Darien, Connecticut

Darien
Town
Town of Darien

Boston Post Road in Darien's retail district

Seal

Location in Fairfield County and the state of Connecticut.
Darien

Location in CT

Coordinates: 41°03′04″N 73°28′45″W / 41.05111°N 73.47917°W / 41.05111; -73.47917Coordinates: 41°03′04″N 73°28′45″W / 41.05111°N 73.47917°W / 41.05111; -73.47917
Country  United States of America
State

 Connecticut

NECTA Bridgeport-Stamford
Region South Western Region
Incorporated 1820
Government
 • Type Representative town meeting
 • First selectman Jayme J. Stevenson (R)
 • Selectmen Susan J. Marks (R)
Charles "Kip" Coons (R)
Marc Thorne (D)
Rob Richards (D)
[1]
Area
 • Total 23.4 sq mi (60.6 km2)
 • Land 12.9 sq mi (33.4 km2)
 • Water 10.6 sq mi (27.4 km2)
Elevation 52 ft (16 m)
Population (2010)
 • Total 20,732
 • Density 890/sq mi (340/km2)
Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) Eastern (UTC-4)
ZIP code 06820
Area code(s) 203
FIPS code 09-18850
GNIS feature ID 0213416
Website www.darien.org

Darien /dɛəriˈæn/ is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Located on Connecticut's "Gold Coast", the population was 20,732 at the 2010 census.[2] Darien is one of the wealthiest communities in the US; it was listed at #2 on CNN Money's list of "top-earning towns" in the United States as of 2010.[3]

Situated between the cities of Norwalk and Stamford, the town is a bedroom community with relatively few office buildings. Most workers commute to Manhattan, and many also work in adjacent cities. Two Metro-North railroad stations – Noroton Heights and Darien – link the town to Grand Central Terminal and the rest of the New Haven Line. For recreation, the town includes four small parks, two public beaches on Long Island Sound, four country clubs, a hunt club, and two yacht clubs.

History

According to early records, the first clearings of land were made by men from the New Haven and Wethersfield colonies and from Norwalk in about 1641. It was not until 1740, however, that the Middlesex Society of the Town of Stamford built the first community church, now the First Congregational Church of Darien (which stands on the original site at the corner of Brookside Road and the Boston Post Road).[4]

The area became Middlesex Parish in 1737. It was incorporated as the Town of Darien in 1820. Tories (Loyalists) raided the town several times during the American Revolution, at one point taking 26 men in the parish prisoner for five months, including the Rev. Moses Mather, pastor of the parish. The Loyalist-Patriot conflict in Darien is the setting for the novel Tory Hole, the first book by children's author Louise Hall Tharp.

Contentment Island, about 1914

According to the Darien Historical Society,[5] the name Darien was decided upon when the residents of the town could not agree on a name to replace Middlesex Parish, many families wanting it to be named after themselves. A sailor who had traveled to Darién, Panama, then part of the Spanish Empire, suggested the name Darien, which was eventually adopted by the people of the town.

Until the advent of the railroad in 1848, Darien remained a small, rural community of about 1,000. After the Civil War, the town became one of the many resorts where New Yorkers built luxurious, grand summer homes.

Darien has a well-established reputation as a former sundown town,[6] having effectively kept out African American and Jewish families for decades.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 14.8 square miles (38 km2), of which 12.9 square miles (33 km2) is land and 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2), or 13.41%, is water. The town has four exits on the northbound-traffic side of Interstate 95 (Exits 10–13) and three on the southbound-traffic side (where there is no Exit 12). Its northern border is just south of the Merritt Parkway, where Exits 36 and 37 are closest to the town. It also has two Metro-North railroad stations for commuter trains into New York City, with a 38 to 39 miles (61 to 63 km) commute of 46–50 minutes from Noroton Heights and 49–53 minutes from Darien. (The Talmadge Hill railroad station on the New Canaan Branch is within walking distance of homes at the far northwestern corner of town, and the Rowayton railroad station is within walking distance of homes near Raymond Street in the southeastern part of town.) Most trains run non-stop after Stamford into New York City's 125th Street, then Grand Central Terminal. Along with the New Haven Line of Metro-North Railroad and Interstate 95, US Route 1, known locally as the Boston Post Road, or, more commonly, the Post Road, runs east-west through the southern side of town. Except for the Noroton Heights business district, commercial zoning is extremely limited outside of the town-wide strip along the Post Road.

