List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
Illustration of the main factions involved in the Syrian Civil War and affiliations
A number of armed groups have involved themselves in the ongoing Syrian Civil War.
Generic list
Overall conflict (2011–present)
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Military situation in the Syrian Civil War as of May 1, 2016.
(For a more detailed map, see Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War)
(For a more detailed map, see Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War)
Notes
- The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was formerly part of al-Qaeda in Iraq, but was disavowed by al-Qaeda General Command, which stated: "It is not affiliated with al-Qaeda and has no relationship with it... al-Qaeda is not responsible for ISIS's actions."[221]
- The United States alleges that Belarus has provided or attempted to provide direct military support to the Syrian government. Belarus denies this.[222] There are also unconfirmed rumours that Algeria is providing military support to Syria.[223]
- The Christian militia Sutoro is aligned with the YPG, while its offshoot Sootoro is aligned with the government.
- The tribal Al-Sanadid Forces militia is aligned with both the YPG and the regime.
- There is regular conflict between various rebel groups. However, members of the People's Protection Units have coordinated with the Free Syrian Army.[224] In the Rebel–ISIS conflict, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has been fighting the Free Syrian Army, the Syria Revolutionaries Front, the Army of Mujahedeen, the Islamic Front and the al-Nusra Front. Jund al-Aqsa has declared its neutrality in the conflict.[161] Ghuraba al-Sham has clashed with the al-Nusra Front and the al-Tawhid Brigade.[225]
- Members of the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria[226] as well as the Kurdish Freedom Party have on occasion clashed with the People's Protection Units, the armed wing of the Democratic Union Party.[227]
- The Kurdish National Council has joined the Syrian National Coalition—though without officially committing any military forces to the opposition—while simultaneously retaining its membership in the Kurdish Supreme Council alongside the PYD.[228]
- Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar was subordinate to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, but withdrew due to its oath of allegiance to the Caucasus Emirate leadership to become independent. It is now part of Jabhat al-Nusra.[229]
- Egypt changed its position on this conflict from support for the opposition to neutrality after the 2013 Egyptian coup.[230]
- Jordan and the United Arab Emirates ended armament support for the opposition in 2014 due of concerns about radical Islamist presence among the opposition fighters.[231]
- Canada withdrew jet fighters from the US-led coalition against ISIL on 15 February 2016.[232]
Spillover
Further information: Spillover of the Syrian Civil War
Lebanon (2011–present)
Further information: Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon and Lebanese–Syrian border clashes
 Syrian opposition al-Qaeda network and allies |
 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant |
 Lebanon Allies of the Syrian governmentOther militias |
|---|---|---|
| Free Syrian Army[233] Supported by:
Abdullah Azzam Brigades Sunni Resistance Committees[236] |
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
|
Lebanon
Supported by:
Arab Democratic Party[257]
Supported by: |
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Turkey (2012–present)
Further information: Syrian–Turkish border clashes (2012–14), June 2012 interception of Turkish aircraft, Reyhanlı bombings, PKK rebellion (2015-present), Turkey–ISIL conflict, Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)
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Israel (2012-present)
Further information: Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian Civil War
| Syrian government and allies |
al-Qaeda network Syrian National Council |
 Israel |
|---|---|---|
| Syria
|
 Al-Nusra Front
|
Israel
|
Jordan (2012-present)
Further information: Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian Civil War and Jordanian intervention in the Syrian Civil War
 Jordan and allies |
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant |
|---|---|
| Jordan
|
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
|
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Iraq (2013–present)
Main article: List of armed groups in the Iraqi Civil War
