Iban language
| Iban | |
|---|---|
| Jaku Iban | |
| Native to | Sarawak, Kalimantan, Brunei |
| Region | Borneo |
| Ethnicity | Iban people |
Native speakers |
790,000 (2013)[1] 700,000 L2 speakers in Malaysia (2013)[1] |
|
Austronesian
| |
| Latin, Dunging | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 |
iba |
| ISO 639-3 |
iba – inclusive codeIndividual code: blg – Balau[3] |
| Glottolog |
iban1264[4] |
The Iban language (jaku Iban) is spoken by the Iban, a branch of the Dayak ethnic group formerly known as "Sea Dayak" who live in Sarawak, the Indonesian province of Kalimantan Barat and in Brunei. It belongs to Malayic languages a Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, and is related to Malay, more closely to Sarawakian Malay. It is thought that the homeland of the Malayic languages is in western Borneo, where the Ibanic languages remain. The Malayan branch represents a secondary dispersal, probably from central Sumatra but possibly also from Borneo.[5] The Iban language is also a subject tested in PMR and SPM, the Malaysian public examination for Form 3 and Form 5 students respectively. Students comment that questions from these exams mostly cover the classic Iban language, making them a daunting task for many who are more fluent in the contemporary tongue. The language is mostly taught to students in rural areas with a majority Iban population, including Baleh (Kapit), Betong, Sri Aman, Saratok, Lubok Antu, Pelagus (Kapit), Pakan and Julau.
Dialects
The Iban can be subdivided into different sub-ethnic groups. Each of them speak in different dialects. The most formal, intermediate and working dialect is the Saribas (mainly Betong and Saratok), others such as Balaus, Sebuyaus, Ulu Ai, or Rejangs, which are mutually intelligible throughout Sarawak region. With the exceptional of Iban Remun dialects which have a unique dialect, but still intelligible to Ibans from other districts. In West Kalimantan, dialects such as Bugaus, Seberuangs, Mualangs, Chengkangs, Sebaruks, Daus are more disparate. Here are some examples of the differences in the various dialects spoken in Sarawak and West Kalimantan, with their English equivalents:
| English | Balau (Sarawak) | Mualang (Kalimantan) |
|---|---|---|
| Rooster | Manok | Renyau |
| Smell | Nyium | Lulum |
| Stupid | Tuyuk, banga | Mawa |
| Twins | sapit | Rakup |
| Window | Penyinga/jenila | Telingu' |
| Father | Apai | Mpai |
| Feel | Asai | Asa' |
| And | Enggau | Aba' |
| Animal | Jelu | Ibun |
| Arrange | Tusun | Tunsun, tipan |
| Breathe | Seput | Penyuan |
呼吸
| English | Standard Iban | Remun |
|---|---|---|
| No | Enda | Entau |
| See | Meda | Ngilau |
| Know | Nemu | Badak |
| Shirt | Garik | Kelatang |
| Run | Belanda | Belawak |
| Silence! | Anang inggar | Sengian |
| Stupid | Beli'/Palui/bangka | Labuan |
| No/Did not | Nadai | Entai |
| Tomorrow | Pagila | Pagi |
| Later | Lagi/legi | Ila |
| Mat | Tikai | Kelaya |
| Good | Manah | Nyelaie |
好
-Sample phases in Iban Remun-
- Entai ku ngilau - "Nadai aku meda." (I did not see it.)我没有看
- Entauk ku badak - "Enda ku nemu." (I don't know.)我不知道
Phonology
vowel
| Front vowel | Central vowel | Back vowel | |
|---|---|---|---|
| close vowel | i [i] | u [u] | |
| half-close vowel | e [e] | ə [ɘ] | o [o] |
| open vowel | a [a] |
Alphabet
Although the Iban language is presently written using the Latin alphabet, an Iban syllabary was devised by Dunging, who reportedly spent fifteen years from 1947 to 1962 devising the script.[6] Twenty generations before Dunging, which would represent approximately 400–600 years, an ancestor named Renggi also devised a script, but it was lost in a flood apparently. The Iban syllabary is published but is not widely distributed.
Grammar
The prefix is used to show work or something action to be. The prefix is put in front of the verb. There are many prefixes used in Iban language. For example, gagai used in many style of prefix base on condition of the word.
- Gagai - chase-追
- Begagai - chasing each other-玩耍
- Digagai - was chase by-被追
- Tegagaika - outrun/-outpace-追
Other example:
- Sayau - Love-爱
- Dikesayauka - Was loved by-最爱
- Penyayau - Affection-爱
- Kiruh - Busy-忙
- Ngiruhka - to make someone busy-麻烦人
- Pengiruh - preoccupied-忙
- Enjok - give
- Berenjok - giving each other (present)
- Dienjok - gave (past)
- Deka enjok - will be given (future)
- Kangau - call-叫
- Bekangau - calling each other (present)-叫来叫去
- Ngangau - calling (present)叫
- Dikangau - was called (past)人叫
- Deka dikangau - will be call (future)叫
Personal pronouns
Iban has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural.