Darien is bordered on the west by Stamford, on the north by New Canaan, and on the east by Norwalk. On the south it faces Long Island Sound. It is part of the "panhandle" of Connecticut jutting into New York state. The town has 16.5 miles (26.6 km) of coastline and five harbors.

Sections of the town

In addition to some small neighborhoods, the larger divisions of the town are Downtown Darien (area surrounding Boston Post Road from I-95 to Brookside Road), Noroton (roughly in the southwest corner of town on Boston Post Road), Ox Ridge (northern end of Mansfield Avenue), (Noroton Heights (roughly north of Interstate 95 to Middlesex Middle School with an eastern boundary of Noroton Avenue), Noroton Bay (southern end of Noroton Neck), Long Neck Point (southernmost part of town up to historic Ring's End Landing), Delafield Island (waterfront community in between Long Neck and Tokeneke) and Tokeneke (mostly private community in the southeastern end of town).

Church in Darien.

The town name is pronounced /dɛəriˈæn/ (like "Dairy-An"), with stress on the last syllable, and has been referred to as such at least as far back as 1913.[7] Residents say this is still the proper pronunciation, which in the local dialect is more precisely [dɛəɹiˈɛən].[8] "You can always tell when someone is not from here, because they do pronounce it the way it's spelled," Louise Berry, director of the town library, said in a 2006 interview.[9]

The name "Norporiton" originates from an Indian word assigned to the river along Darien's border with Stamford. This section of Darien is defined by two peninsulas that claw their way into Long Island Sound, their curved appendages protecting enough coves and inlets to make the area a haven for beachgoers and sailors. The shorter of the peninsulas, Noroton Neck, is divided into shore communities like Noroton Bay and Pratt Island.[10] Long Neck, which extends farther into Long Island Sound, provides westerly views of Manhattan. Accessed by the Ring's End Landing bridge, a historic stone structure that marks a major shipping point for early settlers, Long Neck became a summer destination for the wealthy when rail travel made it accessible during the mid-19th century.[10] Though the general geographic reference to this land feature is "Long Neck Point", therein are two different neighborhoods, each with their own main road and distinct features. Considered Connecticut’s Gold Coast, Long Neck Point is consistently ranked one of the best places to live in America. Historically, it has also been called Collender’s Point and “La Belle” Point. In 1902, Anson Phelps Stokes of the Stokes family built a Gilded Age brick Georgian manor on the end, which was later occupied by Andrew Carnegie. Along the west coast is public Pear Tree Point Park beach and the Darien Boat Club on Noroton Harbor. The large island to the east is the remaining estate of the late William Ziegler. The Ziegler Estate is the most expensive undivided private waterfront plot on the eastern seaboard. With an assessed property value of over $22,000,000 and thousands of feet of direct undeveloped waterfront, it boasts the fourth largest property tax in Darien. Carnegie’s manor was later run as the Convent of the Sacred Heart before it was split in half and sold as two private residences. The property on the tip was divided in two and neither home can rise above 20 feet. On its east side, Long Neck Point Road stretches south beginning at Ring's End/Gorham's Pond Bridge and terminates at the southerly most tip of land. This area is somewhat inland and away from the eastern shoreline and at a relatively high elevation above the water. Pear Tree Point Road, also beginning at Ring's End/Gorham's Pond Bridge, runs south along the western side of the Point adjacent to "The Gut" and to outer Noroton Harbor. This charming route hugs the shoreline at an elevation close enough to the tides (at some points) such that storm conditions can bring the salt water harbor over the road. Approximately half-way south along the peninsula, Pear Tree Point Road turns abruptly to the east, ninety degrees, heading uphill and connecting to Long Neck Point Road.

