Bayonne

For other uses, see Bayonne (disambiguation).
Bayonne

The city hall

Coat of arms
Bayonne

Coordinates: 43°29′N 1°29′W / 43.49°N 1.48°W / 43.49; -1.48Coordinates: 43°29′N 1°29′W / 43.49°N 1.48°W / 43.49; -1.48
Country France
Region Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes
Department Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Arrondissement Bayonne
Canton Chief town of 3 cantons
Intercommunality Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz
Government
 • Mayor (2008–2014) Jean Grenet (Radical-UMP)
Area1 21.68 km2 (8.37 sq mi)
Population (2012)2 45,855
 • Density 2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code 64102 / 64100
Elevation 0–55 m (0–180 ft)
(avg. 4 m or 13 ft)

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Bayonne (French pronunciation: ​[bajɔn]; Gascon: Baiona [baˈjunɔ]; Basque: Baiona [baiona]; Spanish: Bayona) is a city and commune and one of the two sub-prefectures of the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Aquitaine region of south-western France.[1] It is located at the confluence of the Nive and Adour rivers in the northern part of the cultural region of Basque Country as well as the southern part of Gascony where the Aquitaine basin joins the beginning of the Pre-Pyrenees.

Together with nearby Anglet, Biarritz, Saint-Jean-de-Luz, and several smaller communes, Bayonne forms an urban area with 288,359 inhabitants at the 2012 census,[2] 45,855 of whom lived in the city of Bayonne proper.[3]

The communes of Bayonne, Biarritz, and Anglet have joined into an intercommunal entity called the Agglomération Côte Basque-Adour (formerly Communauté d'agglomération de Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz (BAB) prior to 2010).[4]

The site on the left bank of the Nive and the Adour was probably occupied before ancient times as a fortified enclosure was attested in the 1st century at the time when the Tarbelli occupied the territory. Archaeological studies have confirmed the presence of a Roman castrum, a stronghold in Novempopulania at the end of the 4th century before the city was populated by the Vascones.

In 1023 Bayonne was the capital of Labourd and, in the 12th century, extended to and beyond the Nive. At that time the first bridge was built over the Adour. The city came under the domination of the English in 1152 through the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine: it became militarily and, above all, commercially important thanks to maritime trade. It was separated from the Viscount of Labourd in 1177 by Richard the Lion Heart. In 1451 the city was taken by the Crown of France after the Hundred Years War. The loss of trade with the English and the silting up of the river as well as the movement of the city towards the north weakened it. The district of Saint-Esprit developed anyway thanks to the arrival of a Jewish population fleeing the Spanish Inquisition. From this community Bayonne gained its reputation for chocolate. The course of the Adour was changed in 1578 under the direction of Louis de Foix and the river returned to its former mouth, returning business lost to Bayonne lost business for over a hundred years. In the 17th century the city was fortified by Vauban. In 1814 Bayonne and its surroundings were the scene of fighting between the Napoleonic troops and the Spanish-Anglo-Portuguese coalition led by the Duke of Wellington: the city then underwent its final siege.

In 1951 the Lacq gas field was discovered whose extracted sulphur and associated oil are shipped from the port of Bayonne. During the second half of the 20th century many housing estates were built forming new districts on the periphery and the city was extended to form a conurbation with Anglet and Biarritz: this agglomeration became the heart of a vast Basque-Landes urban area.

Bayonne was, in 2014, a commune with over 45,000 inhabitants, the heart of the urban area of Bayonne and of the Agglomeration Côte Basque-Adour which includes Anglet and Biarritz. It is an important part of the Basque Bayonne-San Sebastián Eurocity and it plays the role of economic capital of the Adour basin. Modern industry - metallurgy and chemicals - are established to take advantage of procurement opportunities and sea shipments through the harbour. It is now mostly business services which today represent the largest source of employment. Bayonne is also a cultural capital, a city with strong Basque and Gascon influences and a rich historical past. Its heritage lies in its architecture, the diversity of collections in museums, its gastronomic specialties, and traditional events such as the famous Fêtes de Bayonne.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bayonnais or Bayonnaises.[5]

Geography

Bayonne is located in the south-west of France on the western border between Basque Country and Gascony. It developed at the confluence of the Adour and its tributary on the left bank, the Nive, 6 km from the Atlantic coast. The commune was part of the Basque province of Labourd.

Mapping

A list of online mapping systems can be displayed by clicking on the coordinates (latitude and longitude) in the top right hand corner of this article.

Neighbouring communes and villages

 Boucau Tamos Saint-Martin-de-Seignanx
Anglet Saint-Barthelemy
   Bayonne  
Bassussarry Villefranque Lahonce

[6]

Geology and relief

Bayonne occupies a territory characterized by a flat relief to the west and to the north towards the Landes forest, tending to slightly raise towards the south and east. The city has developed at the confluence of the Adour and Nive 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the ocean. The meeting point of the two rivers coincides with a narrowing of the Adour valley. Above this the alluvial plain extends for nearly thirty kilometres (19 miles) towards both Tercis-les-Bains and Peyrehorade, and is characterized by swampy meadows called barthes which are influenced by floods and high tides.[Note 1] Downstream from this point the river has shaped a large bed in the sand dunes creating a significant bottleneck at the confluence.

The occupation of the hill that dominates this narrowing of the valley developed through a gradual spread across the lowlands by building embankments and the aggradation from flood soil.[PH 1]

The Nive has played a leading role in the development of the Bayonne river system in recent geological time by the formation of alluvial terraces that form the sub-soil of Bayonne beneath the surface accumulations of silt and aeolian sands.[PH 2] The drainage network of the western Pre-Pyrenees evolved mostly from the Quaternary from south-east to northwest oriented east-west. The Adour was then captured by the gaves and this system, together with the Nive, led to the emergence of a new alignment of the lower Adour and the Adour-Nive confluence. This capture has been dated to the early Quaternary (80,000 years ago).[PH 2]

Before this capture the Nive had deposited pebbles from the Mindel glaciation of medium to large sizes that slowed erosion of the hills causing the bottleneck at Bayonne. After the deposit of the lowest alluvial terrace (10 to 15 metres (33–49 feet) high at Grand Bayonne), the course of the Adour became fixed in its lower reaches.[PH 2]

Subsequent to these deposits there was a rise in sea level in the Holocene period (from 15,000 to 5000 years ago) which explains the invasion of the lower valleys with fine sand, peat, and mud with a thickness of more than 40 metres (130 feet) below the current bed of the Adour and the Nive in Bayonne. These same deposits are spread across the barthes.[PH 1]

In the late Quaternary the topographic physiognomy we know today was formed - i.e. a set of hills overlooking a swampy lowland. The promontory of Bassussarry - Marracq ultimately extended to the labourdin foothills, dying out at the Grand Bayonne hill is an example. Similarly, on the right bank of the Nive, the heights of Château-Neuf (Mocoron Hill) met the latest advance of the plateau of Saint-Pierre-d'Irube (height 30 to 35 metres (98–115 feet)).[PH 1] On the right bank of the Adour the heights of Castelnau (today the citadel) with an altitude of 35 to 40 metres (115–131 feet), and Fort (today Saint-Esprit) with an altitude of 20 to 25 metres (66–82 feet) rise above the Barthes of the Adour, the Nive, Bourgneuf, Saint-Frédéric, Sainte-Croix, Aritxague, and Pontots.[PH 1]

The area of the commune is 2,168 hectares (5,360 acres) and its altitude varies between 0 to 55 metres (0–180 feet).[7]

Hydrography

The confluence of the Adour and the Nive from the right bank of the Adour.

The city is traversed by the Adour.[8] The river is part of the Natura 2000 network from its source at Bagnères-de-Bigorre to its exit to the Atlantic Ocean after Bayonne, between Tarnos (Landes) for the right bank and Anglet (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) for the left bank.[9][10]

Apart from the Nive, which converges on the left bank of the Adour after 79.3 kilometres (49.3 miles) of a sometimes tumultuous course, two tributaries join the Adour in Bayonne commune: the Ruisseau de Portou and the Ruisseau du Moulin Esbouc. Tributaries of the Nive are the Ruisseau de Hillans and the Ruisseau d'Urdaintz which both rise in the commune.[11]

Climate

The nearest weather station is that of Biarritz-Anglet.

The climate of Bayonne is relatively similar to that of its neighbour Biarritz, described below, with fairly heavy rainfall; The oceanic climate is due to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The average winter temperature is around 8 °C and is around 20 °C in summer. The lowest temperature recorded was -12.7 °C on 16 January 1985 and the highest 40.6 °C on 4 August 2003. Rains on the Basque coast are rarely persistent except during winter storms. They often take the form of intense thunderstorms of short duration.

