List of tallest buildings in Europe

Tallest buildings in Europe

This list of tallest buildings in Europe ranks skyscrapers in Europe by height. For decades, only a few major cities such as Frankfurt, London, Paris, Rotterdam, Istanbul and Moscow, contained skyscrapers. In recent years, however, construction has spread to many other cities on the continent, including Amsterdam, Ankara, Barcelona, Birmingham, Brussels, Lisbon, Lyon, Liverpool, Madrid, Milan, Naples, Valencia, Warsaw and others. Currently, several European cities have more than 10 skyscrapers above 100 metres (330 ft): Moscow, Istanbul (>100 each), Paris (72), Ankara (53), London (52), Frankfurt (30), Benidorm (26), Warsaw (21), Rotterdam (20), Madrid (15), Kiev (15), Barcelona (14), Milan (14), Berlin (13), Naples (10).

Tallest building

The East Tower of the Federation complex is located in Moscow International Business Center in Moscow, Russia. It is the tallest building in Europe, standing at 373.7 metres (1,226 ft). It is also the tallest building in Russia.

Tallest European skyscrapers

This lists ranks skyscrapers in Europe that stand at least 140 metres (459 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Existing structures are included for ranking purposes based on present height. This list includes buildings under construction that have already been topped out.

Name	City	State	Metres	Feet	Floors	Finalised
Federation Tower: East Tower	Moscow		373.7	1,226	101	2016
OKO: South Tower	Moscow		354.1	1,162	85	2015
Mercury City Tower	Moscow		338.8	1,112	75	2013
The Shard[1]	London		309.6	1,016	95	2012
Eurasia[2]	Moscow		308.9	1,013	72	2014
CoC: Moscow Tower[3]	Moscow		301.6	990	76	2010
Naberezhnaya Tower C	Moscow		268.4	881	59	2007
Triumph Palace[4]	Moscow		264.1	867	57	2005
Commerzbank Tower[5]	Frankfurt		259	849	56	1997
CoC: Saint Petersburg Tower[6]	Moscow		256.9	843	65	2010
Messeturm	Frankfurt		256.5	842	55	1990
Torre de Cristal	Madrid		249	817	45	2008
Torre Bankia	Madrid		248.3	815	45	2008
Evolution Tower[7]	Moscow		245.9	807	53	2014
OKO: North Tower[8]	Moscow		245	804	49	2014
Federation: West Tower	Moscow		243.2	798	62	2007
Moscow State University	Moscow		239	784	36	1953
Imperia Tower	Moscow		238.7	783	60	2011
Istanbul Sapphire	Istanbul		238	781	54	2011
Palace of Culture and Science	Warsaw		237	779	43	1955
Torre PwC	Madrid		236	774	52	2008
1 Canada Square	London		235	771	50	1991
Tour First	Paris^B		231	758	56	2011
Unicredit Tower	Milan		231	758	35	2011
Heron Tower	London		230	755	46	2011
Torre Espacio	Madrid		228	750	57	2008
Leadenhall Building	London		225	738	48	2014
DC Towers: Tower 1[9]	Vienna		220	722	60	2013
Mosfilm Tower 1[10]	Moscow		213.3	700	54	2011[11]
Sky Tower[12]	Wrocław		212	696	50	2012
Spine Tower	Istanbul		211	693	51	2013
Tour Montparnasse	Paris		210	689	59	1972
Iset tower	Yekaterinburg		209	686	52	2015
Piedmont Region Headquarters	Turin		209	686	44	2016
