List of Jewish Nobel laureates

Sign on Nobel Laureates Boulevard in Rishon LeZion saluting Jewish Nobel Laureates.

Boardwalk (Tayelet Hatnei Pras Nobel) with cenotaphs of Jewish Nobel Prize laureates in Rishon LeZion

The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969.^[1] Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 850 individuals,^[2] of whom at least 20% were Jews, although Jews comprise less than 0.2% of the world's population^[3] (or 1 in every 500 people). Overall, Jews have won a total of 41% of all the Nobel Prizes in economics, 28% of medicine, 26% of physics, 19% of chemistry, 13% of literature and 9% of all peace awards.^[4]

Jews have been recipients of all six awards. The first Jewish recipient, Adolf von Baeyer, was awarded the prize in Chemistry in 1905. As of 2014, the most recent Jewish recipients included 2014 literature laureate Patrick Modiano, as well as James Rothman and Randy Schekman (Medicine); Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus (Chemistry); and François Englert (Physics), all in 2013.

Jewish laureates Elie Wiesel and Imre Kertész survived the extermination camps during the Holocaust,^[5] while François Englert survived by being hidden in orphanages and children's homes.^[6] Others, such as Walter Kohn, Otto Stern, Albert Einstein, Hans Krebs and Martin Karplus had to flee Nazi Germany to avoid persecution.^[7][8][9] Still others, including Rita Levi-Montalcini, Herbert Hauptman, Salvador Luria, Robert Furchgott, Arthur Kornberg, and Jerome Karle experienced significant antisemitism in their careers.^[8][10]

The oldest person ever to receive a Nobel Prize was Leonid Hurwicz, a Polish-American Jew who received the 2007 prize in Economics when he was 90 years old.^[11]

Literature

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1910		Paul Heyse[12][13]	Germany	"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[14]
1927		Henri Bergson[13]	France	"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[15]
1958		Boris Pasternak[13]	Soviet Union	"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[16]
1966		Shmuel Yosef Agnon[13]	Israel	"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[17]
		Nelly Sachs[13]	Sweden	"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[17]
1976		Saul Bellow[13]	United States	"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[18]
1978		Isaac Bashevis Singer[13]	United States	"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[19]
1981		Elias Canetti[13]	United Kingdom	"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[20]
1987		Joseph Brodsky[13]	United States	"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[21]
1991		Nadine Gordimer[13]	South Africa	"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"[22]
2002		Imre Kertész[13][23][24]	Hungary	"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[25]
2004		Elfriede Jelinek[26]	Austria	"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[27]
2005		Harold Pinter[13][28]	United Kingdom	"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[29]
2014		Patrick Modiano[30] [31]	France	"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"[32]

Chemistry

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1905		Adolf von Baeyer[33][34][35][36]	Germany	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[37]
1906		Henri Moissan[33][34][35][36][38]	France	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[39]
1910		Otto Wallach[33][34][35][36]	Germany	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[40]
1915		Richard Willstätter[33][34][35][36]	Germany	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[41]
1918		Fritz Haber[33][34][35][36][42]	Germany	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[43]
1943		George de Hevesy[33][34][35][36]	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[44]
1961		Melvin Calvin[33][34][35][36]	United States	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[45]
1962		Max Perutz[33][34][35][36][46]	United Kingdom	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[47]
1972		Christian B. Anfinsen[33][36][48]	United States	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[49]
		William Howard Stein[33][34][36]	United States	"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[49]
1977		Ilya Prigogine[33][34][36][50]	Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[51]
1979		Herbert C. Brown[33][34][36][52]	United States	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[53]
1980		Paul Berg[33][34][36][54]	United States	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[55]
		Walter Gilbert[33][34][36]	United States	"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[55]
1981		Roald Hoffmann[33][34][36]	United States	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[56]
1982		Aaron Klug[33][34][36]	United Kingdom	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[57]
1985		Jerome Karle[10][33][34][36][58][59]	United States	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[60]
		Herbert A. Hauptman[8][33][34][36][61][62][63]	United States
1989		Sidney Altman[33][34][36]	Canada United States	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[64]
1992		Rudolph A. Marcus[33][34][36]	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[65]
1994		George Andrew Olah[12][33][36]	Hungary	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[66]
1996		Harry Kroto[36][67]	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of fullerenes"[68]
1998		Walter Kohn[7][8][33][36][69]	United States	"for his development of the density-functional theory"[70]
2000		Alan J. Heeger[33][34][36][71]	United States	"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"[72]
2004		Aaron Ciechanover[36][73][74]	Israel	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[75]
		Avram Hershko[36][73]	Israel
		Irwin Rose[36][76][77]	United States
2006		Roger D. Kornberg[73][78][79]	United States	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[80][81]
2008		Martin Chalfie[82]	United States	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP".[83]
2009		Ada Yonath[73]	Israel	"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[84]
2011		Dan Shechtman[85]	Israel	"for the discovery of quasicrystals"[86]
2012		Robert Lefkowitz[87]	United States	"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[88]
2013		Arieh Warshel[9][89]	Israel	"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"[90]
		Michael Levitt[9][89]	United States, Britain, Israel [91][92]
		Martin Karplus[9][89]	United States, Austria [93]