Noroton Heights "blew up around the Noroton Heights train station and housed the European immigrants who serviced the old estates," according to an article about the community in The New York Times. The densely populated streets of this part of town are full of "modest Capes and colonials" along with other house styles.[10]

Climate

Darien has a humid continental climate, similar to that of New York City, with mild to warm humid summers and cold to very cold winters. The highest recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) in July 1966, while the lowest recorded temperature was -15 °F (-26 °C) in 1968.[11] Snowfall is generally frequent in winter while average precipitation is most common in September.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18201,126—
18501,454—
18601,70517.3%
18701,8086.0%
18801,9497.8%
18902,27616.8%
19003,11636.9%
19103,94626.6%
19204,1846.0%
19306,95166.1%
19409,22232.7%
195011,76727.6%
196018,43756.7%
197020,33610.3%
198018,892−7.1%
199018,196−3.7%
200019,6077.8%
201020,7325.7%
Est. 201421,689[12]4.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[13]

As of the census of 2000, there were 19,607 people, 6,592 households, and 5,385 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,525.2 people per square mile (588.7/km²). There were 6,792 housing units at an average density of 203.9 persons/km² (528.3 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 95.97% White, 0.45% African American, 0.04% Native American, 2.42% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.19% of the population.

There were 6,592 households out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.5% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a woman whose husband did not live with her, and 18.3% were non-families. 15.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the town the population was spread out with 32.5% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $160,274, and the median income for a family was $195,905.[14] As of the 2000 Census, males had a median income of $100,000 versus $59,313 for females. The per capita income for the town was $77,519. 2.0% of the population and 0.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 1.6% are under the age of 18 and 2.6% are 65 or older.

Government and politics

Elected bodies in the town government are a five-member Board of Selectmen, a nine-member Board of Education, a seven-member Board of Finance, a six-member Planning and Zoning Commission, three-member Board of Assessment Appeals, and a 100-member, nonpartisan Representative Town Meeting. The town has several elective offices as well: the town clerk, probate judge, registrar of voters, tax collector and treasurer.[15]

The Board of Finance approves financial measures, including the town budget; the Board of Education controls the town's public schools; the Representative Town Meeting is the main legislative body of the town.

As of December 1, 2005, the town had 12,099 registered voters, with 6,445 Republicans (53.1 percent), 1,940 Democrats (16 percent) and 3,703 unaffiliated voters (30.6 percent).[16] Darien is primarily a Republican town, voting for George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain in the 2008 election. However, in 2003, Evonne Klein replaced Robert Harrel as First Selectman, becoming the first Democrat to win the post in 14 years. Klein was re-elected in 2005 and again in 2007, but did not run in the November 3, 2009 election, which was won by Republican David Campbell.[17]

Taxes

Darien has the lowest mill rate of the Fairfield County suburbs of its size, with a mill rate of 15.35 being consistently lower than New Canaan at 15.985 and Westport at 18.09 (rates as of 2016).[18] A lower mill rate often indicates higher property value, as prestigious Greenwich has the second lowest in the state.[19]

Economy

JetBlue Airways has finance and scheduling operations at 19 Old Kings Highway South in Darien.[20] In mid-2012 JetBlue combined the Darien and Forest Hills, Queens, New York City headquarters into its headquarters in Long Island City, Queens.[21]

Education

Darien is served by Darien Public Schools, and Darien High School was ranked No. 1 in the "U.S. News Best High Schools in Connecticut" in 2013.[22] Darien has five elementary schools: Hindley School, Holmes School, Ox Ridge School, Royle School, and Tokeneke School. A $27 million addition was completed in 2000 to the town's middle school, Middlesex Middle School, and a new $73 million campus for Darien High School was completed in the fall of 2005.[10] Darien sports teams go by the name of the "Blue Wave".

In June 2012, 24/7 Wall St. ranked Darien as the 10th wealthiest school district in the United States.[23]

Pear Tree Point School, originally named Plumfield School, is a private school on Long Neck, educating students in pre-kindergarten through Grade 5.[24]

The public library in Darien, the Darien Library, has consistently ranked in the top ten of its category in the HAPLR (Hennen's American Public Library Ratings) Index of libraries. In 2012, it was named a Five Star library by Library Journal, which used four objective measures: visits, circulation, program attendance and internet computer use per capita to compare the level of services libraries provide to their communities.[25]

