàngcài,Xīncài,Xiàcài	Client-Marquisate	980-447 BC
Cao	Táoqiū	Client-Dukedom	1053-487 BC
Champa	Indrapura, Vijaya, Panduranga	Kingdom	192 – 1832 AD
Chen	Wǎnqiū	Client-Dukedom	1046 - 479 BC
Chi Tu		Kingdom	100 BC - 7th century AD
Chouchi	Lüeyang	Principality	184 – 511 AD
Chu	Danyang,JiangYing,JiYing,Shouchun,	Client-viscountcy/kingdom	1030 - 223 BC
Dian		Kingdom	300 - 109 BC
Donghu		Nomadic tribal confederation	1400 - 150 BC
Funan	Vyadhapura,Óc Eo	Kingdom	60 - 550 AD
Gangga Negara	Gangga Negara	Kingdom	2nd - 11th centuries AD
Gaya	Gaya	Confederacy	42 - 562 AD
Goguryeo	Jolbon, Gungnae, Pyongyang.	Kingdom	37 BC - 668 AD
Gojoseon	Asadal, Wanggeom-seong	Kingdom	2333 - 108 BC
Han Empire	Chang'an, Luoyang, Xuchang	Empire	206 BC-220 AD
Japan	Various	Principalities/empire	660 BC - present day
Jin		Tribal federation	550-108 BC
Jin	Tang, Quwo, Jiang, Xintian	Client-marquisate/dukedom	1042-376 BC
Jolbon		Tribal kingdom	1st century - 37 BC
Langkasuka	Kedah, Pattani	Kingdom	100 - 1516 AD
Kushan Empire	Bagram, Peshawar, Taxila, Mathura	Empire	30 - 375 AD
Langkasuka	Kedah, Pattani	Kingdom	100 - 1516 AD
Mahan	Cheonan	Confederacy	98 BC - 250 AD
Maurya Empire	Pataliputra	Empire	322-185 BC
Na		Kingdom	1st century - 3rd cenruty AD
Nanyue	Panyu	Kingdom	204-111 BC
Pi	Xuecheng	Earldom/client	1046-418 BC
Pyu	Sri Ksetra	Federated city states	250 BC - 1085 AD
Qiang		Tribal chiefdoms/confederation	2000 BC - 150 BC
Qi	Qi	Dukedom	1600-445 BC
Qi	Linzi	Client-Dukedom	1046-221 BC
Qin	Qin, Quanqiu,Qian, Pingyang	Client-marquisate/dukedom	858-221 BC
Qin Empire	Xianyang	Empire	221-206 BC
Quanrong		Nomadic tribal confederacy	954-301 BC
Serica		Tribal confederation	5th - 2nd century BC
Siljik		Kingdom	102 - 6th century AD
Silla	Gyeongju	Kingdom	55 BC - 935 AD
Sui	Suizhou	Marquisate & Client	771-221 BC
Sumpa		Tribal chiefdom/client	1600 BC - 7th century AD
Shu		Kingdom	1046-316 BC
Teng	Tengzhou	Viscountcy	1046-414 BC
Thaton	Thaton	Kingdom	300 BC - 1085 AD
Wim Joseon	Wanggeom-seong	Kingdom	194-108 BC
Wei	Anyi,Daliang	Marquisate/kingdom	403-225 BC
Văn Lang	Anyang	Confederation/kingdom	2879-258 BC
Xu	Gusu	Viscountcy/client	2000-512 BC
Xianbei		Nomadic (empire)	93-234 AD
Xiongnu		Tribal confederation (empire)	209 - 155 BC
Yamatai		Kingdom	1st century - 3rd cenruty AD
Yan	Ji	Principality	1046-222 BC
Zhongshan		Nomadic kingdom	580-296 BC
Zhou	Haojing, Luoyi	Kingdom	1046-256 BC
Zou		Viscountacy/dukedom	1012-350 BC