SOCAR Tower	Baku		209	686	42	2014
Warsaw Trade Tower	Warsaw		208	682	43	1999
Westend Tower	Frankfurt		208	682	53	1993
Allianz Tower[13]	Milan		207	679	50	2015
Millennium Tower	Vienna		202	663	51	1999
Tour Incity	Lyon		202	663	39	2015
Folkart Towers 1	Izmir		200	656	47	2013
Folkart Towers 2	Izmir		200	656	47	2014
Batumi Technical University[14]	Batumi		200	656	35	2012
Tower 185	Frankfurt		200	656	50	2011
Main Tower	Frankfurt		200	656	55	1999
Intempo	Benidorm		200	656	47	2013
25 Canada Square	London		200	656	45	2001
8 Canada Square	London		200	656	45	2002
Hotel Ukraine	Moscow		198	650	34	1955
Varyap Meridian Grand Tower 1	Istanbul		198	650	57	2012
Tour Majunga	Paris		195	545	45	2014
Anthill Residence 1[15]	Istanbul		194.5	638	54	2011
Anthill Residence 2[16]	Istanbul		194.5	638	54	2011
Tricolor: Tower A[17]	Moscow		194	636	56	2013
Mirax-Plaza: Tower A[18]	Moscow		193	633	47	2015
Złota 44	Warsaw		192	630	54	2012
Vysotsky Tower[19]	Yekaterinburg		192	630	50	2011
Rondo 1[20]	Warsaw		192	630	40	2006
Continental[21]	Moscow		191	627	48	2011
BT Tower	London		191	627	34	1966
Tour Total	Paris^B		190	620	48	1985
HSB Turning Torso	Malmö		190	620	57	2005
Tour CB21	Paris^B		187	614	42	1974
Gran Hotel Bali	Benidorm		187	614	52	2002
Trianon	Frankfurt		186	610	45	1993
Rönesans Tower	Istanbul		186	610	40	2014
European Central Bank seat	Frankfurt		185	607	45	2014
Tour GDF Suez	Paris^B		185	607	36	2008
Tour Areva	Paris^B		184	604	44	1974
Tour Granite	Paris^B		184	604	36	2008
Tower 42	London		183	600	47	1980
Flame Tower 1	Baku		182	597	39	2013
St George Wharf Tower	London		181	594	49	2013
Isbank Tower 1	Istanbul		181	594	52	2000
My Towerland 1	Istanbul		181	594	52	2013
Cajasol Tower	Seville		181	594	43	2015
Varyap Meridian Tower 2[22]	Istanbul		180	591	45	2013
Nida Palladium Tower	Istanbul		180	591	40	2014
30 St Mary Axe	London		180	590	41	2003
Sparrow Hills Tower II[23]	Moscow		178	584	48	2004
Roche Tower[24]	Basel		178	584	41	2015
Mertim Tower	Mersin		177	580	52	1987
Edelweiss	Moscow		176	577	43	2003
Kotelnicheskaya Embankment	Moscow		176	577	32	1952
Aliye Parusa 2[25]	Moscow		175.6	576	48	2003
Akasya Tower	Istanbul		175	565	55	2014
Ministry of Foreign Affairs	Moscow		172	564	27	1953
Nordstar Tower[26]	Moscow		171.5	563	42	2009
Tour D2	Paris		171	561	37	2014
Şişli Plaza	Istanbul		170	558	46	2007
Opernturm	Frankfurt		170	558	42	2009
Levent 199	Istanbul		170	558	40	2014
Özdilek 1	Istanbul		170	558	38	2014
Soyak Tower	Istanbul		170	558	40	2014
Taunusturm	Frankfurt		170	558	40	2014
Terrace Tema	Istanbul		170	558	39	2014
Tekstilkent Plaza 1	Istanbul		168	551	44	2000
Tekstilkent Plaza 2	Istanbul		168	551	44	2000
Klovsky	Kiev		168	551	48	2012
Mirax-Plaza: Tower B[27]	Moscow		168	551	41	2015
Tour Alicante	Paris^C		167	548	37	1995
Tour Chassagne	Paris^C		167	548	37	1995
Torre Intesa Sanpaolo	Turin		167	548	39	2013
Maslak 42 1	Istanbul		167	548	42	2014