Physiology or Medicine

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1908		Élie Metchnikoff[35][36][94]	Russia	"in recognition of their work on immunity"[95]
		Paul Ehrlich[35][36][94]	Germany
1914		Robert Bárány[35][36][94]	Austria-Hungary	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[96]
1922		Otto Fritz Meyerhof[35][36][94]	Germany	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[97]
1930		Karl Landsteiner[35][36][94]	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"[98]
1931		Otto Heinrich Warburg[35][36]	Germany	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[99]
1936		Otto Loewi[35][36][94]	Austria	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[100]
1944		Joseph Erlanger[35][36][94][101]	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[102]
1945		Ernst Boris Chain[35][36][94]	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[103]
1946		Hermann Joseph Muller[35][36][94]	United States	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[104]
1947		Gerty Cori[36][94]	United States	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[105]
1950		Tadeusz Reichstein[35][36][94]	Switzerland / Poland	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[106]
1952		Selman Waksman[35][36][94]	United States	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[107]
1953		Hans Adolf Krebs[8][35][36][94]	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[108]
		Fritz Albert Lipmann[94]	United States	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[108]
1958		Joshua Lederberg[35][36][94]	United States	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[109]
1959		Arthur Kornberg[10][35][36][94]	United States	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[110]
1964		Konrad Emil Bloch[35][36][94][111]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[112]
1965		François Jacob[35][36][94]	France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[113]
		André Michel Lwoff[35][36][94]
1967		George Wald[35][36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[114]
1968		Marshall Warren Nirenberg[35][36][94]	United States	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[115]
1969		Salvador Luria[35][36][94]	United States, Italy	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[116]
1970		Julius Axelrod[36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[117]
		Bernard Katz[35][36][94]	United Kingdom
1972		Gerald Edelman[36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[118]
1975		David Baltimore[36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[119]
		Howard Martin Temin[36][94]	United States
1976		Baruch Samuel Blumberg[36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[120]
1977		Rosalyn Sussman Yalow[36][54][94]	United States	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[121]
1978		Daniel Nathans[36][94]	United States	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[122]
1980		Baruj Benacerraf[36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[123]
1984		César Milstein[36][54][94]	Argentina	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[124]
1985		Michael Stuart Brown[36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[125]
		Joseph L. Goldstein[36][94]	United States
1986		Stanley Cohen[36][54][94]	United States	"for their discoveries of growth factors"[126]
		Rita Levi-Montalcini[36][94][127]	Italy
1988		Gertrude B. Elion[36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[128]
1989		Harold E. Varmus[36][54][94]	United States	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[129]
1994		Alfred G. Gilman[36][94]	United States	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[130]
		Martin Rodbell[36][94]
1997		Stanley B. Prusiner[36][94]	United States	"for his discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection"[131]
1998		Robert F. Furchgott[8][36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[132]
2000		Paul Greengard[36][94]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[133]
		Eric Kandel[36][94]	United States
2002		Sydney Brenner[36][94]	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[134]
		H. Robert Horvitz[36][94]	United States
2004		Richard Axel[36][94][101][135]	United States	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[136]
2006		Andrew Fire[94]	United States	"for his discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[137]
2011		Ralph M. Steinman[85][94][138][139][140]	Canada	for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"[141]
		Bruce Beutler[85][94][142]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
2013		James E. Rothman[9][143][144]	United States	for "their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"[145]
		Randy Schekman[9][143][144]	United States