South Asia

Map of the world in 200 AD

Name	Capital	State type	Existed
Anarta	Dvaraka	Kingdom	1100-550 BC
Anuradhapura	Anuradhapura	Kingdom	377 BC - 1017 AD
Anga	Champa or Campā	Kingdom	1380-550 BC
Avanti	Mahissati,Ujjaini	Kingdom	900-322 BC
Ay	Aykudi	Kingdom	4th century BC - 12th century AD
Chola	Urayur/Kaveripattinam	Kingdom	2645-110 BC
Danda	Janasthana	Kingdom	1100 - 450 BC
Drangiana		Tribal chiefdom	950 - 600 BC
Gangaridai	Ganges	Kingdom	450 - 200 BC
Greco-Bactria	Bactra, Alexandria on the Oxus	Kingdom	256 - 125 BC
Haryanka	Rajagriha, later Pataliputra	Kingdom	684 - 413 BC
Indo-Greek	Alexandria in the Caucasus,Taxila,Sagala	Kingdom	180 BC - 10 AD
Indo-Parthia	Taxila	Kingdom	12 BC - 98 AD
Indo-Scythia	Sigal,Taxila,Mathura	Kingdom	200 BC - 400 AD
Kalinga	Dantapura/Rajapura	Kingdom	1376-285 BC
Kalinga Republic	Dantapura/Rajapura	Republic	285 - 261 BC
Kamboja	Rajapura	Kingdom	1450 - 195 BC
Kasmira	Asirgarh Qila	Kingdom	1250 - 322 BC
Kimpurusha		Kingdom	1000 - 325 BC
Kirata		Tribal kingdom	1350 - c. 300 BC
Kosala	Shravasti	Kingdom	1000 - 266 BC
Kuninda	Shravasti	Kingdom	500 BC - 300 AD
Kushan Empire	Bagram,Peshawar,Taxila,Mathura	Empire	30 - 375 AD
Lanka	Lankapura	Kingdom	1100 - 543 BC
Macedonian Empire	Pella	Empire	334 - 323 BC
Magadha	Rajagriha/Rajgir /Pataliputra	Kingdom	799 - 323 BC
Malla	Kusavati, Pava	Republic	780 - 323 BC
Matsya	Bairat	Kingdom	1180 - 318 BC
Maurya Empire	Pataliputra	Empire	322 - 185 BC
Mushika	Ezhimalai	Kingdom	3rd century BC - 4th century AD
Nanda Empire	Pataliputra	Empire	345 - 322 BC
Panchala	Ahichatra, Kampilya	Confederacy	1100 - 700 BC
Panchala	Ahichatra, Kampilya	Kingdom/republic	700 - 323 BC
Pandya	Madurai	Kingdom	1350 - 460 BC
Pallava Empire	Kanchi	Empire	250 BC - 800 AD
Parthian Empire	Ctesiphon	Empire	247 BC - 224 AD
Parvata		Kingdom	c. 9th century - 325 BC
Persian Empire	Ecbatana,Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa	Empire	549 - 330 BC
Pundra	Pundravardhana	Kingdom	1300 BC - 550 AD
Rajarata	Anuradhapura, Sigiriya, Polonnaruwa	Kingdom	377 BC -1310 AD
Ror	Rori	Kingdom	450 BC - 489 AD
Ruhuna	Magama	Principality	200 BC - 450 AD
Samatata	Samatata	Kingdom	232 BC - 7th c AD
Satavahana Empire	Amaravati	Empire	230 BC - 230 AD
Seleucid Empire	Seleucia, Antioch	Empire	312 - 63 BC
Shakya	Kapilavatthu	Monarchical Republic	800 - 320 BC
Shishunaga Empire	Rajagriha, Vaishali	Empire	413 - 345 BC
Sindhu	Vrsadarbhpura	Kingdom	800 - 320 BC
Sinhala	Methora	Kingdom	700 - 505 BC
Suhma	not specified	Kingdom	c. 8th century - 4th century BC
Surasena	Methora	Kingdom	1000 - 323 BC
Tambapanni	Tambapanni	Kingdom	543-505 BC
Trigarta	Prasthala	Kingdom	1150-322 BC
Upatissa Nuwara	Upatissa Nuwara	Kingdom	505-377 BC
Vanga	Gange	Kingdom	1300 BC - 580 AD
Vatsa	Kauśāmbī	Kingdom	1100-323 BC
Vriji	Vaishali	Confederacy	1250 - 322 BC
Yaksha	Narmada	Kingdom	1200 - 350 BC

