Potato chip

Potato chips / crisps

Potato chips/crisps
Course	Snack, side dish
Place of origin	England 1822 or Saratoga Springs, New York, United States, 1853
Serving temperature	Room temperature
Cookbook: Potato chips / crisps  Media: Potato chips / crisps

A potato chip (American English) or crisp (British English) is a thin slice of potato that has been deep fried, baked, kettle-cooked, or popped until crunchy. Potato chips are commonly served as a snack, side dish, or appetizer. The basic chips are cooked and salted; additional varieties are manufactured using various flavorings and ingredients including herbs, spices, cheeses, and artificial additives.

"Crisps", however, may also refer to many different types of savory snack products sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland, some made from potato, but some made from corn, tapioca, or other cereals, just as other varieties of chips are consumed in the United States.

Potato chips are a predominant part of the snack food market in Western countries. The global potato chip market generated total revenues of US$16.49 billion in 2005. This accounted for 35.5% of the total savory snacks market in that year ($46.1 billion).^[1]

History

The earliest known recipe for potato chips is in William Kitchiner's 1822 cookbook The Cook's Oracle, a bestseller in England and the United States; its recipe for "Potatoes fried in Slices or Shavings" reads "peel large potatoes, slice them about a quarter of an inch thick, or cut them in shavings round and round, as you would peel a lemon; dry them well in a clean cloth, and fry them in lard or dripping".^[2][3]

Early recipes for potato chips in the United States are found in Mary Randolph's Virginia House-Wife (1824),^[4] and in N.K.M. Lee's Cook's Own Book (1832),^[5] both of which explicitly cite Kitchiner.^[6]

Nonetheless, a legend associates the creation of potato chips with Saratoga Springs, New York, decades later.^[7] By the late 19th century, a popular version of the story attributed the dish to George Crum, a half African, half Native American cook^[8][9] at Moon's Lake House, who was trying to appease an unhappy customer on August 24, 1853.^[10] The customer kept sending his French-fried potatoes back, complaining that they were too thick.^[11] Frustrated, he sliced the potatoes razor thin, fried them until crisp and seasoned them with extra salt. To Crum's surprise, the customer loved them.^[12] They soon became called "Saratoga Chips",^[13] a name that persisted into at least the mid-20th century. A version of this story popularized in a 1973 national advertising campaign by St. Regis Paper Company, which manufactured packaging for chips, said that Crum's customer was Cornelius Vanderbilt.^[8] Crum was renowned as a chef and by 1860 owned his own lakeside restaurant, Crum's House,^[8] but he clearly did not create the potato chip: "...a thinly sliced potato cooked in hot oil and served sprinkled with salt existed before George Crum or his sister Katie Speck Wicks 'invented' the potato chip."^[14]

In the 20th century, potato chips spread beyond chef-cooked restaurant fare and began to be mass-produced for home consumption. The Dayton, Ohio-based Mike-sell's Potato Chip Company, founded in 1910, identifies as the "oldest potato chip company in the United States".^[15][16][17] New England-based Tri-Sum Potato Chips, originally founded in 1908 as the Leominster Potato Chip Company, in Leominster, Massachusetts claim to be America's first potato chip manufacturer.^[18][19] Chips sold in markets were usually sold in tins or scooped out of storefront glass bins and delivered by horse and wagon. The early potato chip bag was wax paper with the ends ironed or stapled together. At first, potato chips were packaged in barrels or tins, which left chips at the bottom stale and crumbled.

Kettle-cooked chips

Laura Scudder,^[20][21] an entrepreneur in Monterey Park, California, started having her workers take home sheets of wax paper to iron into the form of bags, which were filled with chips at her factory the next day. This pioneering method reduced crumbling and kept the chips fresh and crisp longer. This innovation, along with the invention of cellophane, allowed potato chips to become a mass-market product. Today, chips are packaged in plastic bags, with nitrogen gas blown in prior to sealing to lengthen shelf life, and provide protection against crushing.^[22][23]

Traditional chips were made by the "batch-style" process, where all chips are fried all at once at a low temperature and continuously raked to prevent them from sticking together. Industrial advance resulted in a shift to production by a "continuous-style" process, running chips through a vat of hot oil and drying them in a conveyor process. Consumer desire for original style chips resulted in the introduction of traditionally made "kettle-style" chips in the 2000s (known as hand-cooked in the UK/Europe).