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First-person exclusive | aku-我 | kenduai iya-我和他 | kami-我们 |
| First-person inclusive | aku-wo | tua-我们两个 | kitai-大家 |
| Second person | nuan, di-你 | seduai di-你们两个人 | kita-大家 |
| Third person | iya -他 | seduai iya-他们两个人 | sida-他们 |
| Iban | English |
|---|---|
| Aku | I, me |
| Nuan/dik/kuak | You |
| Iya | He/she/it/him/her |
| Tu-a | We, us (excluding ourself) |
| Kitai | We, us (including ourself) |
| Kita | You all |
| Tua | Both of us |
| Sida | They |
| Seduai di | Both of you |
| Seduai iya | Both of them |
| Kenduai iya | Both of me and him/her |
我们两个人
Sample
- Ke nuan - "for you"给你
- Ke aku - "for me"给我
- Ke kami - "for us"给我们
- Bup aku - "My book"我的书
- Bakih aku - "My friend"我朋友
- Apai aku - "My father"我爸爸
- Gamal nuan - "You face"你的脸
- Sulu nuan - "Your beloved"你爱的人
- Sekula kami - "Our school"我们的学校
- Ke pangan aku -"for my beloved"给我的爱人
- Ke anak aku - "for my child"给我小孩
- Ari indai dik - "From your mother"你妈妈你
- Ari bakih aku - "From my friend -朋友给我
- mostly pronouns are put after subjects
Possessive pronouns
- Engku - "mine"我的
- Ngedi, Ngenuan - "yours"你的
- Ngiya - "his/her"他的
- Ngetua - "ours (both of us)"我们的
- Ngi sida - "them"他们的
Sample phases:
- Engku empu baju tu - "This shirt is mine."这个衣服是 我的
- Tu ngedi - "This is yours"这是你的
- Siti nyin ngetua - "That one belong to both of us"那个是我们的
Demonstrative determiners
There are three demonstrative determiners in Iban. Tu "this, these" is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker, nya "that, those" is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker and "Nyin" which is the furthest from the speaker.
| Pronoun | Iban | English |
|---|---|---|
| tu | bup tu | This book, these books |
| nya | ukui nya | That dog, those dogs |
| nyin | bungai nyin | That (furthest) flower(s) |
These words can also act as demonstrative pronouns where they can stands on theirs own, replacing rather than modifying a noun.
Example:
Nyamai tu. This is good.
Ok meh nya. Thats Ok.
Peda di nyin deh. Look at that.
Demonstrative pronouns
In Iban, demonstrative pronouns are words that show which person or thing is being referred in relation to the location of the addressee to the speaker. There are three demonstrative pronouns in Iban depending on location to the speaker. They can only be used to refer to an addressee (human) and cannot be used to refer to inanimate objects.
| Space | Form | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal | itu | this person |
| Medial | inya | that person |
| Distal | inyin | the other person (furthest) |
Examples:
Nama gaga itu kenya?. Why is this person acting in such a way? Kini ke inya tadi? Where is he going? (Referring to the second closest person to the speaker) Ni inyin tadi deh? Where is the other (person) one?.(referring to third person which is the furthest form the speaker)
Adverbs
Demonstrative adverbs
Demonstrative adverbs in Iban are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in Iban grammar. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronouns are the adverbs such as kitu (= going here), kia (= "going there") and kin (= "going there (farthest)") equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are tu, nya and nyin.
| Space | Form | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal | kitu | going here |
| Medial | kia | going there |
| Distal | kin | going there or going yonder |
Examples:
Kitu nuan. Come here (you). Kini di kia? Why are you going there? (Within the sight of the speaker) Aram kin tua ka. Lets go there. (Referring to location far away from speaker)
Locatives
| Space | Form | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal | ditu | here |
| Medial | dia | there |
| Distal | din | there or yonder |
Examples:
Aku nganti nuan ditu. I wait for you here. Aku nganti nuan dia. I wait for you there. (not far from the speaker location). Din ku nganti nuan. I wait for you there.(referring to a far place)
Manner
Iban also has a set of adverbs referring to manner. They are a combination of baka (ke) ("like/as") and the abbreviated determiner forms tu, nya and nyin.
| Space | Form | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal | bakatu/ketu | like this, this way |
| Medial | bakanya/kenya | like that, that way |
| Distal | bakanyin/kenyin | like that, that way |
Examples:
Aku ka iya ketu. I want it to be like this.
Nama di ngaga iya kenya? Why did you treat him like this?
Uji gaga di bakanyin. Try to do it like that.