Town Sunshine

(hours/yr)		 Rain

(mm/yr)		Snow

(days/yr)		 Storm

(days/yr)		Fog

(days/yr)
National Average 1,973 770142240
Bayonne[13] 1920 14502.235.5 28.5
Paris 1,661 637 12 18 10
Nice 2,724 767 1 29 1
Strasbourg 1,693 665 29 29 56
Brest 1,605 1,211 7 12 75
Climate data for Biarritz
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.4
(74.1)		 28.9
(84)		 29.7
(85.5)		 32.1
(89.8)		 34.8
(94.6)		 39.2
(102.6)		 39.8
(103.6)		 40.6
(105.1)		 37
(99)		 32.2
(90)		 27.8
(82)		 25.1
(77.2)		 40.6
(105.1)
Average high °C (°F) 11.9
(53.4)		 12.5
(54.5)		 14.5
(58.1)		 15.9
(60.6)		 19
(66)		 21.6
(70.9)		 23.8
(74.8)		 24.3
(75.7)		 23
(73)		 19.9
(67.8)		 15.1
(59.2)		 12.2
(54)		 17.9
(64.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)		 8.8
(47.8)		 10.6
(51.1)		 12.2
(54)		 15.2
(59.4)		 17.9
(64.2)		 20.1
(68.2)		 20.5
(68.9)		 18.7
(65.7)		 15.8
(60.4)		 11.4
(52.5)		 8.8
(47.8)		 14.1
(57.4)
Average low °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5)		 5
(41)		 6.6
(43.9)		 8.4
(47.1)		 11.3
(52.3)		 14.2
(57.6)		 16.4
(61.5)		 16.6
(61.9)		 14.3
(57.7)		 11.6
(52.9)		 7.6
(45.7)		 5.3
(41.5)		 10.2
(50.4)
Record low °C (°F) −12.7
(9.1)		 −11.5
(11.3)		 −7.2
(19)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 3.3
(37.9)		 5.3
(41.5)		 9.2
(48.6)		 8.6
(47.5)		 5.3
(41.5)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −8.9
(16)		 −12.7
(9.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 134.4
(5.291)		 113.9
(4.484)		 112.2
(4.417)		 126.6
(4.984)		 117.9
(4.642)		 92.7
(3.65)		 71.5
(2.815)		 99.1
(3.902)		 121.4
(4.78)		 140.6
(5.535)		 184.3
(7.256)		 150.9
(5.941)		 1,465.1
(57.681)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 13.57 12.66 12.42 13.94 12.96 10.25 8.62 9.62 10.06 11.27 13.38 13.27 141.99
Mean monthly sunshine hours 97.1 110.2 160.2 169.7 193.9 207.6 226.2 211 193.2 150.9 106 90.7 1,918.3
Source #1: Meteorological data for Biarritz - 70m altitude, from 1963 to 2015 December 2015
Source #2: Record temperatures for Biarritz since 1956 December 2015

Communication and transport

Public transport around Bayonne: railway lines are black, the intercity bus lines Pyrénées-Atlantiques are green and those of Landes purple. The PTU (perimeter of urban transport, which operates the Chronoplus network is uncharted here) is bounded by a red line.
Means of transport (water, roads, bridges, and railways).

Road communications

Bayonne is located at the intersection of the A63 autoroute (Bordeaux-Spain) and the D1 extension of the A64 autoroute (towards Toulouse). The city is served by three interchanges - two of them on the A63: exit  6  (Bayonne Nord) serves the northern districts of Bayonne but also allows quick access to the centre while exit  5  (Bayonne Sud) provides access to the south and also serves Anglet. The third exit is the D1 / A64 via the Mousserolles interchange (exit  1  Bayonne Mousserolles) which links the district of the same name and also serves the neighbouring communes of Mouguerre and Saint-Pierre-d'Irube.

Bayonne was traversed by Route nationale 10 connecting Paris to Hendaye but this is now downgraded to a departmental road D810. Route nationale 117, linking Bayonne to Toulouse has been downgraded to departmental road D817.

Bridges

The Saint-Esprit bridge over the Adour.

There are several bridges over both the Nive and the Adour linking the various districts.

Coming from upstream on the Adour there is the A63 bridge, then the Saint-Frédéric bridge which carries the D 810, then the railway bridge that replaced the old Eiffel iron bridge, the Saint-Esprit bridge, and finally the Grenet bridge. The Saint-Esprit bridge connects the Saint-Esprit district to the Amiral-Bergeret dock just upstream of the confluence with the river Nive. In 1845 the old bridge, originally made ??of wood, was rebuilt in masonry with seven arches supporting a deck 230 metres (750 feet) wide.[FL 1] It was then called the Nemours Bridge in honour of Louis of Orleans, sixth Duke of Nemours, who laid the first stone. The bridge was finally called Saint-Esprit. Until 1868 the bridge had a moving span near the left bank. It was expanded in 1912 to facilitate the movement of horse-drawn carriages and motor vehicles.[FL 1]

On the Nive coming from upstream to downstream there is the A63 bridge then the Pont Blanc (White bridge)[Note 2] railway bridge, and then D810 bridge, the Génie bridge (or Pont Millitaire), the Pannecau bridge, the Marengo bridge[Note 3] leading to the covered markets, and the Mayou Bridge[Note 4] The Pannecau bridge was long named Bertaco bridge and was rebuilt in masonry under Napoleon III.[FL 2] According to François Lafitte Houssat, "[...] a municipal ordinance of 1327 provided for the imprisonment of any quarrellsome woman of bad character in an iron cage dropped into the waters of the Nive River from the bridge. The practice lasted until 1780 [...]"[FL 2] This punishment bore the evocative name of cubainhade.[DN 1]

Cycling network

The commune is traversed by the Vélodyssée. Bicycle paths are located along the left bank of the Adour, a large part of the left bank of the Nive, and along various axes of the city where there are some bicycle lanes. The city offers free bicycles on loan.[14]

Public transport

Urban network

Most of the lines of the Chronoplus bus network operated by the Transdev agglomeration of Bayonne link Bayonne to other communes in the urban transport perimeter: Anglet, Biarritz, Bidart, Boucau, Saint-Pierre-d'Irube and Tarnos[Note 5][15] The Bayonne free shuttle Bayonne serves the city centre (Grand and Petit Bayonne) by connecting several parking stations; other free shuttles perform other short trips within the commune.

Interurban networks

Bayonne is connected to many cities in the western half of the department such as Saint-Jean-de-Luz and Saint-Palais by the Pyrenees-Atlantiques long distance coach network of Transport 64 managed by the General Council. Since the network restructuring in the summer of 2013, the lines converge on Bayonne.[16] Bayonne is also served by services from the Landes departmental network, XL'R.[17]

Rail transport

The Gare de Bayonne is located in the Saint-Esprit district and is an important station on the Bordeaux-Irun railway. It is also the terminus of lines leading from Toulouse to Bayonne and from Bayonne to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. It is served by TGV, Intercités, Lunéa, and TER Aquitaine trains (to Hendaye, Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Dax, Bordeaux, Pau, and Tarbes).

Air transport

Bayonne is served by the Biarritz – Anglet – Bayonne Airport (IATA code: BIQ • ICAO code: LFBZ), located on the communal territories of Anglet and Biarritz.[Note 6] The airport was returned to service in 1954 after repair of damage from bombing during the Second World War.

Airport management is carried out by the joint association for the development and operation of the airport of Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne, which includes the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Bayonne Basque Country, the agglomeration of Côte Basque-Adour, the departments of Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Landes, and the commune of Saint-Jean-de-Luz. The airport of Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne had nearly 1.1 million passengers in 2013.[18] It has regular connections to Paris-Orly, Paris-CDG, Lyon, Nice, Geneva, and London Stansted and from March to October 2014 had connections with: Marseille, Strasbourg, Lille, Brussels South Charleroi Airport, Dublin, Stockholm-Skavsta, Stockholm-Arlanda, London-Gatwick, Copenhagen, Oslo, and Helsinki. Airline companies serving the airport at 1 November 2014 were: Air France, Etihad Regional, EasyJet, Finnair, Hop!, Ryanair, SAS, Twin Jet, and Volotea.[19]

Toponymy

Etymology

While the modern Basque spelling is Baiona and the same in Gascon Occitan,[20] "the name Bayonne poses a number of problems both historical and linguistic which have still not been clarified".[21] There are different interpretations of its meaning.

The termination -onne in Bayonne can come from many in hydronyms -onne or toponyms derived from that. In certain cases the element -onne follows an Indo-European theme: *ud-r/n (Greek húdōr giving hydro, Gothic watt meaning "water") hence *udnā meaning "water" giving unna then onno in the glossary of Vienne.[22] Unna therefore would refer to the Adour. This toponymic type evoking a river traversing a locality is common. The appellative unna seems to be found in the name of the Garonne (Garunna 1st century; Garonna 4th century). However it is possible to see a pre-Celtic suffix -ona in the name of the Charente (Karantona in 875) or the Charentonne (Carentona in 1050).[23]

It could also be an augmentative Gascon from the original Latin radical Baia- with the suffix -ona' in the sense of "vast expanse of water" or a name derived from the Basque bai meaning "river" and ona meaning "good", hence "good river".

The proposal by Eugene Goyheneche repeated by Manex Goyhenetche and supported by Jean-Baptiste Orpustan is bai una, "the place of the river" or bai ona "hill by the river" - Ibai means "river" in Basque and muinoa means "hill".