Flavored chips

An advertisement for Smith's Potato Crisps

In an idea originated by the Smiths Potato Crisps Company Ltd, formed in 1920, Frank Smith packaged a twist of salt with his chips in greaseproof paper bags, which were sold around London.^[24]

The potato chip remained otherwise unseasoned until an innovation by Joe "Spud" Murphy, the owner of an Irish chip company called Tayto, who in the 1950s developed a technology to add seasoning during manufacture. After some trial and error, Murphy and his employee, Seamus Burke, produced the world's first seasoned chips: Cheese & Onion, Barbecue, and Salt & Vinegar.^[25] This innovation was notable in the food industry. Companies worldwide sought to buy the rights to Tayto's technique.^[26]

The first flavored chips in the United States, barbecue flavor, were being manufactured and sold by 1954.^[27][28][29] In 1958, Herr's was the first company to introduce barbecue-flavored potato chips in Pennsylvania.^[30]

Nomenclature

A Bangladeshi version of potato chips, marketed as 'potato crackers'

Little consistency exists in the English-speaking world for names of fried potato slices, thick or thin. American and Canadian English use "chips" for the above-mentioned dish — this term is also used (but not universally) in other parts of the world, due to the influence of American culture — and sometimes "crisps" for the same made from batter.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, "crisps" are potato chips which are eaten cold, whilst "chips" are similar to french fries (as in "fish and chips") and are served hot. In Australia, some parts of South Africa, New Zealand, India, the general West Indies especially in Barbados, both forms of potato product are simply known as "chips", as are the larger "home-style" potato crisps. In the north of New Zealand, they are known as "chippies", but are marketed as "chips" throughout the country. In Australia and New Zealand, sometimes the distinction is made between "hot chips" (fried potatoes) and "potato chips". In Bangladesh, they are generally known as "chip" or "chips", and much less frequently as "crisps" (pronounced "kirisp") and locally, alu bhaja (for their similarity to the native potato bhajji).

In German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland: "Kartoffelchips") and in countries of the former SFR Yugoslavia, fried thin potato slices are known as "chips" (locally pronounced very similar to the actual English pronunciation), with a clear distinction from french fries. In Brazil, "home-style" potato chips are known as batatas portuguesas ("Portuguese potatoes") if their sides are relatively smooth and batatas prussianas ("Prussian potatoes") if their sides show a wafer biscuit-like pattern, whilst American-like industrial uniform potato chips made from a fried potato purée-based dough are known as "batata chips" ("potato chips"), or just "chips".

Health concerns

A big concern about the nutrition of potato chips is that because they are usually made with salt, they contain substantial levels of sodium. This had been linked to health issues such as high blood pressure, and potato chips' taste appeal caused people to overeat and become obese. Researchers at Queen Mary, University of London in 2004 noted, though, that a small "bag of ready-salted crisps" contains less salt than a serving of "Special K, All-Bran, Golden Grahams, Cheerios, Shreddies, and every brand of cornflakes on sale in the UK."^[31]

Some potato chip companies have responded to the criticism by investing in research and development to modify existing recipes and create health-conscious products. Kettle Foods was founded in 1978 and currently sells only trans fat–free products, including potato chips. PepsiCo research shows that about 80% of salt on chips is not sensed by the tongue before being swallowed. Frito-Lay spent $414 million in 2009 on product development, including development of salt crystals that would reduce the salt content of Lay's potato chips without adversely affecting flavor.^[32]

Also, the option of unsalted chips is available, e.g. the longstanding British brand Salt 'n' Shake, whose chips are not seasoned, but instead include a small salt sachet in the bag, such that the chips can be salted as much or as little as the purchaser would like.

Regional varieties

Salt and vinegar is a common flavor of chip in the United Kingdom.