Sample lexicon
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Sample phrases
- Nama berita nuan? - "How are you?"-你好吗
- Sapa nama nuan? - "What is your name?"-你叫什么名
- Berapa rega utai tu? - "How much is this?"-多少钱
- Dini alai ___? - "Where is ___?"在哪里
- Ari ni penatai nuan? - "Where are you from?"你从哪里来
- Datai ari ___aku. - "I come from ___."我从
- Pukul berapa diatu? - "What is the time now?"现在几点
- Selamat lemai! - "Good evening!"午安
- Selamat ngalih ari - "Good afternoon"午安
- Selamat datai! - "Welcome!"欢迎
- Anang manchal! - "Don't be naughty!"不要顽皮
- Enda ulih datai - "Couldn't make it"不可以来
- Anang guai - "Hold on" "Wait a sec"等下
- Nadai ngawa nya/enda ngawa - "Nevermind/it does not matter"不用紧
- Nyamai, wai - "nice taste"好吃
- Pulai/mupuk dulu-"going back-回家
- Aram bekelala-"Let's get to know each other"互相认识
- Pengerindu-"Love, Passion"爱
- Lelengau aku ke nuan-"I miss you/I am missing you"我想念你
- Manah-"Good"好
- Jai-"Bad, damaged"坏
- Sapa enggau nuan?-"Who came/is with you?"你跟谁
- Aku enggau ___-"I came / went with ___; I am with ___"我跟
- Alau dinga-"Please listen" (Saratok dialect) 听
- Anang inggar / ragak-"Silent, please"不要吵
- Kini ka nuan?-"Where are you going?"你要去哪里
- Mar amat! - "Too expensive/difficult"很贵
- Tusah endar! - "Too difficult"很难
- Kapa nya! - "Couldn't care less"不稀罕
- Selamat pagi, Pengajar. - "Good morning, Teacher."早安老师
- Enda nemu aku tu - "I don't know"我不懂
- Aram ngirup mih kitai''' - "Let's all drink。我们来喝酒
- Ka ke pasar ku pagila - "I want to go to the town tomorrow"明天我要去巴刹
- Sayau - "Love/Darling"爱
- Mupuk gawa aku - "I'm going to work"我去做工
- Ka tinduk aku - "I want to go to sleep/bed"我要去睡觉
- Sapa kita ke manchal? - "Who is being naughty?"谁最顽皮
- Bajik amat nuan - "You are pretty/beautiful (for women)"你很美
- Sigat amat nuan - "You are handsome (for men)"你很帅
- Mali - "Taboo"禁忌
- Aku meruan sayauka nuan belama - "I will always loving you"我经常爱你
- Asaika kala meda nuan - "I feel like that I have seen you before"我好像看到你
Bible Translation
- Apai kami di serega, kudus mih nama nuan, datai mih perintah nuan, jadi peneka nuan, baka ka dalam serega bakanya dalam bumi. Meri ka kami pengidup tiap ari. Ampunka penyalah kami, baka ka kami ti ngampunka urang ti salah ngelaban kami. Intu kami ari penguji, lepas ke kami ari penyai. Laban nuan ti bempu perintah,enggau kuasa enggau mulia. Dataika belama - lama iya. Amin.
Our father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Thy kingdom come, on earth as in heaven. Gives us our daily bread. Forgive us of our sin, as we forgive those who sin against us. Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For the kingdom, the power and the glory are yours. Now and forever. Amen.
Word phrase
-Active verb sentence-
- Aku benung makai ikan guring - "I am eating fried fish"
- Apai Dom netak manuk ba dapur - "Dom's father is cutting the chicken in the kitchen"
- Indai meri aku RM100 kena meli barang dapur - "My mom gave me RM100 to buy to buy necessities"
-Passive verb sentence-
- Ikan guring nya dempa aku - "That fried fish was eaten by me"
- Manuk nya ditetak Apai Dom ba dapur - "That chicken was cut by Dom's father in the kitchen"
- Aku diberi indai RM100 kena meli barang dapur - "I was given by mother RM100 to buy necessities"
Sources
Anthony Richards, An Iban-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 1981. [Paperback reprint in the 1988 by Penerbit Fajar Bakti, Petaling Jaya. ISBN 967653384X]
Otto Steinmayer, Jalai Jako' Iban, a basic grammar of the Iban language of Sarawak. Klasik Publishing House: Kuching, 1999.
Renang Anak Ansali, Jaku Iban serta basa kitai. University of London Magazine, 2002.
References
- 1 2 Iban at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Balau[2] at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) - ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Iban". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives. Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon. ANU E Press, 2006. ISBN 1-920942-85-8, ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4
- ↑ http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/06/20/long-lost-iban-alphabet-script-found/
External links
- Ator Sambiang Mass Baru: The Holy Eucharist in Iban (1980) Anglican eucharistic liturgy digitized by Richard Mammana
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