West Asia

name	capital	state type	existed
Adiabene	Arbela	Kingdom/client	15 - 310 AD
Antigonid Empire		Empire	306 - 168 BC
Araba	Hatra	Kingdom	3rd century BC - 300AD
Armenia	Van	Kingdom	553 BC - 428AD
Armenia Minor		Kingdom	331 - 72 BC
Atropatene	Ganzak	Kingdom/client	320 BC - 226AD
Awsan	Ḥajar Yaḥirr	Kingdom	7th century BC - 100 AD
Bithynia	Nicomedia, Nicaea	Kingdom/client	297 - 74 BC
Cappadocia	Mazaca	Kingdom/client	332 - 130 BC
Carmania		Kingdom/client	600 BC - 651 AD
Chaldea	Bit Yakin	Kingdom	1100 - 539 BC
Characene	Charax Spasinou	Kingdom	127 BC - 222 AD
Cilicia	Tarsus	Kingdom	795 - 546 BC
Commagene	Samosata	Kingdom/client	163 BC - 72 AD
Corduene		Principality/kingdom/client	800 BC - 653 AD
Doris	Doris	Kingdom	1200-580 BC
Edom	Rabbath Ammon	Kingdom	1200 - 125 BC
Elamite Empire	Susa	Empire	1210-535 BC
Elymais	Susa	Kingdom/client	147 BC -224 AD
Galatia	Ancyra	Empire	280 - 64 BC
Gardman	Parisos	Principality/kingdom/client	66 - 428 AD
Gedrosia		Kingdom/client	600 BC -
Greco-Bactria	Bactra, Alexandria (Oxus)	Kingdom	256 - 125 BC
Hadhramaut		Kingdom	700 BC - 320 AD
Haram	Haram	Kingdom city state	600 - 175 BC
Heraclea Pontica	Heraclea Pontica	Oligarchic republic	365 - 284 BC
Hasmonea	Jerusalem	Kingdom	140 - 37 BC
Herodian	Jerusalem	Kingdom/client	37 - 4 BC
Indo-Greek	Alexandria(Caucasus),Taxila,Sagala	Kingdom	180 BC - 10 AD
Indo-Parthia	Taxila	Kingdom	12 BC - 98 AD
Indo-Scythia	Sigal,Taxila,Mathura	Kingdom	200 BC - 400 AD
Kindah	Qaryat Dhāt Kāhil	Tribal kingdom	2nd century BC - 525 AD
Lesser Armenia		Principality	331 - 72 BC
Lycaonia	Iconium	Kingdom	340-200 BC
Lycia	Xanthos,Patara	Kingdom	1183-546 BC
Lydian Empire	Sardis	Empire	680-546 BC
Macedonian Empire	Pella	Empire	334 - 323 BC
Magan		Kingdom	2200-550 BC
Ma'in	?/ Yathill	Kingdom	580-85 BC
Median Empire	Ecbatana	Empire	678-549 BC
Mysia	Pergamon	Kingdom	1320 - 301 BC ^[8]
Nabataea	Petra	Kingdom	168 BC - 106 AD
Neo-Babylonian Empire	Babylon	Empire	626 - 539 BC
Osroene	Edessa	Kingdom/client	134 BC - 244 AD
Paphlagonia	Gangra	Kingdom	1480 - 183 BC^[9]
Pamphylia	Perga	Kingdom	398 - 190 BC
Parsua		Tribal chiefdom/kingdom^[10]	860-600 BC
Parthian Empire	Ctesiphon	Empire	247 BC - 224 AD
Pergamon	Pegamon	Kingdom	282 - 133 BC
Persian Empire	Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa	Empire	549 - 330 BC
Pontic Empire	Amaseia, Sinope	Empire	250 BC - 68 AD
Pontus	Amaseia, Sinope	Kingdom	281 - 250 BC
Qataban	Timna	Kingdom	6th century BC - 2nd century AD
Ptolemaic	Alexandria	Kingdom/empire	305 - 30 BC
Roman Empire	Rome	Empire	27 BC-476 AD
Roman Republic	Rome	Republic	509-29 BC
Seleucid Empire	Seleucia, Antioch	Empire	312 - 63 BC
Sophene	Karkathiokerta	Kingdom	298 - 94 BC
Zabdicene		Principality/client	780 BC - 5th century AD
Zikirti		Kingdom	750 - 521 BC