"It has perhaps been lost from sight that many urban place names in France, from north to south, came from the element Bay- or Bayon- such as: Bayons, Bayonville, Bayonvillers and pose the unusual problem of whether they are Basque or Gascon"

adds Pierre Hourmat.[PiH 1] However, the most ancient form of Bayonne: Baiona, clearly indicates a feminine or a theme of -a whereas this is not the case for Béon or Bayon. In addition, the Bayon- in Bayonville or Bayonvillers in northern France is clearly the personal Germanic name Baio.[24]

Old attestations

The names of the Basque province of Labourd and the locality of Bayonne have been attested from an early period with the place name Bayonne appearing in the Latin form Lapurdum after a period during which the two names could in turn designate a Viscounty or Bishopric.[25]

Labourd and Bayonne were synonymous and used interchangeably until the 12th century before being differentiated: Labord for the province and Bayonne for the city.[25] The attribution of Bayonne as Civitas Boatium, a place mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary and by Paul Raymond in his 1863 dictionary, has been abandoned. The city of the Boïates may possibly be La Teste-de-Buch but is certainly not Bayonne.[Note 7]

The following table details the origins of Labord, Bayonne, and other names in the commune.

Name Spelling Date Source Page Origin Description
Bayonne Tribunus cohortis Novempopulanoe: Lapurdo Raymond
24
 Notary of Provinces City
In provincia Novempopulana tribunus cohortis Novempopulanæ in Lapurdo 5th century Goyheneche
85-92
Lapurdum 6th century Raymond
24
 Gregory of Tours
Episcopatus Lasburdensis 983 Raymond
88
 Chapter
Sancta Maria Lasburdensis 983 Raymond
24
 Chapter
Sancta Maria Baionensis 1105 Raymond
24
 Cartulary
civitas de Baiona 1140 Raymond
24
 Cartulary
Baione 13th century Raymond
24
 Duchesne
Bayona 1248 Raymond
24
 Camara
Bayone 1253 Raymond
24
 Camara
Baionne 14th century Guiart
Bayonne 1750 Cassini 1750
Bayonne 1790 Cassini 1790
Baiona 19th century Lhande
Balichon Molendinum de la Mufala, Balaisson 1198 Raymond
24
 Cartulary Old mill
Balaichon 1259 Raymond
24
 Cartulary
Molin de le Muhale 1259 Raymond
24
 Cartulary
Molin de la Muffale 1259 Raymond
24
 Cartulary
lo pont de Belaischon 1259 Raymond
24
 Cartulary
Baleyson 1331 Raymond
20
 Gascon roles
Baleychoun 1334 Raymond
20
 Gascon roles
Bénac Bénac 1863 Raymond
27
 Farm
Bouroutchourry Bouroutchourry 1863 Raymond
35
 Farm
Glain Fons de Coquoanhea 1387 Raymond
72
 Chapter Farm
Camps 17th century Raymond
72
 Archives of Bayonne
Jean-d'Amou Jean-d'Amou 1863 Raymond
85
 Hamlet
Lachepaillet Lo portau de Lachepailhet 1516 Raymond
88
 Chapter District; it was once the name of one of the city gates which was previously called the Portail de Tarride.
Largenté Largenté 1863 Raymond
94
 Farm
Les Lauriers Les Lauriers 1863 Raymond
97
 Hamlet
Lesperon L'Esperon 1246 Raymond
100
 Cartulary Farm at Saint-Esprit
Les Murailles Les Murailles 1863 Raymond
120
 Farm
Panecau Port de Bertaco 13th century Raymond
131
 Cartulary Bridge
Pé-de-Navarre Pé-de-Navarre 1863 Raymond
133
 Farm
Château Weymann Château Weymann 1863 Raymond
175
 Château

Sources:

Origins:

History

Prehistory

In the absence of accurate objective data there is some credence to the probable existence of a fishing village on the site in a period prior to ancient times. Numerous traces of human occupation have been found in the Bayonne region from the Middle Paleolithic especially in the discoveries at Saint-Pierre-d'Irube, a neighbouring locality.[Note 8] On the other hand, the presence of a mound about 14 metres (46 feet) high has been detected in the current Cathedral Quarter overlooking the Nive which formed a natural protection and a usable port on the left bank of the Nive. At the time the mound was surrounded north and west by the Adour swamps. At its foot lies the famous "Bayonne Sea" - the junction of the two rivers - which may have been about 1,200 metres (3,900 feet) wide between Saint-Esprit and the Grand Bayonne and totally covered the current location of Bourg-Neuf (in the district of Petit Bayonne). To the south the last bend of the Nive widens near the Saint-Léon hills.[33][34] Despite this, the narrowing of the Adour valley allows easier crossing than anywhere else along the entire length of the estuary.[35]

In conclusion, the strategic importance of this height was so obvious it must be presumed that it has always been inhabited.[34]

Ancient times

Map of Novempopulania indicating the position of the Tarbelli territory north-west of the Pyrenees.

The oldest documented human occupation site is located on a hill overlooking the Nive and its confluence with the Adour.[PiH 1]

In the 1st century AD, during the Roman occupation, Bayonne already seems to have been of some importance since the Romans surrounded the city with a wall to keep out the Tarbelli, Aquitani, or the proto-Basque who then occupied a territory that extended south of modern-day Landes, to the modern French Basque country, the Chalosse, the valleys of the Adour, the mountain streams of Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, and to the Gave d'Oloron.[36]

The archaeological discoveries of October and November 1995 provided a shred of evidence to support this projection. In the four layers of sub-soil along the foundation of the Gothic cathedral (in the "apse of the cathedral" area) a 2-metre depth was found of old objects from the end of the 1st century - in particular sigillated Gallic ceramics from Montans imitating Italian styles, thin-walled bowls, and fragments of amphorae.[Note 9] In the "southern sector" near the cloister door there were objects from the second half of the 1st century as well as coins from the first half of the 3rd century.[37]

A very high probability of human presence, not solely military, seems to provisionally confirm the occupation of the site at least around the 3rd century.

A Roman castrum dating to the end of the 4th century has been proven as a fortified place of Novempopulania. Named Lapurdum, the name became the name of the province of Labourd.[Note 10] According to Eugene Goyheneche the name Baiona designated the city, the port, and the cathedral while that of Lapurdum was only a territorial designation.[38] This Roman settlement was strategic as it allowed the monitoring of the trans-Pyrenean roads and of local people rebellious to the Roman power. The construction covered 6 to 10 hectares according to several authors.[39] [Note 11] [Note 12]

Middle Ages

The geographical location of the locality at the crossroads of a river system oriented from east to west and the road network connecting Europe to the Iberian Peninsula from north to south predisposed the site to the double role of fortress and port.[EG 1] The city, after being Roman, alternated between the Vascones and the English for three centuries from the 12th to the 15th century.

The Romans left the city in the 4th century and the Basques, who had always been present, dominated the former Novempopulania province between the Garonne, the Ocean, and the Pyrénées. Novempopulania was renamed Vasconia and then Gascony after a Germanic deformation (resulting from the Visigoth and Frankish invasions). Basquisation of the plains region was too weak against the advance of romanization. From the mixture between the Basque and Latin language Gascon was created.[40]

Documentation on Bayonne for the period from the High Middle Ages are virtually nonexistent.[41] [Note 13][42] with the exception of two Norman intrusions: one questionable in 844 and a second attested in 892.[EG 2]

When Labourd was created in 1023 Bayonne was the capital and the Viscount resided there.[Note 14] The history of Bayonne proper started in 1056 when Raymond II the Younger, Bishop of Bazas, had the mission to build the Church of Bayonne[Note 15][EG 2]

The construction was under the authority of Raymond III of Martres, Bishop of Bayonne from 1122 to 1125, combined with Viscount Bertrand for the Romanesque cathedral, the rear of which can still be seen today, and the first wooden bridge across the Adour extending the Mayou bridge over the Nive, which inaugurated the heyday of Bayonne.[EG 2] From 1120 new districts were created under population pressure. The development of areas between the old Roman city of Grand Bayonne and the Nive also developed during this period, then between the Nive and the Adour at the place that became Petit Bayonne. A Jacobin Convent was located there in 1225 then that of the Cordeliers in 1247.[EG 2] Construction of and modifications to the defences of the city also developed to protect the new districts.[PiH 2]

In 1130 the King of Aragon Alfonso the Battler besieged the city without success. Bayonne came under English rule happens when the Eleanor of Aquitaine married Richard I of England in 1152.[PiH 3] This alliance gave Bayonne many commercial privileges. The Bayonnaises became carriers of Bordeaux wines and other south-western products like resin, ham, and woad to England.[EG 3] Bayonne was then an important military base. In 1177 King Richard separated the Viscounty of Labourd whose capital then became Ustaritz. Like many cities at the time, in 1215 Bayonne obtained the award of a municipal charter and was emancipated from feudal powers.[43]

The official publication in 1273 of a Coutume unique to the city, remained in force for five centuries until the separation of Bayonne from Labourd.[EG 4] [Note 16]

Bayonnaise industry at that time was dominated by shipbuilding: wood (oak, beech, chestnut from the Pyrenees, and pine from Landes) being overabundant.[EG 5] There was also maritime activity in providing crews for whaling, commercial marine or, and it was often so at a time when it was easy to turn any merchant ship into a warship, the English Royal Navy.[EG 6] [Note 17]

Renaissance and modern times

View of the ramparts overlooking the river.
Photographie d’une échauguette de pierre blanche se détachant au-dessus d’un pont.
The Bartizan on the Redoubt, restored in 2005.
The Ramparts of Bayonne.