Physics

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1907		Albert A. Michelson[34][35][146]	United States	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[147]
1908		Gabriel Lippmann[34][35][146]	France	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[148]
1921		Albert Einstein[34][35][146][149]	Germany	"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[150]
1922		Niels Bohr[34][35][146]	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[151]
1925		James Franck[34][146]	Germany	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[152]
		Gustav Hertz[34][35]	Germany
1943		Otto Stern[34][146]	United States	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[153]
1944		Isidor Isaac Rabi[34][35][146]	United States	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[154]
1945		Wolfgang Pauli[146][155]	Austria	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[156]
1952		Felix Bloch[34][35][146]	United States	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[157]
1954		Max Born[34][35][146]	United Kingdom	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[158]
1958		Ilya Frank[146]	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[159]
1959		Emilio Gino Segrè[34][35][146]	Italy	"for their discovery of the antiproton"[160]
1960		Donald A. Glaser[34][35][146]	United States	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"[161]
1961		Robert Hofstadter[34][35][146]	United States	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[162]
1962		Lev Landau[34][35][146][163]	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[164][165]
1963		Eugene Wigner[146][166]	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[167]
1965		Richard Feynman[34][35][146][168]	United States	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[169]
		Julian Schwinger[34][35][146]	United States
1967		Hans Bethe[146]	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[170]
1969		Murray Gell-Mann[34][35][146][171]	United States	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[172]
1971		Dennis Gabor[34][146]	United Kingdom	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"[173]
1972		Leon Cooper[146][146][174][175]	United States	"for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[176]
1973		Brian David Josephson[34]	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[177]
1975		Ben Roy Mottelson[34][146]	Denmark	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[178]
1976		Burton Richter[34][146]	United States	"for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[179]
1978		Arno Allan Penzias[34][146]	United States	"for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[180]
1979		Sheldon Lee Glashow[34][146]	United States	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[181]
		Steven Weinberg[34][146]	United States
1987		Karl Alexander Müller[146]	Switzerland	"for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[182]
1988		Leon M. Lederman[34][54][146]	United States	"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[183]
		Melvin Schwartz[34][146]	United States
		Jack Steinberger[34][146]	United States
1990		Jerome Isaac Friedman[146]	United States	"for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[184]
1992		Georges Charpak[146]	France / Poland	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[185]
1995		Martin Lewis Perl[146]	United States	"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[186]
		Frederick Reines[146]	United States	"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[186]
1996		David Morris Lee[12][146]	United States	"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[187]
		Douglas D. Osheroff[12]	United States
1997		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji[146]	France	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"[188]
2000		Zhores Alferov[12][146]	Russia	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[189]
2003		Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov[146]	Russia United States	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[190]
		Vitaly Ginzburg[146]	Russia
2004		David Gross[73][146][191]	United States	"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[192]
		H. David Politzer[146]	United States
2005		Roy J. Glauber[146]	United States	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[193]
2011		Adam Riess[85][146][194][195][196]	United States	"for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating"[197]
	Saul Perlmutter[85][146][198][199]	United States
2012		Serge Haroche[200]	France	"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"[201]
2013		François Englert[6][9][202][203]	Belgium	"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[204]

Peace

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1911		Tobias Michael Carel Asser[205]	The Netherlands	"Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"[206]
		Alfred Hermann Fried[207]	Austria	"Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"[206]
1968		René Cassin	France	"President of the European Court for Human Rights"[208]
1973		Henry A. Kissinger[209]	United States	"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"[210][211]
1978		Menachem Begin[212]	Israel	"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[213]
1986		Elie Wiesel[214]	United States	"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[215]
1994		Yitzhak Rabin	Israel	"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[216]
		Shimon Peres	Israel
1995		Joseph Rotblat	United Kingdom Poland	"for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[217]