Types of state

Types of state

Chiefdom	A chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in ancient tribal societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'. These elites form a political-ideological aristocracy relative to the general group.^[11] A chiefdom is thus led by a highly ranked incumbent of an inherited political role, tribal chief or king: chiefs lead because of their ascribed status, not their achieved status, examples of this type of state would be, Aedui, Brigantes.

City state	A city-state is an independent or autonomous entity, not administered as a part of another local government, whose territory consists of a sovereign city its dependencies and possibly its surrounding territory, examples of this type of state would be, Sparta, Tyre.

Client state	A client state is a state that is economically, politically or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state in international affairs.^[12] Types of client states include: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state, More powerful ancient states would create client states by making the leaders of that state subservient out of those it defeated, examples of this type of state would be, Armenia, Ammon, Zheng.

Confederation	A confederation, in the context of the history, may refer to a semi-permanent political and military alliance consisting of multiple "nations" or "chiefdoms" or "tribes" which maintained their separate leadership, examples of this type of state would be, the Alemanni, Caledonii, Xiongnu.

Dukedom	A dukedom or, duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. Some historic duchies were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era, examples of this type of state would be the Qin and Swabia.

Earldom	An earldom is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by an Earl, Count or Countess in which case it would be called a Countship. Some historic earldom's/countship's were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the post-classical era.

Empire	The English word empire derives from the Latin imperium (power, authority). Politically, an empire is a geographically extensive group of states and peoples (ethnic groups) united and ruled either by a monarch (emperor, empress) or an oligarchy. An imperial political structure is established and maintained in two ways: (i) as a territorial empire of direct conquest and control with force (direct, physical action to compel the emperor's goals) or (ii) as a coercive, hegemonic empire of indirect conquest and control with power (the perception that the emperor can physically enforce his desired goals). Examples of this type of state would be, the Athenian Empire, Median Empire and Roman Empire.

Federation	A federation is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. Several ancient chiefdoms and kingdoms, such as the 4th-century BC League of Corinth, Noricum in Central Europe, and the Haudenosaunee Confederation in pre-Columbian North America, could be described as federations or confederations. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an early example of formal non-unitary statehood.

Khanate	A khanate, or chanat, is a Turco-Mongol-originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a khan. In modern Turkish, the word used is kağanlık or hanlık and in modern Azeri of the Republic of Azerbaijan, xanlıq. In Mongolian the word khanlig is used, as in "Khereidiin Khanlig" meaning the khanate of the Kerait. This political entity is typical for people from the Eurasian Steppe and it can be equivalent to tribal chiefdom, principality, kingdom or even empire. Examples of this type of state would be, the Göktürk Khaganate,

Kingdom	A kingdom is a state ruled by a king or queen) is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a single individual (the monarch).^[13] Forms of monarchy differ widely based on the level of legal autonomy the monarch holds in governance, the method of selection of the monarch, and any predetermined limits on the length of their tenure. When the monarch has no or few legal restraints in state and political matters, it is called an absolute monarchy and is a form of autocracy. Examples of this type of state would be, Epirus, Nabatea and Pontus.

Marquess	A marquess or marquisate is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a Marquis or marchioness .Some historic marquisate's were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era, examples of this type of state would be the Jin.

Principality	A principality, or princedom, can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or by a monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince. Most of these states have historically been a polity, but in some occasions were rather territories in respect of which a princely style is held. The prince's estate and wealth may be located mainly or wholly outside the geographical confines of the principality. Examples of this type of state would be: Gardman, Corduene.

Republic	A republic is a form of government in which power is exercised by the public at large, and affairs of state are a concern of the public sphere (from Latin: res publica), rather than privately accommodated (such as through inheritance or divine mandate). In modern times the definition of a republic is also commonly limited to a government which excludes a monarch. Examples: Roman Republic, and Kalinga.