Jean de Dunois - a former companion at arms of Joan of Arc - captured the city on 20 August 1451 and annexed it to the Crown "without making too many victims", but at the cost of a war indemnity of 40,000 gold Écus payable in a year,[PH 3] - thanks to the opportunism of the bishop who claimed to have seen "a large white cross surmounted by a crown which turns into a fleur-de-lis in the sky" to dissuade Bayonne from fighting against the royal troops.[Note 18] [PH 4]

The city continued to be fortified by the kings of France to protect it from danger from the Spanish border. In 1454 Charles VII created a separate judicial district: the Seneschal of Lannes[44] a "single subdivision of Guyenne during the English period" which had jurisdiction over a wide area including Bayonne, Dax and Saint-Sever and which exercised civil justice, criminal jurisdiction within the competence of the district councilors. Over time, the "Seneschal of the Sword" which was at Dax lost any role other than protocol and Bayonne, along with Dax and Saint-Sever, became the de facto seat of a separate Seneschal under the authority of a "lieutenant-general of the Seneschal".[PH 5]

In May 1462 King Louis XI authorized the holding of two annual fairs[Note 19] by letters patent after signing the Treaty of Bayonne after which it was confirmed by the coutoumes of the inhabitants in July 1472 following the death of Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry, the king's brother.[PH 6]

At the time the Spanish Inquisition raged in the Iberian Peninsula Jews left Spain, and especially Portugal, then settled in Saint-Esprit. They brought with them chocolate and the recipe for its preparation.[DN 2] The golden age of the city ended in the 15th century with the loss of trade with England and the silting of the port of Bayonne created by the movement of the course of the Adour to the north.[EG 7]

At the beginning of the 16th century Labourd saw the emergence of the plague. Its path can be tracked by reading the Registers.[45] In July 1515 the city of Bayonne was "prohibited to welcome people from plague-stricken places" and on 21 October, "we inhibit and prohibit all peasants and residents of this city [...] to go Parish Bidart [...] because of the contagion of the plague". On 11 April 1518 the plague raged in Saint-Jean-de-Luz and the city of Bayonne "inhibited and prohibited for all peasants and city inhabitants and other foreigners to maintain relationships at the location and Parish of Saint-Jean-de-Luz where people have died of the plague". On 11 November 1518 plague was present in Bayonne to the point that in 1519 the city council moved to the district of Brindos (Berindos at the time) in Anglet.[46]

In 1523 Marshal Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec resisted the Spaniards under Philibert of Chalon in the service of Charles V and lifted the siege of Bayonne.[PiH 4] It was at Château-Vieux that the ransom demand for the release of Francis I, taken prisoner after his defeat at the Battle of Pavia, was gathered.[PiH 4] [Note 20]

The meeting in 1565 between Catherine de Medici and the envoy of Philip II: the Duke of Alba, is known as the Interview of Bayonne. At the time that Catholics and Protestants tore each other apart in parts of the kingdom of France, Bayonne seemed relatively untouched by these troubles.[47] An iron fist from the city leaders did not appear to be unknown. In fact they never hesitated to use violence and criminal sanctions for keeping order in the name of the "public good".[48] Two brothers, Saubat and Johannes Sorhaindo who were both lieutenants of the mayor of Bayonne in the second half of the 16th century, perfectly embody this period. They often wavered between Catholicism and Protestantism but always wanted to ensure the unity and prestige of the city.[49]

In the 16th century the king's engineers, under the direction of Louis de Foix, were dispatched to rearrange the course of the Adour by creating an estuary to maintain the river bed. The river discharged in the right place to the Ocean on 28 October 1578.}[PH 7] The port of Bayonne then attained a greater level of activity. Fishing for cod and whale ensured the wealth of fishermen and shipowners.

From 1611-1612 the college Principal of Bayonne was a man of 26 years old with a future: Cornelius Jansen known as Jansénius, the future Bishop of Ypres. Bayonne became the birthplace of Jansenism, an austere science which strongly disrupted the monarchy of Louis XIV.[50][51]

During the sporadic conflicts that troubled the French countryside from the mid 17th century, Bayonne peasants were short of powder and projectiles. They do not like the long hunting knives in the barrels of their muskets so fashioned makeshift spears later called bayonets.[52] In that same century, Vauban was charged by Louis XIV to fortify the city. He added a citadel built on a hill overlooking the district of San Espirit Cap deou do Punt.[53]

The Redoubt, a system of fortifications destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century, seen from the Quaie de l'Amiral-Lesseps.

French Revolution and Empire

Activity in Bayonne peaked in the 18th century. The Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1726.[PiH 5] Trade with Spain, the Netherlands, the Antilles, the cod fishery off the shores of Newfoundland, and construction sites maintained a high level of activity in the port.[PH 8]

In 1792 the district of Saint-Esprit (that revolutionaries renamed Port-de-la-Montagne)[54] located on the right bank of the Adour, was separated from the city and renamed Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[55] It was reunited with Bayonne on 1 June 1857. For 65 years the autonomous commune was part of the department of Landes.[PiH 6]

In 1808 at the Château of Marracq the act of abdication of the Spanish king Charles IV in favour of Napoleon was signed under the "friendly pressure" of the Emperor. In the process the Bayonne Statute was initialed as the first Spanish constitution.[EG 8]

Also in 1808 the French Empire imposed on the Duchy of Warsaw the Convention of Bayonne to buy from France the debts owed to it by Prussia.[56] The debt, amounting to more than 43 million francs in gold, was bought at a discounted rate of 21 million francs.[56] However, although the duchy made its payments in installments to France over a four-year period, Prussia was unable to pay it (due to a very large indemnity it owed to France resulting from Treaties of Tilsit), causing the Polish economy to suffer heavily.

Trade was the wealth of the city in the 18th century but suffered greatly in the 19th century, severely sanctioned by conflicts with Spain, its historic trading partner for the region.[PiH 7] The Siege of Bayonne marked the end of the period with the surrender of the Napoleonic troops of Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult who were defeated by the coalition led by Wellington on 5 May 1814.[EG 9]

Contemporary period

The second Gare de Bayonne, photographed here in the 1930s.[Note 21]

In 1854 the railway arrived from Paris bringing many tourists eager to enjoy the beaches of Biarritz. Bayonne turned instead to the steel industry with the forges of the Adour.[Note 22] The Port took on an industrial look but its slow decline seemed inexorable in the 19th century. The discovery of the Lacq gas field restored a certain dynamism.

The Treaty of Bayonne was concluded on 2 December 1856. It overcame the disputes in fixing the Franco-Spanish border in the area extending from the mouth of the Bidassoa to the border between Navarre and Aragon.

The city built three light railway lines to connect to Biarritz at the beginning of the 20th century. The most direct line, that of the Tramway Bayonne-Lycée–Biarritz was operated from 1888 to 1948. In addition a line further north served Anglet, operated by the Chemin de fer Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz company from 1877 to 1953. Finally a line following the Adour to its mouth and to the Atlantic Ocean by the bar in Anglet, was operated by VFDM réseau basque from 1919 to 1948.

On the morning of 23 December 1933, sub-prefect Anthelme received Gustave Tissier, the director of the Crédit Municipal de Bayonne. He responded well, with some astonishment, to his persistent interview. It did not surprise him to see the man unpacking what became the scam of the century.

"Tissier, director of the Crédit Municipal, was arrested and imprisoned under suspicion of forgery and misappropriation of public funds. He had issued thousands of false bonds in the name of Crédit Municipal [...]"[Note 23]

This was the beginning of the Stavisky Affair which, together with other scandals and political crises, led to the Paris riots of 6 February 1934.[57][58]

The World Wars

The 249th Infantry Regiment, created from the 49th Infantry Regiment, was engaged in operations in the First World War, including action at Chemin des Dames, especially on the plateau of Craonne.[FL 3] 700 Bayonnaises perished in the conflict.[FL 3] [Note 24] A centre for engagement of foreign volunteers was established in August 1914 in Bayonne. Many nationalities were represented, particularly the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Czechs,[Note 25] and the Poles[Note 26] [FL 4]

During the Second World War Bayonne was occupied by the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf from 27 June 1940 to 23 August 1944.[PiH 8]

On 5 April 1942 the Allies made a landing attempt in Bayonne but after a barge penetrated the Adour with great difficulty, the operation was canceled.[59]

On 21 August 1944, after blowing up twenty ships in port,[60] German troops withdrew. On the 22nd a final convoy of five vehicles passed through the city. It transported Gestapo Customs agents and some elements of the Feldgendarmerie. One or more Germans opened fire with machine guns killing three people.[Note 27][61] On the 23rd there was an informal and immediate installation of a "special municipal delegation" by the young deputy prefect Guy Lamassoure representing the Provisional Government of the French Republic which had been established in Algiers since 27 June.

Heraldry

 Paul Raymond noted in 1863 that the arms of the city were blazoned:

Azure, a tower embattled and ramparted of Argent, wavy proper in base, cantoned to dexter with a letter N crowned of Or, between two pines Vert each fructed of seven Or and set with fruit pal, debruised by two lions langued confronting.[26]

The current arms are Blazoned:
[Note 28] Gules, a tower turreted of Or, masooned, windowed, and porte of Sable on a sea wavy of Azure, Or and Sable in base and surmounted by a fleur-de-lis of Or, between two oaks proper fructed seven of Or debruised by two lions langued confronting of Or; the arms stamped with a county crown.