• In Canada, seasonings include dill pickle,^[33] ketchup,^[33][34] barbecue, all dressed, salt and vinegar, and sour cream and onion. ("All dressed" have salt, vinegar and ketchup seasoning.) In 2006, Lay's introduced wasabi chips in Toronto and Vancouver,^[35] but no longer offers them.^[36] Loblaw, Canada's largest food retailer, offers several unusual flavors under its President's Choice brand, including poutine, maple bacon, Jamaican jerk chicken, Greek feta and olive, ballpark hot dog, and barbeque baby back ribs.^[37]
• In Hong Kong, the two prominent potato chips are the spicy "Ethnican" variety by Calbee,^[38] and barbecue by Jack'n Jill. Lay's are also popular in Hong Kong.
• In Ireland the two main flavors are cheese and onion, and salt and vinegar. However in Ireland, the word "Tayto" is synonymous with potato chips after the Tayto brand and can be used to describe all varieties of chips, including those not produced by Tayto. Owing to the dominance of Tayto in the Irish market, the word has become a genericized trademark. Hunky Dorys and King crisps are other popular Irish brands.
• In Germany, only two flavors were traditionally available, red paprika (paprika, sometimes also called ungarisch) and ready salted (gesalzen). These are still by far the most common and popular types, but in recent years, some vendors started to offer a number of other flavors such as sour cream & onion, cheese, oriental, or more exotic seasonings like "chakalaka", "currywurst", "pommes" (french fries), "Rot-weiss" (red and white - french fries with tomato ketchup and mayonnaise). Potato chips made from ground potatoes are called Stapelchips rather than Kartoffelchips for legal reasons.
• In Colombia, lemon, chicken, chorizo, and sirloin steak with mushroom sauce flavored potato chips are sold.^[39]

A bowl of pizza-flavored chips in Japan

• In Japan, flavors include nori and shiyo, consommé, wasabi, soy sauce and butter, garlic, plum, barbecue, pizza, mayonnaise, and black pepper. Chili, scallop with butter, teriyaki, takoyaki and yakitori chip flavors are also available. Major manufacturers are Calbee,^[40] Koikeya^[41] and Yamayoshi. Chips are called chippu (チップ).
• The market in the United Kingdom is dominated by Walkers, which holds 58% of the British crisp market.^[42] Walkers is known for its wide variety of potato chips. The three main flavors are ready salted, cheese and onion, and salt and vinegar; however, other examples are prawn cocktail, Worcester sauce, roast chicken, steak and onion, smoky bacon, lamb and mint, ham and mustard, barbecue, BBQ rib, tomato ketchup, sausage and ketchup, pickled onion, Branston pickle, and Marmite. More exotic flavors are Thai sweet chili, roast pork and creamy mustard sauce, lime and Thai spices, chicken with Italian herbs, sea salt and cracked black pepper, turkey and bacon, caramelized onion and sweet balsamic vinegar, Stilton and cranberry, mango chili, and special flavors such as American cheeseburger and English roast beef and Yorkshire pudding.^[43] Kettle Foods Ltd's range of thick-cut crunchy potato chips include gourmet flavors: Mexican limes with a hint of chilli, salsa with mesquite, buffalo mozzarella tomato and basil, mature cheddar with Adnams Broadside Beer, Soulmate cheeses, and onion. McCoys Crisps are also popular in the UK. In the north of England, Seabrook Potato Crisps are popular, but they are much less common in the south.
• In the United States, popular potato chip flavorings include sour cream and onion, dill pickle, barbecue, ranch dressing, salt and vinegar, cheddar, and lemon-lime.^[44] In the Gulf South, Zapp's Potato Chips of Gramercy, Louisiana, manufactures kettle-fried chips with regional flavors such as Crawtator, Cajun dill, Voodoo, and Creole onion.^[45]

Similar foods

Pringles potato chips are uniform in size and shape, which allows them to be stacked.

Another type of potato chip, notably the Pringles and Lay's Stax brands, is made by extruding or pressing a dough made from ground potatoes into the desired shape before frying. This makes chips that are uniform in size and shape, which allows them to be stacked and packaged in rigid tubes. In America, the official term for Pringles is potato crisps, but they are rarely referred to as such. Conversely, Pringles may be termed potato chips in Britain, to distinguish them from traditional "crisps". Munchos, another brand that uses the term potato crisps, has deep air pockets in its chips that give it a curved shape, though the chips themselves resemble regular bagged chips.

An additional variant of potato chips exists in the form of "potato sticks", also called shoestring potatoes. These are made as extremely thin (2 to 3 mm) versions of the popular French fry, but are fried in the manner of regular salted potato chips. A hickory-smoke-flavored version is popular in Canada, going by the vending machine name "Hickory Sticks". Potato sticks are typically packaged in rigid containers, although some manufacturers use flexible pouches, similar to potato chip bags. Potato sticks were originally packed in hermetically sealed steel cans. In the 1960s, manufacturers switched to the less expensive composite canister (similar to the Pringles container). Reckitt Benckiser was a market leader in this category under the Durkee Potato Stix and French's Potato Sticks names, but exited the business in 2008. In 2014, French's reentered the market.