Emergency service

Post 53

Post 53 headquarters

An ambulance service, known as "Darien EMS – Post 53" is the only ambulance service in the nation staffed and run entirely by high school student volunteers.[26] The Explorer post is chartered under the Connecticut Yankee Council, and is considered a scouting unit. The service provides emergency care at no cost to the patient, funded entirely by private donations from town residents. Teenagers are allowed to perform patient care due to the fact that Connecticut is one of the few states in the nation which allows Emergency medical technicians to be certified at age 16.[27]

Students will start training while they are in their freshman year of high school. They are elected by current members of Post and then they continue their training supervised by trained adults, Post 53 lets in 20 teenagers a year to join the crew. "Each student receives at least 150 hours of training for basic certification as emergency medical technicians; by their senior year, some even qualify to drive the ambulance."[10]

Fire Department

The town of Darien is protected by three independent all-volunteer fire departments in three fire districts. The Darien Fire Department is located at 848 Post Rd.(Rte. 1) in Downtown Darien. The Noroton Fire Department is located at 1873 Post Rd. in the Noroton section of town. The Noroton Heights Fire Department is located at 209 Noroton Ave. in the Noroton Heights section of town. Each fire department responds in conjunction with the other two on most calls during weekdays and more independently during the weekend. The three fire departments average a total of approximately 1,000 emergency calls for service annually. The three fire departments operate a combined fire apparatus fleet of 6 Engines, 3 Trucks(including 1 Quint), 3 Rescues, 2 Tankers, 1 Fireboat, 1 High-Water Rescue Unit, 3 Utility Units, and 5 Command Units. Regarding ambulance service, see "Post 53" section above.

Fire station locations and apparatus

Department Engine Ladder Rescue Special unit Utility unit Command unit Address Neighborhood
Darien FD Engine 41, Engine 42 Tower Ladder 43 Rescue 44 Tanker 45, High-Water Unit Utility 46 Car 40, Car 400 848 Post Rd. Downtown
Noroton FD Engine 31, Engine 32 Ladder 30 Rescue 33 Marine 34(Fireboat) Truck 35(Utility Unit) Car 30, Car 300 1873 Post Rd. Noroton
Noroton Heights FD Engine 21, Engine 23 Truck 20(Quint) Rescue 25 Tanker 22 Utility 24 Car 20, Car 200 209 Noroton Ave. Noroton Heights

Transportation

The town is served by two train stations, one in Noroton Heights and the other in downtown Darien. The Connecticut Turnpike (Interstate 95) runs through town, as does the Post Road, U.S. Route 1. Just to the north of town, the Merritt Parkway (Route 15) runs roughly parallel to the northern border between Darien and New Canaan. The Talmadge Hill railroad station is just north of the border as well. Along with the Post Road, major east-west thoroughfares in town are West Avenue and Middlesex Road. Major north-south roads are Hoyt Street, Hollow Tree Ridge Road, Nearwater Lane, Noroton Avenue, Middlesex Road, Mansfield Avenue and Brookside Road.

Interstate 95 has rest stops in Darien both for the southbound and northbound lanes. The state Department of Transportation has added "speed change" lanes between entrances and exits up to Exit 10 (and points westward). The phase of the highway widening from Exit 9 to Exit 10, at a cost of $7.5 million, was expected to be complete by October 2007, state Transportation officials said in August of that year. The state is in the process of planning more such lanes through the rest of the highway in town in a project expected to cost $24.5 million. About 150,000 vehicles pass Exit 12 each day, according to the state Department of Transportation. The state was considering closing the southbound entrance for Exit 12 in 2008 during work on the project.[28]

Chapter 14 of English author Nigel Williams' 1994 travelogue From Wimbledon to Waco tells of his difficulties in reaching Darien from Interstate 95.

In December 2007 a 15-month, $5.5 million project was completed to add fourth (or "operational") lanes in each direction between the entrances and exits at Exits 10 and 11 in Darien. An earlier project added a fourth lane on the southbound side from the entrance at Exit 10 to Exit 8. After that lane was added, a state Department of Transportation study concluded that accidents were down on that stretch of the highway by 20 percent, amounting to about 160 fewer accidents per year. Construction of operational lanes at exits 11, 12, and 13 was expected to begin in the late spring of 2008.[29]