Policy and Administration

List of mayors under the Ancien Régime

The Gramont family provided captains and governors in Bayonne from 1472 to 1789 as well as mayors, a post which became hereditary from 28 January 1590 by concession of Henry IV to Antoine II of Gramont. From the 15th century they resided in the Château Neuf then in the Château-Vieux from the end of the 16th century:[62] [Note 29]

Modern times

List of Successive Mayors[63]

Mayors from 1941
From To Name Party Position
1941 1944 Marcel Ribeton
1944 1945 Jean Labourdique
1945 1947 Jean Pierre Brana
1947 1958 Maurice Delay Surgeon
1958 1959 Georges Forsans
1959 1995 Henri Grenet UDF Surgeon
1995 2014 Jean Grenet UDI MP, Chairman of the Adour-Basque Coast agglomeration 2008-2014
2014 2020 Jean René Etchegaray UDI President of the Adour-Basque Coast agglomeration

(Not all data is known)

Cantons of Bayonne

As per the Decree of 22 December 1789 Bayonne was part of two cantons: Bayonne-North-east, which includes part of Bayonne commune plus Boucau, Saint-Pierre-d'Irube, Lahonce, Mouguerre, and Urcuit; and Bayonne Northwest which consisted of the rest of Bayonne commune plus Anglet, Arcangues, and Bassussarry.

In a first revision of cantons in 1973 three cantons were created from the same total; geographic area: Bayonne North, Bayonne East, and Bayonne West. A further reconfiguration in 1982 focused primarily on Bayonne and, apart from Bayonne North Canton, which also includes Boucau, the cantons of Bayonne East and Bayonne West did not change.

Starting from the French departmental elections, 2015 which took place on 22 and 29 March, a new division took effect following the decree of 25 February 2014[64] Once again three cantons centred on Bayonne are defined: Bayonne-1 - with part of Anglet; Bayonne-2 - which includes Boucau; and Bayonne-3 now define the cantonal territorial division of the area.

Judicial and administrative proceedings

Bayonne is the seat of many courts for the region. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Tribunal d'instance (District court) of Bayonne, the Tribunal de grande instance (High Court) of Bayonne, the Cour d'appel (Appeal court) of Pau, the Tribunal pour enfants (Juvenile court) of Bayonne, the Conseil de prud'hommes (Labour Court) of Bayonne, the Tribunal de commerce (Commercial Court) of Bayonne, the Tribunal administratif (Administrative tribunal) of Pau, and the Cour administrative d'appel (Administrative Court of Appeal) of Bordeaux.[65]

The commune has a police station, a Departmental Gendarmerie, an Autonomous Territorial Brigade of the district gendarmerie, squadron 24/2 of Mobile Gendarmerie and a Tax collection office.

Intercommunality

The commune is part of twelve inter-communal structures of which eleven are based in the commune:[66]

The city of Bayonne is part of the Agglomeration Côte Basque-Adour which also includes Anglet, Biarritz, Bidart and Boucau. The statutory powers of the structure extend to economic development - including higher education and research - housing and urban planning, public transport - through Transdev - alternative and the collection and recovery waste collection and management of rain and coastal waters, the sustainable development, interregional cooperation and finally 106.

In addition Bayonne is part of the Basque Bayonne-San Sebastián Eurocity which is a European economic interest grouping (EEIG) established in 1993 based in San Sebastián.[67][68]

Twin towns – Sister cities

Bayonne has twinning associations with:[69]

Demography

In 2012 the commune had 45,855 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger communes that have a sample survey every year.[Note 30]

Population Change (See database)
1793 1800 1806 1821 1831 1836 1841 1846 1851
12,578 13,190 14,006 13,248 14,773 15,912 17,303 18,120 18,870
1856 1861 1866 1872 1876 1881 1886 1891 1896
26,187 25,611 26,333 27,173 27,416 26,261 27,289 27,192 26,918
1901 1906 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954
27,601 26,488 27,886 28,215 31,436 31,727 31,350 32,620 32,575
1962 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2007 2012 -
36,941 42,743 42,938 41,381 40,051 40,078 44,498 45,855 -

Sources : Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006)

Education

Bayonne commune is attached to the Academy of Bordeaux. It has an information and guidance center (CIO).[70]

On 14 December 2015 Bayonne had 10 kindergartens, 22 elementary or primary schools (12 public and 10 private primary schools including two ikastolas). 2 public colleges (Albert Camus and Marracq colleges), 5 private colleges (La Salle Saint-Bernard, Saint Joseph, Saint-Amand, Notre-Dame and Largenté) which meet the criteria of the first cycle of second degree studies. For the second cycle Bayonne has 3 public high schools (René-Cassin school (general education), the Louis de Foix school (general, technological and vocational education), and the Paul Bert vocational school), 4 private high schools (Saint-Louis Villa Pia (general education), Largenté, Bernat Etxepare (general and technological), and Le Guichot vocational school).

There are also the Maurice Ravel Conservatory of Music, Dance, and Dramatic Art and the art school of the urban community of Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz.

Cultural festivities and events

Fêtes de Bayonne 2004, King Léon.
The Bayonne Bullfighting ring

For 550 years every holy Thursday, Friday and Saturday the Foire au Jambon (Ham festival) is held to mark the beginning of the season.[71] [Note 31]

An annual summer festival has been held in the commune since 1932 for five days[Note 32] organized around parades, bulls races, fireworks, and music in the Basque and Gascon tradition. These festivals have become the most important festive events in France in terms of attendance.

Main article: Fêtes de Bayonne

Bayonne has the oldest French bullfighting tradition. A bylaw regulating the encierro is dated 1283: cows, oxen and bulls are released each year in the streets of Petit Bayonne during the summer festivals. The current arena, opened in 1893, is the largest in South-west France with more than 10,000 seats. A dozen bullfights are held each year, attracting the biggest names in bullfighting. Throughout summer several novilladas also take place. The city is a member of the Union of French bullfighting cities.

Health

Bayonne is the focus of much of the hospital services for the agglomeration of Bayonne and the southern Landes. In this area all inhabitants are less than 35 km from a hospital offering medical, obstetrical, surgical, or psychiatric care. The hospitals for all the Basque Coast are mainly established in Bayonne (the main site of Saint-Léon and Cam-de-Prats) and also in Saint-Jean-de-Luz which has several clinics.[72]

Sports and sports facilities

Bayonne Rowing Boat shed

Worship

Catholic worship

Bayonne is in the Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron, with a Suffragan bishop since 2002 under the Archdiocese of Bordeaux.[76] Monseigneur Marc Aillet has been the bishop of this diocese since 15 October 2008. The diocese is located in Bayonne in the Place Monseigneur-Vansteenberghe.

Besides Bayonne Cathedral in Grand Bayonne, Bayonne has Saint-Esprit, Saint Andrew (Rue des Lisses), Arènes (Avenue of the Czech Legion), Saint-Étienne, and Saint-Amand (Avenue Marechal Soult) churches.

The Carmel of Bayonne, located in the Marracq district, has had a community of Carmelite nuns since 1858.

The Way of Baztan (also ruta del Baztan or camino Baztanés) is a way on the pilgrimage of Camino de Santiago which crosses the Pyrenees further west by the lowest pass (by the Col de Belate, 847 m ). It is the ancient road used by pilgrims descending to Bayonne then either along the coast on the Way of Soulac or because they landed there from England, for example, to join the French Way as soon as possible in Pamplona. The Way of Bayonne joins the French Way further downstream at Burgos.

Jewish worship

The synagogue was built in 1837 in the Saint-Esprit district north of the town.[77] The Jewish community of Bayonne is old - it consists of different groups of fugitives from Navarre and Portugal who established at SAint-Esprit-lès-Bayonne after the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1496. In 1846 the Central Consistory moved to Saint-Esprit which was integrated with Bayonne in 1857.

Muslim worship

The mosque is located in Rue Joseph-Latxague. It is the seat of the cultural association of Muslims in the Basque Coast.[78]

Protestant worship

The Protestant church is located at the corner of Rue Albert-I st and Rue du Temple[79] A gospel church is located in the Saint-Esprit districtit where there is also a church belonging to the Gypsy Evangelical Church of the Protestant Federation of France.[80]

Economy

Rue Poissonnerie, a shopping street in Grand-Bayonne.
Bayonne ham.
Dark Chocolate with Espelette pepper.

Population and income tax

In 2011, the median household income tax was €22,605, placing Bayonne 28,406th place among the 31,886 communes with more than 49 households in metropolitan France.[81]

In 2011 47.8% of households were not taxable.[Insee 1]

Jobs

In 2011 the population aged from 15 to 64 years was 29,007 persons of which 70.8% were employable, 60.3% in employment and 10.5% unemployed.[Insee 2] While there were 30,012 jobs in the employment area, against 29,220 in 2006, and the number of employed workers residing in the employment area was 17,667, the indicator of job concentration is 169.9% which means that the employment area offers nearly two jobs to for every available worker.[Insee 3]

Businesses and shops

Bayonne is the economic capital of the agglomeration of Bayonne and southern Landes. The table below details the number of companies located in Bayonne according to their industry:[Insee 4]

Structure of the Economy in Bayonne as at 1 January 2013.
No. of Establishments
TOTAL 4,665
Industry 270
Construction 375
Trade, transport and services 3,146
Public Administration, education,health, and social services 874
Scope: Commercial activities excluding Agriculture.