Maslak 42 2	Istanbul		167	548	42	2014
Silberturm	Frankfurt		166	545	32	1978
Tour Carpe Diem	Paris		166	545	34	2013
Tour Part Dieu	Lyon		165	541	42	1977
Tour EDF	Paris^D		165	541	41	2001
Swissôtel Krasnye Holmy[28]	Moscow		165	541	34	2005
Selenium Twins 1[29]	Istanbul		165	541	34	2008
Selenium Twins 2[29]	Istanbul		165	541	34	2008
Broadgate Tower	London		165	541	35	2009
Maastoren	Rotterdam		165	541	35	2009
Iberdrola Tower	Bilbao		165	541	40	2011
Flame Tower 2	Baku		165	541	36	2013
Varyap Meridian Tower 3[30]	Istanbul		164	538	41	2012
Seljuk Tower	Konya		163	535	42	2006
InterContinental Warsaw	Warsaw		164	538	45	2003
BT Tower[31]	Birmingham		163	535	42	2002
West Tower [32]	Liverpool		162	531	37	2001
Well House na Leninskom[33]	Moscow		162	531	46	2009
Flame Tower 3	Baku		161	528	28	2013
Palazzo Lombardia[34]	Milan		161.3	529	43	2010
Cœur Défense	Paris^B		161	528	40	2001
Sparrow Hills Tower I[35]	Moscow		161	528	43	2004
Sparrow Hills Tower III[36]	Moscow		161	528	43	2004
Cosmopolitan Twarda 2/4	Warsaw		160	525	42	2012
20 Fenchurch Street	London		160	525	34	2014
Kudrinskaya Square [37]	Moscow		160	525	22	1954
Sky Tower 1[38]	Istanbul		160	525	42	2010
Exen Plaza	Istanbul		160	525	42	2010
Westend Gate	Frankfurt		159	522	47	1976
Rixos Bomonti Residence	Istanbul		159	522	42	2012
Akbank Tower	Istanbul		158	518	39	1993
Torre Lugano [39]	Benidorm		158	518	43	2008
New Orleans[40]	Rotterdam		158	518	45	2010
Torre Picasso	Madrid		157	515	43	1988
Beetham Tower	Manchester		157	515	50	2006
Four Winds 1	Istanbul		156	512	49	2013
Four Winds 2	Istanbul		156	512	49	2013
Four Winds 3	Istanbul		156	512	49	2013
Four Winds 4	Istanbul		156	512	49	2013
Parus Business Centre	Kiev		156	512	34	2007
UFC building	Swansea		156	512	32	2004
Park Arkon Residence 1	Istanbul		155	509	39	2013
Torre Eurosky	Rome		155	509	35	2012
Tour Adria	Paris^B		155	509	40	2002
Tour Egée	Paris^B		155	509	40	1999
Deutsche Bank Tower I	Frankfurt		155	509	40	1984
Deutsche Bank Tower II	Frankfurt		155	509	38	1984
Trump Towers Istanbul[41]	Istanbul		155	508	39	2010
Hotel Arts Barcelona	Barcelona		154	505	44	1992
Torre Mapfre	Barcelona		154	505	40	1992
Skyper	Frankfurt		154	505	38	2004
Uprise Elite [41]	Istanbul		154	505	42	2010
Süzer Plaza Ritz-Carlton [41]	Istanbul		154	504	34	1998
25 Bank Street	London		153	502	33	2003
40 Bank Street	London		153	502	33	2003
Bluehall building	Southampton		153	502	35	2014
Polat Tower Residence [42]	Istanbul		153	500	40	2001
Jaguar Tower	Birmingham		152	500	31	1963
Blackpool tower	Blackpool^D		152	499	36	1975
Gebouw Delftse Poort 1[43]	Rotterdam		151	497	41	1992
Torre Pontina[44]	Latina		151	495	37	2010
PRISMA[45][46]	Yekaterinburg		151	495	37	2009
Gazprom [47]	Moscow		151	495	35	1994
10 Upper Bank Street	London		151	495	32	2003
Avenue 77: Block 1[48][49]	Glasgow		151	495	45	2008
Avenue 77: Block 2[48][49]	Glasgow		151	495	45	2008