Landmarks

Autumn in Stony Brook Park, Ledge Road

Community

Recreation

Hanging floral decorations adorn the main street of Darien

Parks and beaches

Tilly Pond Park gazebo on a very green pond

Private membership clubs

Boy Scouts

Darien has many active scout units, including two Boy Scout troops, a Boy Scout Ship, and Explorer Post 53 (see Post 53 section, above), as well as three Cub Scout packs. Both troops and the ship are funded by the Andrew Shaw Memorial Trust; other funding comes from the annual May tag sale at the Scout Cabin on West Avenue, which has raised more than $50,000 in some years. These Scout units are in town:

Annual events

Ox Ridge Hunt Club Charity Horse Show

The Ox Ridge Hunt Club sponsors this annual June event, which has attracted up to 16,000 spectators and 1,300 equestrians, some from as far away as California and Europe. The 2007 Grand Prix event offered a $25,000 prize. The three-day event is free to spectators.[46]

Philanthropic groups

Local media

Darien is served by two local print/online weeklies, the Darien Times and the Darien News-Review, three exclusively online local news websites, HamletHub Darien, the Darien Patch and The Daily Voice, Darien, and an online 'Insider Guide' called AllAboutDarien.com. Most public meetings are filmed and broadcast live, and recorded for later broadcast by Cablevision's Channel 79 Government Access.[56]

Ethnic and racial controversies

Darien had a reputation for anti-Semitism in the 20th century. In 1931, a private developer of beachfront property had an easement for access to the beach that stated beach privileges were never to be extended to "any person or persons of the Hebrew race."[57] In 1947, Laura Hobson's novel Gentleman's Agreement made Darien briefly notable for "the town's practice of not letting Jews spend the night."[58]

More recently the town has struggled with the issue of affordable housing. Darien is 94% white. Affordable housing was built, but the priority list was such that it effectively excluded minorities by giving excessive priority to current and former residents. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice opened an investigation into Darien for possible violations of the Fair Housing Act.[59] In 2012 they appeared satisfied and closed the investigation. The town also adopted a policy of verifying incomes for people applying for affordable housing units and maintaining a waiting list.[57]

Darien is one of the few municipalities in Connecticut that comply with the State's mandate to report the racial and ethnic makeup of people stopped by the police. 82% of the people stopped are white, 12% are black, 15% are Hispanic. This is a higher proportion of black people than live in the town, but consistent with the general area population.[60]

Notable people

Long Neck Point from Contentment Island by John Frederick Kensett, collection of the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, depicting the area where Andrew Carnegie spent some summers

Several people notable for their esteemed place in American history have called Darien home: Charles Lindbergh the late aviator, and his wife, author Anne Morrow Lindbergh lived on Tokeneke Trail. Steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie vacationed for several summers at what became the Convent of the Sacred Heart (divided into many private estates in the 1970s) at Long Neck Point.[38] Christopher Shays, the former Republican congressman representing Connecticut's Fourth District, was born in Darien (and now lives in Bridgeport). Jimmy Lee, former Vice Chairman of J.P. Morgan, lived in Darien until his unexpected death in 2015.[61]

Actors and actresses who have lived in town include former resident Christopher Plummer, Kate Bosworth, Topher Grace, and Chloë Sevigny. Actress Carol Kane attended Cherry Lawn School in Darien until 1965. Film director Gus Van Sant also went to high school in Darien. Jazz saxophonist Gerry Mulligan lived in Darien in later life and died there in 1996. Guitarist Chris Risola grew up in Darien. Musician Moby lived in Darien during his adolescence. Rudolph Valentino was said to have had a Spanish-style home at the entrance of Salem Straits. Emmy-winning television producer and writer Tom Gammill also grew up in Darien. Christopher Plummer owned the Tudor manor on Long Neck's eastern shore.

People famous in other fields have also called Darien home: Leslie Groves, military head of the Manhattan Project, lived in town after the project ended. Paul Manship, sculptor of the Prometheus figure at Rockefeller Center, spent summers living on Leroy Avenue and working on his art in the early 1930s. Photojournalist Margaret Bourke-White lived in town first with author Erskine Caldwell, then in the same home after their divorce. Helen Frankenthaler, a major American Abstract Expressionist painter, lived in Darien in later life and maintained her primary studio there.[62] Novelist and playwright Richard Bissell lived in Darien from the early 1950s to the mid-1970s. Artist John Stobart lived on Crane Road for many years, and prints of his historical painting of Ring's End Landing were popular in the 1970s, after the town's 150th anniversary. Producer and NBC executive Grant Tinker reared his family there in the 1950s. Former Benton & Bowles advertising agency executive and noted big band radio broadcaster G. Emerson Cole lived in Darien for 35 years. Kiss drummer Peter Criss once owned a home in Darien. Emily Barringer (1876–1961), the world's first female ambulance surgeon and the first woman to secure a surgical residency, resided in Darien (and New Canaan) until her death.