The table below shows employees by business establishments in terms of numbers:[Insee 5]

Active establishments by sector of activity on 31 December 2011.
Total % 0
Staff		 1 to 9
Staff		 10 to 19
Staff		 20 to 49
Staff		 50 Staff
or more
Ensemble 5,946 100.0 3,797 1,708 213 155 73
Agriculture, sylviculture and fishing 46 0.8 38 6 0 2 0
Industry 292 4.9 150 101 23 15 3
Construction 428 7.2 299 84 26 15 4
Trade, transport, services 3,953 66.5 2,390 1,346 117 73 27
including trade and car repair 1,115 18,8 579 457 38 32 >9
Public Administration, education, health, social services 1,227 20.6 920 171 47 50 39
Scope: All activities.

The following comments apply to the two previous tables:[Note 34]

In 2013 549 new establishments were created in Bayonne including 406 Sole proprietorships.[Insee 6] [Insee 7]

Workshops and Industry

Bayonne has few such industries, as indicated in the previous tables. There is Plastitube specializing in plastic packaging (190 employees).[72] The Izarra liqueur company set up a distillery in 1912 at Quai Amiral-Bergeret and has long symbolized the economic wealth of Bayonne. Industrial activities are concentrated in the neighbouring communes of Boucau, Tarnos (Turbomeca), Mouguerre, and Anglet.

Bayonne is known for its fine chocolates, produced in the town for 500 years, and Bayonne ham, a cured ham seasoned with peppers from nearby Espelette. Izarra, the liqueur made in bright green or yellow colours, is distilled locally. It is said by some that Bayonne is the birthplace of mayonnaise, supposedly a corruption of Bayonnaise, the French adjective describing the city's people and produce. Now bayonnaise can refer to a particular mayonnaise flavoured with the Espelette chillis.

Bayonne is now the centre of certain craft industries that were once widespread, including the manufacture of makilas, traditional Basque walking-sticks. The Fabrique Alza just outside the city is known for its palas, bats used in pelota, the traditional Basque sport.

Service activities

The active tertiary sector includes some large retail chains such as those detailed by geographer Roger Brunet:[72] BUT (240 staff), Carrefour (150 staff), E.Leclerc (150 staff), Leroy Merlin (130 staff), and Galeries Lafayette (120 employees). Banks, cleaning companies (Onet, 170 employees), and security (Brink's, 100 employees) are also major employers in the commune, as is urban transport which employs nearly 200 staff. Five health clinics, providing a total of more than 500 beds, each employ 120 to 170 staff.[72]

The port of Bayonne

The cargo ship BBC-Magellan in the port of Bayonne in 2014.

The port of Bayonne is located at the mouth of the Adour, downstream of the city. It also occupies part of communes of Anglet and Boucau in Pyrenees-Atlantiques and Tarnos in Landes.[82] It benefits greatly from the natural gas field of Lacq to which it is connected by pipeline. This is the 9th largest French port for trade with an annual traffic of about 4.2 million tonnes of which 2.8 is export. It is also the largest French port for export of maize.[72] It is the property of the Aquitaine region who manage and control the site.[83] Metallurgical products movement are more than one million tons per year and maize exports to Spain vary between 800,000 and 1 million tons. The port also receives refined oil products from the Total oil refinery at Donges (800,000 tons per year). Fertilizers are a traffic of 500,000 tons per year and sulphur from Lacq, albeit in sharp decline, is 400,000 tons.[72][84]

The port also receives Ford and General Motors vehicles from Spain and Portugal and wood both tropical and from Landes.[72]

Tourism services

Due to its proximity to the ocean and the foothills of the Pyrenees as well as its historic heritage, Bayonne has developed important activities related to tourism.[Insee 8]

On 31 December 2012 there were 15 hotels in the city offering more than 800 rooms to visitors, but there were no camp sites.[Insee 9] The tourist infrastructure in the surrounding urban area of Bayonne complements the local supply with around 5800 rooms spread over nearly 200 hotels and 86 campsites offering over 14,000 beds.[85]

Sights

The Château Vieux

The Nive divides Bayonne into Grand Bayonne and Petit Bayonne with five bridges between the two, both quarters still being backed by Vauban's walls. The houses lining the Nive are examples of Basque architecture, with half-timbering and shutters in the national colours of red and green. The much wider Adour is to the north. The Pont Saint-Esprit connects Petit Bayonne with the Quartier Saint-Esprit across the Adour, where the massive Citadelle and the railway station are located. Grand Bayonne is the commercial and civic hub, with small pedestrianised streets packed with shops, plus the cathedral and Hôtel de Ville.

The Cathédrale Sainte-Marie is an imposing, elegant Gothic building, rising over the houses, glimpsed along the narrow streets. It was constructed in the 12th and 13th centuries. The south tower was completed in the 16th century but the cathedral was only completed in the 19th century with the north tower. The cathedral is noted for its charming cloisters. There are other details and sculptures of note, although much was destroyed in the Revolution.

Nearby is the Château Vieux, some of which dates back to the 12th century, where the governors of the city were based, including the English Black Prince.

Sainte-Marie Cathedral

The Musée Basque is the finest ethnographic museum of the entire Basque Country. It opened in 1922 but has been closed for a decade recently for refurbishment. It now has special exhibitions on Basque agriculture, seafaring and pelota, handicrafts and Basque history and way of life.

The Musée Bonnat began with a large collection bequeathed by the local-born painter Léon Bonnat. The museum is one of the best galleries in south west France and has paintings by Edgar Degas, El Greco, Sandro Botticelli, and Francisco Goya, among others.

At the back of Petit Bayonne is the Château Neuf, among the ramparts. Now an exhibition space, it was started by the newly arrived French in 1460 to control the city. The walls nearby have been opened to visitors. They are important for plant life now and Bayonne's botanic gardens adjoin the walls on both sides of the Nive.

The area across the Adour is largely residential and industrial, with much demolished to make way for the railway. The Saint-Esprit church was part of a bigger complex built by Louis XI to care for pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela. It is home to a wooden Flight into Egypt sculpture.

Overlooking the quarter is Vauban's 1680 Citadelle. The soldiers of Wellington's army who died besieging the citadelle in 1813 are buried in the nearby English Cemetery, visited by Queen Victoria and other British dignitaries when staying in Biarritz.

The distillery of the famous local liqueur Izarra is located on the northern bank of the Adour and is open to visitors.