Avenue 77: Block 3[48][49]	Glasgow		151	495	45	2008
arch-City Towers	Newcastle		150	492	40	2015
Istanbloom	Istanbul		150	492	44	2013
Hochhaus Neue Donau [50]	Vienna		150	492	34	2001
Tour Les Poissons	Paris		150	492	42	1970
South Tower	Brussels		150	492	38	1967
Rembrandt Tower[51]	Amsterdam		150	492	36	1995
Dumankaya Ikon 1	Istanbul		149	489	41	2013
Dumankaya Ikon 2	Istanbul		149	489	41	2013
Dumankaya Ikon 3	Istanbul		149	489	41	2013
De Rotterdam	Rotterdam		149	489	43	2013
Europa Tower	Vilnius		149	489	33	2004
KölnTurm[52]	Cologne		148	486	43	2001
Eurotower	Frankfurt		148	486	39	1977
Strata SE1	London		148	486	43	2010
Özdilek Plaza 2	Istanbul		148	486	37	2014
Pan Peninsula	London		147.4	484	48	2008
Sun Plaza [53]	Istanbul		147	482	38	2005
Colonia-Hochhaus	Cologne		147	482	42	1972
House in Sokolniki [54]	Moscow		146.9	482	43	2008
Ministry of S&J[55]	The Hague		146	479	37	2012
Ministry of I&KR	The Hague		146	479	37	2012
Hochhaus Uptown München [56]	Munich		146	479	38	2004
Tour CMA-CGM[57]	Marseille		145	482	33	2009
Finance Tower[58]	Brussels		145	476	36	1984
Jen-Tower	Jena		145	476	30	1973
Neguri Gane [59]	Benidorm		145	476	40	2002
Trump Towers Istanbul[60]	Istanbul		145	475	37	2010
Torre Agbar	Barcelona		144.4	474	33	2004
Tour Bretagne	Nantes		144	472	37	1976
Warsaw Financial Center[61]	Warsaw		144	472	35	1998
Torre Solaria [62]	Milan		143	469	37	2013
Metrocity Tower 2	Istanbul		143	469	35	2000
Metrocity Tower 3	Istanbul		143	469	35	2000
TAT Tower 1 [60]	Istanbul		143	469	34	2000
TAT Tower 2	Istanbul		143	469	34	2000
Metrocity Tower 1	Istanbul		143	469	31	2000
IFC Bomonti Hotel	Istanbul		143	469	35	2013
Tour Pleyel	Paris^E		143	469	38	1973
Guy's Tower	London		142.6	468	34	1974
Leader Tower	Saint-Petersburg		142.5	468	42	2013
UP-site[63]	Brussels		142	466	42	2013
Tour Dexia	Paris^B		142	466	36	2005
City-Haus[64]	Frankfurt		142	466	42	1974
Frankfurter Büro Center[65]	Frankfurt		142	466	40	1980
City-Hochhaus Leipzig[66]	Leipzig		142	466	36	1971
Hoftoren	The Hague		142	466	30	2003
Westpoint Tower	Tilburg		142	466	48	2004
Torre de Madrid	Madrid		142	466	37	1957
Avaz Twist Tower	Sarajevo		142	466	42	2008
Sea Towers	Gdynia		141.6	464	36	2009
Gulliver	Kiev		141	463	35	2012
Ušće Tower	Belgrade		141	463	25	1961
Western City Gate	Belgrade		140	459	35	1980
Torre Diamante	Milan		140	459	30	2012
Montevideo	Rotterdam		140	459	43	2005
Centrum LIM[67]	Warsaw		140	459	43	1989
Oxford Tower, Warsaw	Warsaw		140	459	40	1978
West Tower	Liverpool		140	459	40	2007
Izmailovsky 1 [68]	Moscow		140	459	37	2008
Izmailovsky 2 [68]	Moscow		140	459	37	2008
Sabanci Center 2	Istanbul		140	459	34	1993
Sisli Elit Residence [69]	Istanbul		140	459	35	2000
Uphill Court 1	Istanbul		140	459	33	2008
Uphill Court 2	Istanbul		140	459	33	2008
22 Marsh Wall East Tower	London		140	459	44	2010
Edificio Kronos[70]	Benidorm		140	459	41	2008
Sofaz Tower	Baku		140	459	24	2015
many lower buildings