A larger variant (about 1 cm thick) made with dehydrated potatoes is marketed as Andy Capp's Pub Fries, using the theme of a long-running British comic strip, which are baked and sold in a variety of flavors. Walkers make a similar product (using the Smiths brand) called "Chipsticks" which are sold in ready-salted and salt and vinegar flavors.

Some companies have also marketed baked potato chips as an alternative with lower fat content. Additionally, some varieties of fat-free chips have been made using artificial, and indigestible, fat substitutes. These became well known in the media when an ingredient many contained, Olestra, was linked in some individuals to abdominal discomfort and loose stools.^[46]

Flavored corn chips such as Fritos are an outgrowth of traditional fried tortilla chips.

Americans' appetite for crispy snacks gave birth to the packaged, flavored corn chips, with such brands as Fritos, CC's, and Doritos dominating the market. "Swamp chips" are similarly made from a variety of root vegetables, such as parsnips, rutabagas, and carrots. Japanese-style variants include extruded chips, like products made from rice or cassava. In South Indian snack cuisine, an item called happla in Kannada/vadam in Tamil, is a chip made of an extruded rice-sago or multigrain base that has been around for many centuries.

Many other products might be called "crisps" in Britain, but would not be classed as "potato chips" because they are not made with potato or are not chipped (for example, Wotsits, Quavers, Skips, Hula Hoops, and Monster Munch).

Kumara (sweet potato) chips are eaten in Korea, New Zealand, and Japan; parsnip, beetroot, and carrot crisps are available in the United Kingdom. India is famous for a large number of localized 'chips shops', selling not only potato chips, but also other varieties such as plantain chips, tapioca chips, yam chips, and even carrot chips. Plantain chips, also known as chifles or tostones, are also sold in the Western Hemisphere from Canada to Chile. In the Philippines, banana chips can be found sold at local stores. In Kenya, chips are made from arrowroot and casava. In the United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, and Australia, a new variety of Pringles made from rice has been released and marketed as lower in fat than its potato counterparts.

Production

• The process of making chips
• 

  Potato is sliced by rotating the blade

• 

  Long and narrow slices are produced

• 

  The potato slices are fried in hot oil

• 

  Frying takes several minutes

• 

  The finished product

See also

• Beer Chips
• Chips and dip
• List of American foods
• List of deep fried foods
• List of potato dishes
• Papadum
• Vegetable chips