Current notable residents include New York Yankees General Manager Brian Cashman; Steve Wilkos, host of The Steve Wilkos Show; and 60 Minutes correspondent and CBS Evening News anchor Scott Pelley. Local news anchor Rebecca Surran of News 12 Connecticut is also resident of Darien.

One infamous native of Darien is convicted rapist Alex Kelly, who fled the United States to escape prosecution. His story was dramatized in the television movie Crime in Connecticut: The Story of Alex Kelly.

In popular culture

Film

Films at least partially filmed in Darien with release date include:[63]

Literature

References

  1. ↑ "Darien News Election Results". Darien News.
  2. ↑ "Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), Darien town, Connecticut". U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder 2. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Top-earning towns". CNN. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
  4. ↑ Adapted from: Case, Henry Jay and Cooper, Simon W: Town of Darien. Darien, Connecticut: The Darien Community Association, 1935
  5. ↑ Darien Historical Society Web site
  6. ↑ Loewen, James W. Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. Print.
  7. ↑ Jenkins, Stephen, The Old Boston Post Road, (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1913), as quoted at a Web page titled "Darien: Stephen Jenkins' Darien, 1913" at the ""USGenWeb Project" Web site. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
    The village of Darien, Wisconsin shares this pronunciation;
  8. ↑ See æ-tensing.
  9. ↑ "The town name that sounds like a milk maid", "Grapevine" column, The Fairfield County Business Journal, July 10, 2006
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prevost, Lisa, "A Haven for Both Sailors and Commuters", The New York Times, December 14, 2003, accessed online on April 10, 2008
  11. ↑ "Average weather for Darien, CT". weather.com. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  14. ↑ Darien town, Fairfield County, Connecticut – Fact Sheet – American FactFinder. Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2010-12-21.
  15. ↑ "Darien Government Guide: 2006", a brochure published by the League of Women Voters of Darien
  16. ↑ Revitalization: Town of Darien Annual Report, 2004–2005, page24
  17. ↑ Shultz, Susan. Klein’s era ends. Darien Times, November 6, 2009Accessed: 2009-11-12. (Archived by WebCite at )
  18. ↑ Office, Enter your Company or Top-Level. "OPM: Mill Rates". www.ct.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  19. ↑ "16 Lowest Mill Rates in Connecticut | Patch". Brookfield, CT Patch. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  20. ↑ "Jetblue 2002 Annual Report." JetBlue. Retrieved on January 29, 2009.
  21. ↑ "JetBlue Plants Its Flag in New York City with New Headquarters Location." JetBlue Airways. March 22, 2010. Retrieved on July 7, 2010.
  22. ↑ http://www.darientimes.com/18889/u-s-news-ranks-darien-high-school-no-1-in-state/
  23. ↑ Liebeskind, Ken. "Weston Is Second Wealthiest U.S. School District". The Weston Daily Voice. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  24. ↑ Pear Tree Point School Web site
  25. ↑ http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2012/11/industry-news/lj-index-2012-the-star-libraries/#1M4M
  26. ↑ Darien EMS
  27. ↑ Connecticut Department of Health Emergency Medical Technician Application Form. Accessed online May 2, 2007
  28. ↑ Ginocchio, Mark, "I-95 ramp in Darien may close for work", article in The Advocate of Stamford, Connecticut, pp 1, A4
  29. ↑ Lucas, Jonathan, "I-95 lanes open in time for holidays: Project aims to ease congestion in Darien", article in The Advocate of Stamford, Connecticut, December 8, 2007, pp 1, A4, Norwalk edition
  30. 1 2 Prevost, Lisa, "Living In/Tokeneke, in Darien, Conn.; Like Stepping Into a (Very Expensive) Painting", article in The New York Times, May 15, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