Economics

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1970		Paul Samuelson[218][219]	United States	"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science" [220]
1971		Simon Kuznets[218][221]	United States	"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"[222]
1972		Kenneth Arrow[218][223]	United States	"for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"[224]
1973		Wassily Leontief[218]	Russia Germany United States	"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"[225]
1975		Leonid Kantorovich[218]	Soviet Union	"for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[226]
1976		Milton Friedman[218][223][227]	United States	"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"[228]
1978		Herbert A. Simon[218][229]	United States	"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"[230]
1980		Lawrence Klein[218][229]	United States	"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"[231]
1985		Franco Modigliani[218][219]	Italy United States	"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"[232]
1987		Robert Solow[218]	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""[233]
1990		Harry Markowitz[218][229]	United States	"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""[234]
		Merton Miller[218][229]	United States
1992		Gary Becker[218][229]	United States	"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""[235]
1993		Robert Fogel[218][229]	United States	"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"[236]
1994		John Harsanyi[218][229][237]	Hungary	"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"[238]
1997		Myron Scholes[218][229][239]	Canada	"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"[240][241]
2001		Joseph Stiglitz[218][229]	United States	"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"[242]
		George Akerlof[243]	United States
2002		Daniel Kahneman[218][229]	Israel United States	"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"[244]
2005		Robert Aumann[218][245]	Israel United States	"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"[246]
2007		Leonid Hurwicz[218][247][248][249][250]	United States Poland	"For having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"[251]
		Eric Maskin[218][250][252]	United States
		Roger Myerson[218][250]	United States
2008		Paul Krugman[218][253]	United States	"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"[254]
2010		Peter Diamond[255][256]	United States	"for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[257]
2012		Alvin E. Roth[258]	United States	"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design" [259]

Forced to decline prize

Boris Pasternak, a Russian Jew, winner of the 1958 prize for literature, initially accepted the award, but—after intense pressure from Soviet authorities—subsequently declined it.^{[260][261][262][263]}

Nobel Laureates Boulevard

Monument and plaque honoring 2002 Economics Laureate Daniel Kahneman on Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade in Rishon LeZion Israel.

The Israeli city of Rishon LeZion has a street in it dedicated to honoring all Jewish Nobel laureates. The street, called Tayelet Hatnei Pras Nobel (Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade), has a monument with attached plaque for each Nobel laureate.^[63]

See also

• List of Israel Prize recipients
• List of Israeli Nobel laureates
• List of Jewish Medal of Honor recipients
• List of Nobel laureates
• List of Christian Nobel laureates
• List of Muslim Nobel laureates
• Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence

References

1. "Nobel Prize" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 14 November 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:

   An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969

2. "All Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
3. • "A remarkable week for Jewish Nobel Prize winners". The Jewish Chronicle. October 10, 2013. Jews have won more than 20 per cent of the 850-plus prizes awarded, despite making up just 0.2 per cent of world’s population.
   • "One-of-five Nobel Prize Laureates are Jewish". Israel High-Tech & Investment Report. December 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
   • "Jews make up less than 0.32% of mankind". ynetnews. October 0012.
   • Brooks, David (January 11, 2010). "The Tel Aviv Cluster". The New York Times. p. A23. Jews are a famously accomplished group. They make up 0.2 percent of the world population, but 54 percent of the world chess champions, 27 percent of the Nobel physics laureates and 31 percent of the medicine laureates. Jews make up 2 percent of the U.S. population, but 21 percent of the Ivy League student bodies, 26 percent of the Kennedy Center honorees, 37 percent of the Academy Award-winning directors, 38 percent of those on a recent Business Week list of leading philanthropists, 51 percent of the Pulitzer Prize winners for nonfiction.
   • Dobbs, Stephen Mark (October 12, 2001). "As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates". j. Retrieved January 23, 2009. Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize – perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population.
   • Ted Falcon, David Blatner (2001). "28". Judaism for dummies. John Wiley & Sons. Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world's population, it's surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent.
   • Lawrence E. Harrison (2008). The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It. Oxford University Press. p. 102. That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world's population.
   • Jonathan B. Krasner, Jonathan D. Sarna (2006). The History of the Jewish People: Ancient Israel to 1880's America. Behrman House, Inc. p. 1. These accomplishments account for 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded since 1901. What a feat for a people who make up only .2 percent of the world's population!
   • Murray, Charles (April 2007). "Jewish Genius". Commentary. In the first half of the 20th century, despite pervasive and continuing social discrimination against Jews throughout the Western world, despite the retraction of legal rights, and despite the Holocaust, Jews won 14 percent of Nobel Prizes in literature, chemistry, physics, and medicine/physiology. In the second half of the 20th century, when Nobel Prizes began to be awarded to people from all over the world, that figure rose to 29 percent. So far, in the 21st century, it has been 32 percent. Jews constitute about two-tenths of one percent of the world’s population.
4. Goriss, Luana. "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners". About.com. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
5. "Winfrey selects Wiesel's 'Night' for book club", Associated Press, January 16, 2006.
6. USC Shoah Foundation Institute testimony of Francois Englert - USHMM Collections Search, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
7. "Walter Kohn Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19. They are dominated by my vivid recollections of 1 1/2 years as a Jewish boy under the Austrian Nazi regime... On another level, I want to mention that I have a strong Jewish identity and – over the years – have been involved in several Jewish projects, such as the establishment of a strong program of Judaic Studies at the University of California in San Diego.
8. Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
9. A remarkable week for Jewish Nobel Prize winnersThe Jewish Chronicle, October 10, 2013. "No less than six Jewish scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes this week... Belgian-born Francois Englert won the accolade in physics... Also this week, two American Jews were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine [...] James Rothman and Randy Schekman... Meanwhile, three Jewish-American scientists, Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus, shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry... Karplus [...] fled the Nazi occupation of Austria as a child in 1938.
10. Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
11. "The oldest Laureate". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
12. Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon, eds. (2003), "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners", The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia, Schreiber Publishing, p. 198, ISBN 1-887563-77-6
13. "Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Literature". Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
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23. Segel, Harold B. (2008). The Columbia Literary History of Eastern Europe Since 1945. Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-231-13306-7"... the few Hungarian writers who have attempted to deal with Hungary's role in the ware and the fate of the Hungarian Jewish population have been mostly Hungarian Jews. Certainly the best known, due to his receipt of the coveted Nobel Prize in Literature in 2002, is Imre Kertész (b. 1929)".
24. Rubin Suleiman, Susan; Forgács, Éva (eds) (2003). Contemporary Jewish Writing in Hungary: An Anthology. University of Nebraska Press. p. xlvi.
25. "Nobel Prize in Literature 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
26. Dagmar C. G. Lorenz (2007). Keepers of the Motherland: German texts by Jewish women writers. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 251–252. ISBN 978-0-8032-2917-4. Jewish women's writing likewise employs satirical and grotesque elements when depicting non-Jews... Some do so pointedly, such as Ilse Aichinger, Elfriede Gerstl, and Elifriede Jelinek... Jelinek resumed the techniques of the Jewish interwar satirists... Jelinek stresses her affinity to Karl Krauss and the Jewish Cabaret of the interwar era... She claims her own Jewish identity as the daughter of a Holocaust victim, her father, thereby suggesting that there is a continuity of Vienna's Jewish tradition (Berka 1993, 137f.; Gilman 1995, 3).