References

1. "PotatoPro/Datamonitor". Potatopro.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
2. Berry, Steve & Norman, Phil (2014-07-14). "'Crisps buoyed Britain in its darkest hour'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
3. Kitchiner, William (1822). The Cook's Oracle: Containing Receipts for Plain Cookery on the Most ... A. Constable & Company, Edinburgh, and Hurst, Robinson & Company, Cheap-sid. p. 208. OCLC 3878292. Potatoes fried in Slices or Shavings
4. Randolph, Mary (1838) [1824]. The Virginia Housewife: or Methodical Cook. Baltimore: John Plaskitt. p. 97. OCLC 57123160. To Fry Sliced Potatos [sic]
5. Lee, N.K.M. (A Boston Housekeeper) (1832). The Cook's Own Book: Being A Complete Culinary Encyclopedia: Comprehending All Valuable Receipts For Cooking Meat, Fish, And Fowl, And Composing Every Kind Of Soup, Gravy, Pastry, Preserves, Essences, &c. That Have Been Published Or Invented During The Last Twenty Years. Particularly The Very Best Of Those In The Cook's Oracle, Cook's Dictionary, And Other Systems Of Domestic Economy.Diamond Mb With Numerous Original Receipts, And a Complete System of Confectionery. Boston: Munroe and Francis; New York: Charles E. Francis and David Felt. p. 192. OCLC 56906530. Potatoes Fried In Slices Or Ribbons
6. McWilliams, Mark (2012). The Story Behind the Dish: Classic American Foods. ABC-CLIO. p. 186. ISBN 9780313385100.
7. Smith, Merril D. (2013). History of American Cooking. ABC-CLIO. p. 93. ISBN 9780313387111.
8. Fox, William S. & Banner, Mae G. (April 1983). "Social and Economic Contexts of Folklore Variants: The Case of Potato Chip Legends". Western Folklore (Western States Folklore Society) 42 (2): 114–126. JSTOR 1499968.
9. Upton, Kim (2003-07-03). "Any Way You Slice It, Potato Chip's Going Strong After 150 Years". Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel.
10. Henley, Jon (2010-09-01). "Crisps: a very British habit | Life and style". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
11. "George Crum: Inventor of Potato Chips". Black-inventor.com. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
12. McNulty, Mary F. "How potato chip is made - used, processing, product, machine, Raw Materials, The Manufacturing Process, Quality Control, Byproducts/Waste, The Future". Madehow.com. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
13. "Civil War Recipes and Food History - The Potato During the Civil War". Civilwarinteractive.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
14. D'Ambrosio, Brian. From Football to Fig Newtons: 76 American Inventors and The Inventions You Know By Heart. Lulu.com (self-published). p. 61. ISBN 9781105737725.
15. "About Us". Mike-sell's. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
16. Katz, Marc (2010-05-16). "Mike-Sell’s celebrating 100 years of potato chips; The company could be the oldest continuous potato chip operation in world". Dayton Daily News.
17. Cogliano, Joe (2012-05-14). "Mike-sell’s names new CEO". Dayton Business Journal.
18. Harmon, John E. "Potato Chips". Atlas of Popular Culture in the Northeastern US. Archived from the original on 2011-02-20. Retrieved 2014-12-31.
19. Radvon, Erik (2008-10-17). "Tri-Sum Chips celebrates 100 years: Leominster staple is oldest surviving potato chip in America". Leominster Champion.
20. "Our History". Laura Scudder's. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
21. Hudson, Berkley (1989-04-09). "Laura Scudder Was More Than a Name: Monterey Park Will Honor 'Pioneer, Instigator, Doer' Who Helped Create Snack-Food Industry". Los Angeles Times.
22. "The History and Origin of Potato Chips". Students.cup.edu. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
23. Singh, Maanvi (2014-07-24). "The Weird, Underappreciated World Of Plastic Packaging". NPR. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
24. "BBC h2g2 Potato Crisps - A History". BBC. 2006-12-07. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
25. "Joe 'Spud' Murphy: The Man Who Gave Potato Chips Flavor". Huffington Post. 2012-04-20.
26. Hochman, Karen. "A History of the Potato Chip: Page 4: The First Salted & Flavored Potato Chips". The Nibble.
27. Pease, Sue (2002-08-05). "Lays flavor is chip off the Memphis barbecue block". Memphis Daily News.
28. Atwood, Liz (2003-07-02). "Palate-pleasing Chips: Snack Phenomenon Comes In All Flavors, Shapes And Colors". Newport News Daily Press.
29. Martin, Chuck (2003-06-18). "Ohio cashes in on chips". Cincinnati Enquirer.
30. Weaver, Kyle R. (Summer 2012). "Snackin' - Pennsylvania Style!". Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine. XXXIII (3).
31. "Health hazard hidden in breakfast bowls". Action on Salt. Queen Mary University of London. 2004-11-12.
32. McKay, Betsy (2010-03-22). "PepsiCo Develops 'Designer Salt' to Chip Away at Sodium Intake". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
33. "Martin Short partners with the Lay's® brand and invites Canadians to create the brand's next big flavour" (Press release). PepsiCo Canada. 2013-02-04.
34. Weisblott, Marc (2013-06-03). "The mystery of the history of ketchup chips in Canada". Postmedia News.
35. Hoffman, Andy (2006-02-21). "Frito Lay perks up chips". The Globe and Mail.
36. "Lay's Canadian website". Retrieved 2012-10-21.
37. "PC World of Flavours Maple Bacon Potato Chips". Maxi (Canadian supermarket).
38. "Calbee Four Seas Co. Ltd.". Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
39. "Super Ricas Productos". Super Ricas. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
40. "Calbee カルビー株式会社". Calbee. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
41. "株式会社湖池屋｜総合スナックメーカーのコイケヤ". Koikeya.co.jp. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
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43. "Walkers Flavour Cup". Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
44. "LAY'S". Frito-Lay. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
45. "Zapp's Potato Chips". Zapps.com. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
46. "New Fat-free Product on the Market". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Summer 1998. Archived from the original on 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2009-05-26.

Further reading

• Banham, Rayner (1977) "The Crisp at the Crossroads", in P. Barker (ed) Arts in Society. London: Fontana.
• Jones, Charlotte Foltz (1991). Mistakes That Worked. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-26246-9. – Origins of potato chips.
• Burhans, Dirk E. (2008). Crunch!: a history of the great American potato chip. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299227708.

External links