  31. ↑ including: *Roger H. Clark and Michael Pause, Precedents in Architecture, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985, ISBN 0-442-21668-8 (plan and section diagrams, p154); *Peter Gossel and Gabriele Leuthauser, Architecture in the Twentieth Century, Germany: Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1991. ISBN 3-8228-0550-5 (large color exterior photo, p280); *Paul Heyer, American Architecture: Ideas and Ideologies in the Late Twentieth Century, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993 ISBN 0-442-01328-0 (exterior photo of transparent facade, p167); *William S. Saunders, Modern Architecture—Photographs by Ezra Stoller, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-8109-3816-2 (exterior photo, p200, 202; interior, p201; many small photos, p212–213)
  32. ↑ "Great Buildings" Web site, accessed July 19, 2006, quoting from Richard Meier. Richard Meier, Architect. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
  33. ↑ Darien Community YMCA Web site. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
  34. ↑ YWCA of Darien-Norwalk Website of the YWCA of Darien-Norwalk
  35. ↑ "History" page at The Depot Web site. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
  36. 1 2 3 Revitalization: Town of Darien Annual Report, 2004–2005, page 11
  37. ↑ Ox Ridge Hunt Club Ox Ridge Hunt Club Web site
  38. 1 2 Case, Henry J. and Cooper, Simon W. Town of Darien: Founded 1641, Incorporated 1820, Darien Community Association, 1935, p. 86, HEREAFTER Case
  39. ↑ Case, p. 20
  40. ↑ See "The Tokeneke Club a family album 1907–1987," with information compiled by long-time Tokeneke (private roads) resident and Tokeneke Club member Kay Oresman.
  41. ↑ "Darien: 1641–1820–1970: Historical Skteches," edited by Bertha Mather McPherson, published by the Darien Community Association, 1970; "A Brief History of Darien," by Louise H. McLean, p. 17, hereafter McLean
  42. ↑ McLean, p. 17
  43. ↑ Case, pp. 26–27
  44. ↑ Chambers, Marcia (March 28, 1997). "Female Golfers Are Challenging Country Club Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  45. ↑ Case, p. 28
  46. ↑ Coburn, Michael, "1,300 equestrians compete at Ox Ridge this weekend", article in The Darien Times, June 14, 2007, page 8A
  47. ↑ Web page for The Center for Hope. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  48. ↑ "Mission" Web page, Children's Council of Darien. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  49. ↑ "History" and "Financial Information" Web pages at the Community Fund of Darien Web site, accessed May 20, 2009
  50. ↑ "About" Web page at the CTE Web site. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  51. ↑ Main Web page, Darien Book Aid Plan. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  52. ↑ Web site of the Darien Community Association, accessed April 12, 2007 Archived February 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  53. ↑ News release titled "Darien and Stamford Red Cross Chapters to Merge", dated November 15, 2007; from main Web page of the "American Red Cross Darien/Stamford Chapter". Retrieved April 11, 2007.
  54. ↑ "Mission" and "Overview" Web pages at the Junior League of Stamford-Norwalk Web site, accessed May 20, 2009 Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ↑ Web site, Person-to-Person
  56. ↑ Town of Darien: Government Access Television (TV79)
  57. 1 2 Lisa Prevost "Snob zones: Fear, money and real estate" Salon, 30 July 2013
  58. ↑ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York: The New Press. p. 218. ISBN 156584887X.
  59. ↑ Prevost, Lisa (2010-10-08). "A Fair-Housing Inquiry in Darien". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  60. ↑ "Who Police Stop in Darien: By Race, Gender, Ethnicity | Patch". Darien, CT Patch. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
  61. ↑ Son, Hugh (June 17, 2015). "JPMorgan Vice Chairman Jimmy Lee Dies Unexpectedly at Age 62". Bloomberg.
  62. ↑ "Helen Frankenthaler" at the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  63. ↑ Most Popular Titles With Location Matching "Darien, Connecticut, USA", IMDB.com
  64. ↑ caption for photographs by Paul Desmarais, staff photographer, The Advocate, of Stamford, Connecticut, June 20, 2007, page 1

External links

Shore of Darien, Connecticut by John Kensett
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