Viscountcy	A viscountcy, or county, is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a viscount or viscountess. Some historic viscountcies were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms, others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era. Examples of this type of state would be: Xu, Chu.

References

↑ Poe EA (1831). "To Helen".
↑ Stein, Gil J (2001). Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. pp. 353–379.
↑ Salway, Peter. "Gaelic Kingdoms: Kingdoms of Caledonia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
↑ "State definiation". 2014. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
↑ Pritchard, James Cowles. "Kingdoms of Italy: Research into the Physical History of Mankind". 1999-2014. The History Files. Retrieved 18 March 2014. horizontal tab character in |title= at position 21 (help)
↑ "Definition of State Type". 2014. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
↑ "Ancient Kingdoms of Iberia, Spain & Portugal". 2014. Regnal Chronologies. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
↑ "Kingdoms of Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
↑ "Middle East Kingdoms Ancient Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
↑ Eduljee, K D. "Zoroastrian Heritage The Zagros". 2012. The Heritage Site. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
↑ Helms, Mary W. (198). Access to Origins: Affines, Ancestors and Aristocrats. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 4.
↑ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.
↑ Stuart Berg Flexner and Leonore Crary Hauck, editors, Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Random House, New York (1993)

External links

Lists of sovereign states by year

AD (CE)

Current list of sovereign states

Centuries: 1st; 2nd; 3rd; 4th; 5th; 6th; 7th; 8th; 9th; 10th; 11th; 19th

Years
12th–18th century: 1143; 1400; 1494; 1496; 1500; 1528; 1648; 1660; 1661; 1768; 1769; 1776

19th century: 1820; 1821; 1822; 1823; 1824; 1825; 1826; 1827; 1828; 1829; 1830; 1831; 1832; 1833; 1834; 1835; 1836; 1837; 1838; 1839; 1840; 1841; 1842; 1843; 1844; 1845; 1846; 1847; 1848; 1849; 1850; 1851; 1852; 1853; 1854; 1855; 1856; 1857; 1858; 1859; 1860; 1861; 1862; 1863; 1864; 1865; 1866; 1867; 1868; 1869; 1870; 1871; 1872; 1873; 1874; 1875; 1876; 1877; 1878; 1879; 1880; 1881; 1882; 1883; 1884; 1885; 1886; 1887; 1888; 1889; 1890; 1891; 1892; 1893; 1894; 1895; 1896; 1897; 1898; 1899

20th century: 1901; 1902; 1903; 1904; 1905; 1906; 1907; 1908; 1909; 1910; 1911; 1912; 1913; 1914; 1915; 1916; 1917; 1918; 1919; 1920; 1921; 1922; 1923; 1924; 1925; 1926; 1927; 1928; 1929; 1930; 1931; 1932; 1933; 1934; 1935; 1936; 1937; 1938; 1939; 1940; 1941; 1942; 1943; 1944; 1945; 1946; 1947; 1948; 1949; 1970; 1971; 1980; 1981; 1989; 1990; 1991; 1992; 1993; 1994; 1995; 1996; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000

21st century: 2001; 2002; 2003; 2004; 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009; 2010; 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016

Decades: 1950s; 1960s; 1970s; 1980s; 1990s; 2000s; 2010s

Ages: Classical; Late Antiquity; Middle

BC (BCE)

100 BC Centuries 35th BC 21st BC 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC Ages Copper Bronze Iron Classical

Centuries and millennia

Millennium	Century
BC (BCE)
4th	40th	39th	38th	37th	36th	35th	34th	33rd	32nd	31st
3rd	30th	29th	28th	27th	26th	25th	24th	23rd	22nd	21st
2nd	20th	19th	18th	17th	16th	15th	14th	13th	12th	11th
1st	10th	9th	8th	7th	6th	5th	4th	3rd	2nd	1st
AD (CE)
1st	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th
2nd	11th	12th	13th	14th	15th	16th	17th	18th	19th	20th
3rd	21st	22nd	23rd	24th	25th	26th	27th	28th	29th	30th

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