Citadel

Personalities

In popular culture

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ In Gascony and in Basque country alluvial floodplains along a river are called barthe (from the gascon barta)
  2. ↑ The successor to the iron railway bridge Raccordement d'Aïtachouria, the Pont Blanc has been used since 2003 to link the Floride Sports Field to the wilderness area on the Ansot plain.
  3. ↑ The Marengo masonry bridge was under Napoleon III.
  4. ↑ The Mayou bridge, formerly called Major or Maior, was rebuilt in stone in 1857.
  5. ↑ The A1, A2, B, C, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14 and N lines (as at 9 September 2014)
  6. ↑ Only a quarter of the area, the west end of the runway, is located in Biarritz commune.
  7. ↑ Achille Luchaire, Annals of the Faculty of Letters of Bordeaux (1879), note 12 and 24, regarding the Notitia Provinciarum mentioning the civitas Boatium (var. Boasium, Bohatium, Boaccensium, Boacium) "whose identification with Bayonne, proposed by Scaliger and Valois, is absolutely inadmissible (see Desjardins, Gaule rom., II, 874, note 1)" (French).
  8. ↑ Neanderthal Stone tools (from 80,000 to 45,000 BC corresponding to the Mousterian period, the Riss Glaciations, and Würm II)
  9. ↑ Sigillata ceramics of red brick colour, the resulting relief decoration is decorated before firing by stamping
  10. ↑ The Notitia Dignitatum imperii Romani, dating from 340-420 AD, mentions the seat of the tribune of the cohort of Novempopulania in these terms: "In provincia Novempopulana tribunus cohortis Novempopulanae Lapurdo"
  11. ↑ Gérard Coulon, The Gallo-Romains: life, work, beliefs, diversions - 54 BC - 486 AD, Paris, 2006, Errance, Hespérides collection, ISBN 2-87772-331-3, p. 21 (French), retains the number 10 hectares.
  12. ↑ According to Eugène Goyheneche in Basque Country: Soule, Labourd, Lower Navarre, Société nouvelle d’éditions régionales et de diffusion, Pau, 1979, BnF FRBNF34647711, the old Roman wall which is still visible in parts was in the shape of a polygon of 1,125 metres (3,691 feet) perimeter in an area of 6 to 9 hectares (15–22 acres).
  13. ↑ The Treaty of Andelot signed in 587 between Guntram, king of Burgundy, and Brunhilda of Austrasia, mentions Lapurdo; it documents the return to Brunhilda of several cities including Aire, Couserans and Lapurdo, each "with its territories" ("cum terminibus"). Manex Goyhenetche indicates that in the 6th century, the term civitas was used to designate a fortress. "The Frankish dynasties of Austrasia and Neustria by the Treaty of Andelot, consolidated their grip on part of the former territory of the Nine Peoples [...] In the 4th century Lapurdum continued to exist and by the end of the 6th century returned to its function as a fortress. Lapurdum controlled firstly the routes leading to the Pyrenean passes and secondly the cabotage routes of the Frankish fleets from Bordeaux to Asturias ".
  14. ↑ The Vicount resided in Chatelet (lou Castet), next to the entry to the current Cinq Cantons (Five Cantons) which was the Roman gate leading to the port (source: Eugene Goyheneche, The Basque Country: Soule, Labourd, Lower Navarre, New Society regional editions and distribution, Pau, 1979 (Record BNF FRBNF34647711).
  15. ↑ It can be deduced that it existed prior to that date.
  16. ↑ Relations with Labourd were often difficult and caused many bloody conflicts. The most famous of them took place in 1343 when the mayor of Bayonne, Pé de Poyane, killed five labourdin nobles: an episode which, according to Eugene Goyheneche, had its origin in a fictional story of On the Proudines bridge at Villefranque, retold by Augustine Chaho and Hippolyte Taine.
  17. ↑ For example a Bayonnais fleet participated in the Siege of Calais led by the English in 1346 which consisted of 15 vessels and 439 men (source: Eugene Goyheneche, The Basque Country: Soule, Labourd, Lower Navarre, Society new regional editions and distribution, Pau,1979 (Record BNF FRBNF34647711), p. 163. (French).
  18. ↑ The siege lasted nine days from 12 to 20 August 1451 according to Pierre Hourmat, History of Bayonne origins to the French Revolution of 1789, Society of Arts Science & Arts of Bayonne,1986, p. 143.
  19. ↑ Two annual fairs: one on the first day of Lent and the other the 1st August: "[...] grant them free fairs in perpetuity of all Aydes, imposicions, impostz and any other subsidies qualxconques, which one will be held the first day of karesme and the other on the first day of August [...]" as letters patent of Louis XI established at Montferrand in May 1462.
  20. ↑ Francis I was replaced as a captive by his two eldest sons: Francis III, Duke of Brittany, and Henry II of France who were finally released in 1530 after payment of the ransom.
  21. ↑ The second Gare de Bayonne succeeded an earlier station made of wood and metal built in 1854 at the beginning of the 20th century
  22. ↑ The Forges of the Adour were actually located in the commune of Boucau on the right bank of the river.
  23. ↑ It was in these terms that the newspaper Le Courrier de Bayonne recounted the event a few days later.
  24. ↑ The Courrier de Bayonne of 8 August 1914 described the departure of the Regiment in the following terms: "[...] As for the trains which carried our brave little poilus of the 49th, they were adorned with flowers. On the wagons were pleasant or patriotic inscriptions. We noted the following: "Pleasure Train for Berlin, out and back"; on others: "Vive la France! Long live England ! Long live Russia !" were framed by garlands and on the locomotives were the flags of the three countries fraternally chattering in the wind ... If the Germans saw it, perhaps they would not be very sure of victory. [...]" (Source: Maurice Sacx, Bayonne and the Basque Country - Witnesses of history, Biarritz, Basque Museum of Bayonne, 1968).
  25. ↑ The Avenue of the Czech Legion in Bayonne is in their honour.
  26. ↑ The Polish company was cited in an order of the Army dated 21 June 1918, by General Petain (source: François Lafitte Houssat, Bayonne Nive and Adour, Joue-les-Tours, Alan Sutton, 2001 (ISBN 2-84253-557-X)).
  27. ↑ The shooting took place at the Saint-Léon crossroads near the train station and near the citadel.
  28. ↑ This blazon was effective 3 August 1919, by the municipal council of the city of Bayonne, quoted by René Broca in the preface of the book History of Bayonne from its origins to the French Revolution of 1789, Pierre Hourmat, Corporation Sciences Humanities & Arts, Bayonne, 1986
  29. ↑ The Château-Neuf was completed in 1507 by Roger de Gramont.
  30. ↑ At the beginning of the 21st century, the methods of identification have been modified by Law No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002, the so-called "law of local democracy" and in particular Title V "census operations" allows, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For communes with a population greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is conducted annually and the entire territory of these communes is taken into account at the end of the period of five years. The first "legal population" after 1999 under this new law came into force on 1 January 2009 and was based on the census of 2006.
  31. ↑ In 2014 the Ham Festival was held from 17 to 20 April
  32. ↑ Bayonne Celebrations traditionally begin on the Wednesday preceding the first weekend of August but the schedule has been changed and the start of celebrations has been advanced in recent years because the crowds become too large. They end the following Sunday.
  33. ↑ There are 20 sports sections including the Aviron Bayonnais pro rugby and Aviron Bayonnais FC according to the Aviron Bayonnais FC website (accessed 29 July 2014).
  34. ↑ These remarks are not the result of a statistical study of the data presented; they are only indicative.
  35. ↑ Part of the commune is part of the The town is part of the appellation d'origine controlee (AOC) zone of Ossau-Iraty but there were no producers in 2014.