Timeline of tallest buildings

This is the timeline of tallest buildings in Europe (excluding churches or basilicas/cathedrals).

Name	City	Years tallest	Metres	Feet	Floors
Federation: East Tower	Moscow	2016–	373.7	1,227	101
OKO: South Tower	Moscow	2015–2016	354.1	1,154	85
Mercury City Tower	Moscow	2012–2014	338.8	1,112	75
The Shard	London	2011–2012	309.6	1,004	87
CoC: Moscow Tower	Moscow	2009–2011	301.6	989	77
Naberezhnaya Tower C	Moscow	2007–2009	268.4	881	59
Triumph-Palace	Moscow	2005–2007	264.1	867	57
Commerzbank Tower	Frankfurt	1997–2005	259	849	56
Messeturm	Frankfurt	1990–1997	257	843	55
Moscow State University	Moscow	1953–1990	240	787	42
Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building	Moscow	1952–1953	176	577	32
Terrazza Martini Tower	Genoa	1940–1952	108	354	31
City Hall	Vienna	1892-1940[71]	105	344
Palace of Justice	Brussels	1883-1892	104	341
City Hall	Brussels	1420-1882[72]	97	318

Projects under construction

This lists buildings that are under construction in Europe and are planned to rise at least 135 metres (443 ft).

Name	City	Metres	Feet	Floors	Finalised
Lakhta Center[73]	St. Petersburg	462	1.516	87	2018
Akhmat Tower[74]	Grozny	400	1.311	86	2018
Hermitage Plaza I	Paris^F	323	1,060	93	2021
Hermitage Plaza II	Paris^F	323	1,060	91	2021
Tour Phare	Paris^F	297	978	68	2017
Perviy Nikolaevski[75]	Yekaterinburg	283	928	64	On hold
Skyland İstanbul	İstanbul	284	932	65	2016
Diamond of Istanbul	İstanbul	270	886	53	On hold
Schiekadeblok	Rotterdam	240	787	62	2021
Warsaw Spire	Warsaw	220	721	50	2016
Zalmhaven Tower	Rotterdam	218	715	59	2021
Sky Towers: Tower A	Kiev	214.2	703	47	On hold
Piedmont Region Headquarters	Turin	209	686	42	2015
Crescent City	Baku	203	666	43	2016
Tour Incity	Lyon	200	660	39	2015
Q22	Warsaw	195	545	42	2016
Mirax-Plaza	Kiev	192	630	46	On hold
Çiftçiler Zincirlikuyu 1	Istanbul	180	591	44	2016
Çiftçiler Zincirlikuyu 2	Istanbul	180	591	45	2016
CityLife - Lo Storto[76]	Milan	175	558	45	2015
Babillon Tower[77]	Batumi	170	558	47	2015
Odeon Tower	Monaco	170	558	49	2015
IQ-quarter: Tower 1	Moscow	169	554	42	2015
Belgrade Waterfront Tower	Belgrade	168	656	42	2019
Sky Towers: Tower B	Kiev	165	541	46	On hold
Ingria Tower	St. Petersburg	164	538	46	On hold
Porta Batumi Tower	Batumi	164 [78]	538	43	2016
1 Blackfriars	London	163	535	49	2018
Opera-Tower	Yekaterinburg	158	518	42	2017
Idel-Tower	Ufa	155	509	42	2018
Dâmbovița Center	Bucharest	155	509	34	On hold
OpenVille UBC0[79]	Timișoara	155	509	27	2018
Hines Hochhaus [80]	Berlin	150	492	46	2016
CityLife - Il Curvo[81]	Milan	150	492	35	2015
Baltimore Wharf Tower	London	150	492	46	2016
West 65	Belgrade	146	480	39	2016
Residential complex «Setun-Valley», Tower 1	Moscow	145	475	39	2015
Cevahir Towers	Skopje	142	466	50	2016
Tour Trinity	Paris^F	140	459	32	2017
New Henninger Turm [82]	Frankfurt	140	459	39	2016
Tour La Marseillaise	Marseille	135	460	31	2017
IQ-quarter: Tower 2	Moscow	135	?	?	?