27. "Nobel Prize in Literature 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
28. Billington, Michael (2007). Harold Pinter. London: Faber and Faber. p. 2. ISBN 0-571-23476-3.
29. "Nobel Prize in Literature 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
30. "Nobel Prize Winner Patrick Modiano – Who?". Jewish Quarterly.
31. Patrick Modiano’s ‘Suspended Sentences’. New York Times website.
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34. Wentzel Van Huyssteen (2003). Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Volume 2. MacMillan Reference USA. p. 493.
35. Feuer, Lewis Samuel (1995). Varieties of Scientific Experience: Emotive Aims in Scientific Hypotheses (citing Encylopaedia Judaica). Transaction Publishers. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-56000-223-9
36. J. Rogers Hollingsworth (2007), "High Cognitive Complexity and the Making of Major Scientific Discoveries", in Arnaud Sales, Marcel Fournier (eds.). Knowledge, Communication and CreativitySage Studies in International Sociology, SAGE, 2007, p. 136. ISBN 9780761943075
37. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
38. Joan Comay; Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok (1995). Who's who in Jewish history: after the period of the Old Testament. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 0-415-12583-9. Moissan, whose mother was Jewish, [...]
39. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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41. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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43. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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45. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
46. Georgina Ferry (2008). Max Perutz and the secret of life. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-7011-7695-4.
47. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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50. • Radu Balescu. "Ilya Prigogine: His Life, His Work", in Stuart Alan Rice (2007). Special volume in memory of Ilya Prigogine, John Wiley and Sons. p. 2. "In the history of science, there are few examples of such a flashing and immense ascent as that of Ilya Prigogine (Fig. 1). The little Russian Jewish immigrant arrived in Brussels at the age of 12..."
    • Magnus Ramage, Karen Shipp (2009). Systems Thinkers. Springer. p. 277. "Prigogine was born in January 1917 in Moscow... His family 'had a difficult relationship with the new regime' (Prigogine 1977), being both Jewish and merchants...
    • Jean Maruani, Roland Lefebvre, Erkki Brändas (eds.) (2003). Advanced Topics in Theoretical Chemical Physics, Springer, p. xv. "Ilya Prigogine was born on January 25, 1917, in Moscow, Russia, the second boy in a middle-class, Jewish family."
51. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
52. Herbert C. Brown, "Herbert C. Brown", in Tore Frängsmyr, Sture Forsén (1993). Chemistry, 1971–1980. World Scientific. p. 337. "My parents... came to London in 1908 as part of the vast Jewish immigration in the early part of this century."
53. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
54. Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
55. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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58. "Jerome Karle", Profiles, Humanities and the Arts, City College of New York website. Retrieved September 10, 2011. "Jerome Karle is an American Jewish physical chemist who shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with a fellow CCNY classmate, Herbert Hauptman"
59. Seymour "Sy" Brody. "Jerome Karle: Nobel Prize", American Jewish Recipients of the Nobel Prize, Florida Atlantic University Libraries website. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
60. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
61. Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger (1996). The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901–1995. Oryx Press. p. 101.
62. Samuel Kurinksy. "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners Part I: Chemistry", Hebrew History Federation.
63. "Nobel Prize Laureates Boulevard", Structures, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Spring 2011, p. 4. "Dr. Hauptman interestingly is one of 160 Jewish Nobel Laureates... In honor of this distinction, there is a boulevard dedicated to Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates in a town called Kiryat Hatanei Pras Nobel (Nobel Prize Laureates' Town) outside of Tel Aviv, Israel. On this boulevard, a monument and plaque have been dedicated in Dr. Hauptman's honor."
64. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
65. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
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68. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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70. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
71. Fant, Kenne (2006). Alfred Nobel: A Biography. Arcade Publishing. p. 478. "Heeger was born in Sioux City, Iowa to a Jewish family."
72. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
73. Boaz Arad. "Best Jewish brains head to China. Beijing conference on science and technology to host Israeli, Jewish American Nobel laureates". Yedioth Ahronoth. January 11, 2010. "Three Nobel Prize laureates – Ada Yonath, Aaron Ciechanover, and Avram Hershko – are scheduled to take part in a conference in Beijing this month to present Israel's top achievements in the field of Chemistry. The three will be joined by two Jewish American laureates, Professor Roger Kornberg, a biochemist, and David Gross, who won a physics Nobel."
74. Aaron Ciechanover. "The 2008 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry 2004." Journal of Visualized Experiments (J Vis Exp). 2009 Jul 1;(29). pii: 1559. doi: 10.3791/1559. "The life and work of Aaron Ciechanover are deeply rooted and influenced by Judaism and Israel and it is therefore that with only brief intermission, Ciechanover spent his scientific career in Israel as he is—through his presence and work—able to contribute and shape presence and future of the State of Israel."
75. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
76. István Hargittai, Magdolna Hargittai (2006). Candid Science VI. Imperial College Press. "Both Irwin Rose's parents came from secular Jewish families, on his maternal side, the Greenwalds originated from Hungary and on his paternal side, the Roses originated from the Odessa region of Russia."
77. Seymour "Sy" Brody. "Irwin Rose: Chemistry Recipient-2004", American Jewish Recipients of the Nobel Prize, Florida Atlantic University Libraries website. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
78. Joe Eskenazi. "Winning Nobel Prizes seems to run in one family’s chemistry—and biology".The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. October 12, 2006. "Arthur Kornberg – who still has his own lab at Stanford Medical School at age 88 – grew up in an Orthodox Brooklyn household, where Yiddish was the first language. His future wife, Sylvy Levy, also grew up Orthodox, but the couple raised their children in a fairly secular environment. Still, the family had a strong Jewish and pro-Israel identity, and Roger Kornberg is a consistent donor to the San Francisco-based Jewish Community Federation. Roger married an Israeli scientist, Yahli Lorch, a Stanford professor of structural biology, and they live almost half the year in their Jerusalem flat, where he leads his research team remotely via the Internet. "
79. Nadan Feldman. "U.S. Nobel laureate: Israel must invest more in higher education". Haaretz. January 13, 2012. "...explains Kornberg, when asked about the values his father instilled in him, and the atmosphere in which he grew up, in a Jewish family in the 1950s."
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85. • Janice Arnold (2011-10-12). "Nobel laureate is pride of Sherbrooke Jews". Canadian Jewish News. "Shechtman was one of five Jews, including a former Montrealer, the late Ralph Steinman, to receive the prestigious prize for their scientific endeavours... Steinman and Bruce Beutler... won for their groundbreaking work in discoveries on the immune system. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess, both American Jews... won the prize in physics."
    • Looks, Elka (2011-10-05). "Jews make strong showing among 2011 Nobel Prize winners". Haaretz. "Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman has made headlines at home for winning the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, but he is not the only Jewish recipient... Ralph Steinman and Bruce Beutler were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for their discoveries on the immune system... Saul Perlmutter and Adam G. Riess, both American Jews, are two of the three Nobel Prize in physics winners... So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish..."
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89. "Three Jewish American scientists, two of which have Israeli citizenship, won the 2013 Nobel Prize for chemistry", The Jerusalem Post (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 19, 2013.
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91. "Michael Levitt is a US, British and Israeli citizen", The Jerusalem Post, October 9, 2013.
92. "Fellow winner Michael Levitt, a South Africa-born professor, also holds Israeli citizenship.", The Times of Israel, October 9, 2013.
93. "Martin Karplus, a US and Austrian citizen", The Jerusalem Post, October 9, 2013.
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101. Fred Skolnik, Michael Berenbaum (eds.) 2007. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 13. Macmillan Reference USA / Keter Publishing House. p. 733. "Jewish scientists have participated in this problem from the early days of Joseph Erlanger's research on nerve conduction to Richard Axel's dissection of the pathways relevant to olfactory function."
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135. Peter Badge, Nikolaus Turner (2007). Nobel Faces: A Gallery of Nobel Prize Winners Wiley-VCH. p. 126. ISBN 978-3-527-40678-4. "Axel was born to Polish Jewish refugees in New York in 1946"
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140. Seymour David Steinman
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144. "Prix Nobel de médecine 2013 : un duo de chercheurs américains juifs récompensé", Le Monde Juif, October 7, 2013.
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165. Lev Landau: Topmost Soviet Jewish Scientist Wins Nobel Prize
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194. Wedding: Nancy Schondorf And Adam Riess
195. Wedding: Drs. Gail Michele Riess and Leonard Bruce Saltz
196. Obituary: Michael Riess
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199. The Jewish Public Forum at CLAL
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203. Ziri, Daniel. "Tel Aviv U. affiliated prof. who is a Holocaust survivor wins Nobel for physics", The Jerusalem Post (Reuters), October 8, 2013. "The 80-year-old Englert – a Belgian Jew and Holocaust survivor..."
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Further reading

• Charpa, Ulrich; Deichmann, Ute. (eds.) (2007). Jews and Sciences in German Contexts: Case Studies From the 19th and 20th Centuries, Mohr Siebeck, pp. 23–25.
• Feldman, Burton (2001). The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige, Arcade Publishing, pp. 407–10.
• Julius, Anthony (1995). T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form, Cambridge University Press, p. 266.
• Lazarus, William P.; Sullivan, Mark. (2008). Comparative Religion For Dummies, Wiley Publishing, p. 45.
• Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jewish Mind, Wayne State University Press, pp. 339–42.
• Rubinstein, W. D. (1982). The Left, the Right and the Jews, Croom Helm, p. 63.
• Scharfstein, Sol (1999). Understanding Jewish Holidays and Customs: Historical and Contemporary, KTAV Publishing House, p. 168.
• Weiss, Mosheh (2004). A Brief History of the Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 216–17.
• Zuckerman, Harriet (1996). Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States, Transaction Publishers, originally publishing in 1977, pp. 71–78.

External links

• Video by the National Museum of American Jewish History with some Jewish Nobel laureates listed