References

  1. ↑ Bayonne on Lion1906
  2. ↑ INSEE Results of Census 2012 (French)
  3. ↑ INSEE Complete Dossier - Bayonne 64102 (French)
  4. ↑ Prefectural order of 28/12/2010, extending the boundaries, modifying the bylaws, and changing the designation of CABAB
  5. ↑ Inhabitants of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (French)
  6. ↑ Bayonne on Google Maps
  7. ↑ Geographic Repertoire of communes, published by the Institut géographique national (French)
  8. ↑ Watercourse: Adour River (Q---0000), Sandre website, consulted on 25 July 2014 (French)
  9. ↑ The Adour in the Natura 2000 network, Institution Adour website, consulted on 23 August 2014 (French)
  10. ↑ Page FR7200724 Natura 2000, National Inventory of Natural heritage website, consulted on 23 August 2014 (French)
  11. ↑ Bayonne on the Géoportail from National Geographic Institute (IGN) website (French)
  12. ↑ Paris, Nice, Strasbourg, Brest
  13. ↑ Data from the Station at Biarritz from 1981 to 2010 (French)
  14. ↑ The bicycle in town - City of Bayonne, Bayonne official website, consulted on 6 October 2014 (French)
  15. ↑ Chronoplus Network Map, consulted on 25 July 2014 (French).
  16. ↑ Network map, Transports 64, consulted on 11 September 2014 (French).
  17. ↑ The RDTL network, consulted on 11 September 2014 (French).
  18. ↑ Record passenger numbers in 2013 for the Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne airport, Sud-Ouest, 1 October 2013, consulted on 22 August 2014 (French)
  19. ↑ Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne Airport website, consulted on 11 January 2015 (French).
  20. ↑ Euskaltzaindia, Academy of the Basque language, consulted on 5 August 2014 (French)
  21. ↑ Hector Iglesias, Names of Places and people in Bayonne, Anglet and Biarritz in the 18th century, éditions Elkar, Donostia-Saint-Sébastien, 2000, consulted on 25 July 2014, ISBN 2-913156-32-0, p. 34 (French)
  22. ↑ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionary of the Gallic language. A linguistic approach to continental old Celtic, éditions Errance, Paris, 2003, ISBN 2-87772-237-6, p. 48 (French)
  23. ↑ General Toponymy of France, Ernest Nègre, 28 July 2014 (French)
  24. ↑ General Toponymy of France, Ernest Nègre, 28 July 2014 (French)
  25. 1 2 Jean-Baptiste Orpustan, New Basque Toponymy, Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 2006, ISBN 2 86781 396 4 p. 19, 26 (French)
  26. 1 2 Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees, Paul Raymond, Imprimerie nationale, 1863, Digitised from Lyon Public Library 15 June 2011 (French)
  27. ↑ Eugène Goyheneche, Goyheneche, 1973, "Lapurdum…", p. 85-92 (French)
  28. ↑ Bayonne on the 1750 Cassini Map
  29. ↑ Bayonne on the 1790 Cassini Map
  30. ↑ Chapter of Bayonne in the Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (French)
  31. ↑ Manuscript from the 14th century in the Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (French)
  32. ↑ Titles published by don José Yanguas y Miranda in Diccionario de Antiguedades del reino de Navarra, 1840, Pamplona, (Spanish)
  33. ↑ Association Lauburu, The Cathedral in the heart of the city, 1992 (French)
  34. 1 2 Eugène Goyheneche, Bayonne and the Bayonnaise Region from the 12th to the 15th century, Thesis by the E.N.C., 1949 (French)
  35. ↑ Pierre Laborde. History of Bayonne, 1991 (French).
  36. ↑ Charles Athanase Walckenaer, Ancient Historical Geography and comparison of the Cisalpine and Transalpine Gauls, followed by a geographical analysis of ancient routes and accompanied by a nine map Atlas, Vol. 1, P. Dufart, 1839, 1085 pages (French).
  37. ↑ In The Week in Basque Country, M. Esteban, March 1996 (French)
  38. ↑ On the presumed origin of the division of the Basque language, Hector Iglesias, consulted on 5 August 2014 (French).
  39. ↑ Renée Mussot-Goulard, The Gascons, Atlantica, 2001 (French)
  40. ↑ Jacques Allières, The Basques, Paris, Presses universitaires de France,?March 2003 (1st ed. 1997), 127 p. ISBN 213053144X and ISBN 9782130531449, OCLC 77097933. (French)
  41. ↑ group=Note>Peter Hourmat, (History of Bayonne from its origins to the French Revolution of 1789, Society of Sciences Letters Arts of Bayonne,1986, P. 27 to 35 (French))deplores the lack of sources for the period 5th century to the 10th century: "If the existence of a major military site is attested by the remains of the tower walls of a castrum, the headquarters or refuge of a cohort in the last days of the Roman Empire, in the half a millennium that followed the collapse of the latter plunges us into an almost total ignorance of who occupied the area of the castrum and the identity of the people. A heavy silence covers the fate of Lapurdum and documents at our disposal for five centuries can be counted on the fingers of one hand and these lead to different or contradictory interpretations ... . So this story becomes a long series of question marks, for example that of Novempopulania".
  42. ↑ Manex Goyhenetche, General History of Basque country, Prehistory, Roman era, Middle Ages, Vol. 1, Elkarlanean, Donostia and Bayonne, 1998, 492 pages, ISBN 2-913156-20-7, BnF FRBNF37031711, p. 134 (French).
  43. ↑ On 12 April 1215 John, King of England, granted Bayonne a legal personality that would last throughout the Middle Ages and, to some extent, until the French Revolution. The form of the charter resembled that of La Rochelle. According to Eugene Goyheneche, "the city is governed by the "Hundred Peers" who were actually a mayor, twelve deputies, twelve councilors, and seventy-five peers who were co-opted and proposed each year by the mayor for the king's choice. The mayor was head of the administrative, judiciary, and military: he had custody of the keys to the city and some mayors were admirals in the bayonnaise fleet. The king was represented by a marshal" (source: Eugene Goyheneche, The Basque Country: Soule, Labourd, Lower Navarre, Societe new regional editions and distribution, Pau,1979 (Record BNF FRBNF34647711) (French).
  44. ↑ Léon Cadier, Seneschal of Lannes under Charles VII, royal administration and provincials states, A. Picard, Paris, 1885, 92 pages, consulted 16 June 2014 (French).
  45. ↑ Gascon Registers, Vol. 1, pp. 44, 53, 141, 154, 158-159, 195, and 233 - cited by Manex Goyhenetche, General History of Basque Country III: Economic and social revolution from the 16th to the 18th century, Vol. 3, Donostia / Bayonne, Elkarlanean,? 2001, 411 p. (ISBN 8483317443 and ISBN 9788483317440, OCLC 466971263), p. 42-43. (French)
  46. ↑ Ferdinand Barbe, The Epidemics of pestilence in Bayonne in the 16th century, Bulletin de la Société des sciences et lettres de Bayonne, 1947 - cited by Manex Goyhenetche, General History of Basque Country III: Economic and social revolution from the 16th to the 18th century, Vol. 3, Donostia / Bayonne, Elkarlanean,? 2001, 411 p. (ISBN 8483317443 and ISBN 9788483317440, OCLC 466971263), p. 42. (French)
  47. ↑ Vincent Hiribarren, Bayonne at the beginning of the Wars of Religion, Revue d’histoire de Bayonne, du Pays basque et du Bas-Adour, Vol. 159, 2004, p. 95-122 (French).
  48. ↑ Vincent Hiribarren, For God, King, and the good of the city, Bayonne deliberations from 1565 to 1569, Memoir by Maitrise under the direction of Denis Crouzet, université Paris IV-Sorbonne, June 2003, 137 p. (French)
  49. ↑ Vincent Hiribarren, A lion at the head of a thousand sheep. the Sorhaindo family in Bayonne at the end of the 16th century, Vol. 166, Bulletin of the Basque museum, 2005, p. 19-34. (French)
  50. ↑ Pierre Hourmat, Bulletin SSLAB, Collection No. 157, The City of Bayonne Library, p. 257 (French).
  51. ↑ Pierre Hourmat, Bulletin SSLAB, Collection No. 158, The City of Bayonne Library, p. 158 (French).
  52. ↑ François Noel, L. J. M. Carpentier, Puissant (Mr.), New Dictionary of the origins, inventions, and discoveries in arts, sciences, geography, agriculture, commerce etc., Janet et Cotelle, 1833, p. 143 (French)
  53. ↑ Pierre Hourmat, Vauban and the fortifications of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Société des Sciences Lettres & Arts de Bayonne, 1984, p. 32 (French).
  54. ↑ Eugène Goyheneche, Our Basque Land, Société nouvelle d’éditions régionales et de diffusion, Pau, 1979, BnF FRBNF33028848, p. 93 (French).
  55. ↑ Communal Notice for Saint-Esprit, consulted on 7 July 2012 (French).
  56. 1 2 Paul Robert Magocsi; Jean W. Sedlar; Robert A. Kann; Charles Jelavich; Joseph Rothschild (1974). A History of East Central Europe. University of Washington Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-295-95358-8. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  57. ↑ In The week in Basque Country, T. Laxalt, February 1996. (French)
  58. ↑ Claude Duhau, Mayors and Councilors of Bayonne (1831 - 2001), 1999, p. 80 (French).
  59. ↑ Louis Poullenot, Lower Pyrénées Occupation Liberation 1940-1945, J&D Éditions, Biarritz, 1995, p. 246 (French).
  60. ↑ Jacques Navarret, The Port of Bayonne - Congrès 1999, p. 293 (French).
  61. ↑ In The week in Basque Country, J. Crouzet, August 1994. (French)
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 Olivier Ribeton, A Gramont Museum at Bayonne, Publication of the Société des Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Bayonne, Bayonne, 1986 (French).
  63. ↑ List of Mayors of France (French)
  64. ↑ Decree No. 2014-248 of 25 February 2014 concerning the delimitation of cantons in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, consulted on 9 March 2015 (French)
  65. ↑ List of competent jurisdictions for Bayonne, Ministry of Justice website (French).
  66. ↑ Pyrénées-Atlantiques Communal database, consulted on 9 March 2015 (French).
  67. ↑ The Bayonne-San Sebastián Eurocity, GEIE, consulted on 9 March 2015 (French).
  68. ↑ Statutes of the basque Bayonne-San Sebastián Eurocity, GEIE, consulted on 9 March 2015 (French).
  69. ↑ "National Commission for Decentralised cooperation". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  70. ↑ Schools in Bayonne (French)
  71. ↑ The Foire au jambon, consulted on 29 July 2014 (French).
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Roger Brunet personal website, consulted on 5 August 2014 (French).
  73. ↑ The headquarters of the French Federation of Basque Pelota, consulted on 5 August 2014 (French).
  74. ↑ Photos of the French delegation at the World championships for Basque pelota, consulted on 5 August 2014 (French).
  75. ↑ Marie-France Chauvirey, Life in olden days in Basque country, Éditions Sud Ouest, Luçon, 1994, ISBN 2 87901 219 8, p. 157 (French).
  76. ↑ The Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron, consulted on 9 March 2015 (French).
  77. ↑ Community of Bayonne, consulted on 13 September 2014 (French).
  78. ↑ The Mosque of Bayonne, consulted on 29 July 2014 (French).
  79. ↑ The Temple of Bayonne, Reformed Church consulted on 29 July 2014 (French).
  80. ↑ List of Evangelical churches in Pyrénées-Atlantiques, consulted on 29 July 2014 (French).
  81. ↑ Page RFDM2011COM: Local Fiscal Revenue by household, 2011, consulted on 30 July 2014 (20mb+) (French).
  82. ↑ The Port of Bayonne, official website, consulted on 14 September 2014 (French).
  83. ↑ The port of Bayonne, official website, consulted on 14 September 2014 (French).
  84. ↑ Traffic in the port of Bayonne in 2008, Port of Bayonne official website, consulted on 14 September 2014 (French).
  85. ↑ Key Tourism statistics for the Urban area of Bayonne at 31 December 2012, consulted on 14 September 2014.

Insee

  1. ↑ REV T1 - Taxes on the income of households.
  2. ↑ EMP T1 - Population from 15 to 64 years by type of activity.
  3. ↑ EMP T5 - Employment and Activity.
  4. ↑ DEN T5 - Number of establishments by sector of activity on 1 January 2013.
  5. ↑ CEN T1 - Active establishments by sector of activity on 31 December 2011.
  6. ↑ DEN T1 - Creation of Enterprises by sector of activity in 2011.
  7. ↑ DEN T2 - Creation of individual entreprises by sector of activity in 2011.
  8. ↑ EMP T8 - Employment by sector of activity (French).
  9. ↑ TOU T1 - Number and capacity of hotels at 31 December 2012 (French).

    Bibliographic sources

    1. ↑ p. 20.
    2. ↑ p. 27.
    1. ↑ p. 149.
    2. 1 2 3 4 p. 152.
    3. ↑ p. 171.
    4. ↑ p. 160.
    5. ↑ p. 162.
    6. ↑ p. 163.
    7. ↑ p. 187.
    8. ↑ p. 417.
    9. ↑ p. 418.
    1. 1 2 3 4 p. 4
    2. 1 2 3 p. 3
    3. ↑ p. 159.
    4. ↑ p. 142.
    5. ↑ p. 160.
    6. ↑ p. 164.
    7. ↑ p. 214.
    8. ↑ p. 511.
    1. 1 2 p. 3.
    2. ↑ p. 152.
    3. ↑ p. 6.
    4. 1 2 p. 11.
    5. ↑ p. 18.
    6. ↑ p. 25.
    7. ↑ p. 24.
    8. ↑ p. 30.
    1. 1 2 p. 118.
    2. 1 2 p. 25.
    3. 1 2 p. 54.
    4. ↑ p. 55.

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