Tallest European skyscrapers by pinnacle height

Some skyscraper enthusiasts prefer this measurement, claiming that the extensions that can or cannot be deemed "architectural" are subjective. However, many non-architectural extensions (such as radio antennas) are easily added and removed from tall buildings without significantly changing the style and design of the building, which is seen as a significant part of the value of these buildings. The list includes all skyscrapers of at least 200 metres (656 ft) tall. However the height data is subject to fluctuations due to simple changing of mast extensions.

Name	City	Metres	Feet	Floors	Completed
Mercury City Tower	Moscow	339	1,112	75	2013
The Shard	London	309.6	1,016	95	2012
Eurasia	Moscow	309	1013	72	2013
CoC: Moscow Tower	Moscow	302	989	76	2009
Commerzbank Tower	Frankfurt	300	985	56	1997
Naberezhnaya Tower C	Moscow	268	881	59	2007
Triumph-Palace	Moscow	264	868	57	2005
Sapphire of Istanbul	Istanbul	261	856	54	2010
CoC: Saint Petersburg	Moscow	257	843	65	2009
Messeturm	Frankfurt	257	843	55	1990
Torre Caja Madrid	Madrid	250	820	45	2008
Torre de Cristal	Madrid	249	817	45	2007
Allianz Towe[13]	Milan	247	810	50	2014
Federation: West Tower	Moscow	242	795	62	2007
Main Tower	Frankfurt	240	787	55	1999
Moscow State University	Moscow	240	787	36	1953
Imperia Tower	Moscow	239	784	60	2011 [83]
Torre Sacyr Vallehermoso	Madrid	236	774	52	2007
Torre Espacio	Madrid	236	774	57	2007
One Canada Square	London	235	771	50	1991
Unicredit Tower	Milan	231	758	35	2011
Tour First	Paris	231	758	56	2010
Palace of Culture and Science	Warsaw	230.7	757	43	1955
Heron Tower	London	230	755	47	2010
Mosfilm Tower 1	Moscow	213.3	700	54	2012
Spine Tower	Istanbul	211	693	51	2013
Anthill Residence 1	Istanbul	210	689	54	2011
Anthill Residence 2	Istanbul	210	689	54	2011
Gran Hotel Bali	Benidorm	210	689	52	2002
Tour Montparnasse	Paris	210	689	59	1972
Westend Tower	Frankfurt	208	682	53	1993
Warsaw Trade Tower	Warsaw	208	682	43	1999
Millennium Tower	Vienna	202	663	51	1999
Tower 185	Frankfurt	200	656	51	2011
25 Canada Square	London	200	656	45	2001
many lower buildings

See also

• List of tallest structures in Europe
• List of tallest buildings in the European Union
• List of tallest buildings in Africa
• List of tallest buildings in Asia
• List of tallest buildings in Oceania
• List of tallest buildings in the world

Notes

• ^A To the architectural tip
• ^B Specifically located in Courbevoie, in the inner suburbs of Paris
• ^C Specifically located in Nanterre, in the inner suburbs of Paris
• ^D Specifically located in Puteaux, in the inner suburbs of Paris
• ^E Specifically located in Saint-Denis, in the inner suburbs of Paris
• ^F Specifically located in La Défense, in the inner suburbs of Paris

External links

References

1. http://www.the-shard.com/shard/a-vertical-city/
2. "Eurasia Tower". Retrieved 11 March 2013.
3. CTBUH. "CTBUH City of Capitals profile". 55.74794 37.53901: Buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
4. Triumph-Palace official site Archived 26 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
5. http://structurae.net/structures/commerzbank-tower (Radio antenna -300.25 m- is not part of the original designer of the building)
6. CTBUH. "CTBUH City of Capitals profile". 55.74740 37.53852: Buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
7. http://www.emporis.de/building/evolution-tower-moscow-russia
8. http://www.emporis.com/building/oko-office-tower-moscow-russia
9. "DC Towers Facts and Figures". DC Towers. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
10. Official site Archived 24 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
11. Topped out in 2009, but still under construction
12. "Sky Tower 1, Wrocław". PL /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
13. "Isozaki Tower". skyscrapercenter.
14. http://www.emporis.com/building/batumi-technological-university-tower-batumi-georgia
15. CTBUH: Anthill Residence 1
16. CTBUH: Anthill Residence 2
17. http://www.emporis.com/building/tricolor-1-moscow-russia
18. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/moscow/mirax-plaza-1/1893/
19. CTBUH. "CTBUH: Antey-III". 56.83613 60.61449: Buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
20. "Rondo 1-B, Warsaw". Warsaw /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
21. CTBUH: Continental
22. CTBUH: Varyap Meridian 2 Block
23. CTBUH: Vorobiovy Gory Tower II
24. "presents Building 1, its new main office building in Basel". Roche. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
25. "Aliye Parusa 2". Moscow /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
26. CTBUH: Nordstar Tower
27. http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/moscow/mirax-plaza-2/2907/
28. "Swissotel Krasnye Holmy at SkyscraperPage". Skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
29. "Selenium Twins". Ascioglu.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
30. CTBUH: Varyap Meridian 3 Block
31. "Post Tower, Bonn". Bonn /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
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33. Wellhouse at Leninsky Official site
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35. CTBUH: Vorobiovy Gory Tower I
36. CTBUH: Vorobiovy Gory Tower III
37. "Kudrinskaya Square". Moscow /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
38. Official site
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40. "New Orleans, Rotterdam". Rotterdam /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
41. "Süzer Plaza Ritz-Carlton, Istanbul on". Istanbul /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
42. "Polat Tower Residence, Istanbul on". Istanbul /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
43. "Gebouw Delftse Poort 1". Rotterdam /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
44. http://www.vice.com/it/read/vita-vera-grattacielo
45. PRISMA, Gefest metal factory
46. Prisma, Yekaterinburg at emporis.com
47. "Gazprom building". Moscow /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
48. Avenue 77, Glasgow at emporis.com
49. "Moscow". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
50. "Hochhaus Neue Donau". Vienna /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
51. "Rembrandt Towerat". Amsterdam /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
52. "Köln Turm". Cologne /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
53. "Sun Plaza, Istanbul on". Istanbul /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
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57. "Tour CMA-CGM, Marseille". Marseille /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
58. "Tour Finances / Financietoren". Brussels /: Emporis.com. 2005-01-01. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
59. "Neguri Gane". Benidorm /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
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61. "Warsaw Financial Center, Warsaw". Warsaw /: Emporis.com. 1998-10-13. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
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63. "UP-site". Brussels /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
64. "City-Haus, Frankfurt". DE /: Emporis.com. 1973-08-22. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
65. "Frankfurter Büro Center, Frakfurt". DE /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
66. "Panorama Tower". Leipzig /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
67. "Centrum LIM, Warsaw". Warsaw /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
68. Official site Archived 16 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
69. "Sisli Elit Residence, Istanbul". Istanbul /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
70. "Edificio Kronos". Benidorm /: Emporis.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
71. Vienna City Hall was originally 98 meters high, until the Rathausmann was added on top of the central tower in 1892.
72. CTBUH Technical Paper
73. CTBUH: Lakhta Center
74. http://www.gazeta.ru/realty/news/2015/08/24_n_7505111.shtml
75. http://1-nik.ru/
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77. "Babillon Tower on Emporis".
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