Further information: Akashat ambush, Operation al-Shabah, Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014), Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014) and Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
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Detailed list
Syrian government and allies
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Syrian Armed Forces | Bashar al-Assad | March 2011 | Approximately 178,000[276] | Government's primary military force. | Syrian nationalism Secularism |
| National Defense Force | Bashar al-Assad | 2013[277] | 100,000[278] | Government counter-insurgency force. | Syrian nationalism Secularism |
| Syrian Social Nationalist Party | 6,000-8,000[279] | Lebanese-Syrian militia allied with the government | Syrian nationalism Secularism | ||
| Ba'ath Brigades | Bashar al-Assad | 2012 | 7,000[280] | Pro-government counter-insurgency militia. | Ba'athism Syrian nationalism Secularism |
| Syrian Resistance | Mihraç Ural | 2011 | 2,000 | Pro-government Marxist militia composed of mostly Alawites. | Socialism Marxism-Leninism Secularism |
| Arab Nationalist Guard | 2013 | 1,000+[281] | Pan-Arabic group from various Arab Countries. | Secularism Pan-Arabism Anti-Zionism | |
| Shia Militias: | |||||
| Hezbollah | Hassan Nasrallah | 2012[277] | 2,000[282] | Militant group based in Lebanon. | Shia Islamism |
| Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas | Abu Ajeeb | 2012 | 10,000[13] | Shia Syrian militant group formed due to desecration of shrines, heritage sites and place of worship by the rebels. It is active around Damascus. | Shia Islamism |
| Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq | Akram al-Kaabi | 2012 | An offshoot of Iraqi Shia insurgent group. It is active around Aleppo. | Shia Islamism | |
| Kata'ib Hezbollah | 2012 | An Iraqi Shia militia | Shia Islamism | ||
| Badr Organization | 2012 | An Iraqi Shia militia | Shia Islamism | ||
| Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada | 2013 | An Iraqi Shia militia | Shia Islamism | ||
Syrian opposition and allies
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunni Militias: | |||||
| Free Syrian Army | Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir | July 2011 | 40,000[283] | Main opposition group. Initially an umbrella term for defected Syrian soldiers, later became more organized. Includes some non-Sunnis unlike other opposition groups. | Syrian nationalism Anti-Ba'athism |
| Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union | Muhammad Abu al-Fatih | December 2013 | 15,000[284] | Merger of Damascus area rebel groups[284] | Sunni Islamism |
| Sham Legion | Mondher Saras[98] | 10 March 2014[98] | Alliance of 19 different groups[285] | Islamic democracy[98] | |
| Authenticity and Development Front | Khalid al-Hammad | November 2012 | 13,000[286] | Sunni Islamism | |
| Army of Mujahedeen | January 2014[287] | ≈5,000[288] | Coalition of Aleppo area Islamist rebels formed to fight ISIL. | Sunni Islamism[289] | |
Al-Qaeda network
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Nusra Front | Abu Mohammad al-Jolani[290] | January 2012 | 7,000[291]–15,000[292] | Designated by the US as a terrorist group. Pledged allegiance to Al-Qaeda. | Salafist jihadism Islamic fundamentalism |
| Jabhat Ansar al-Din[156] | 25 July 2014[156] | Alliance of independent jihadist groups[156][293] | Salafist jihadism |
Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | April 2013 | 80,000 (up to 50,000 in Syria and 30,000 in Iraq)[294][295] | Formerly Al-Qaeda's branch in Iraq, it has declared itself a Caliphate and is now in conflict with most other rebel groups, the Assad government and Kurdish militias. Designated or called a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the US and other states. | Salafist jihadism Islamic fundamentalism Caliphate |
Syrian Democratic Forces and allies
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| People's Protection Units (YPG) / Women's Protection Units (YPJ) |
Sipan Hemo | 2012 | 50,000 [296][297][298] | YPG and YPJ are the armed forces of the People’s Council of West Kurdistan (MGRK), which is dominated by the Democratic Union Party (PYD). While the PYD wants it to be the armed forces of all Kurdish Supreme Committee, the Kurdish National Council (ENKS) member parties prefer their own parties' militias. | Democratic Confederalism Communalism Kurdish autonomy.[297][299][300][301] |
| Jabhat al-Akrad | Hajji Ahmed Kurdi | 2012 | 7,000[302] | Ex-Free Syrian Army brigade, close to YPG and the PYD party, formed the Army of Revolutionaries in May 2015. | Pro-Kurdish rights Anti-Assad government |
| Northern Sun Battalion | Raizan Abu Muhammad | 2014 | Unknown | The main part of the Dawn of Freedom Brigades of the FSA, formed the Army of Revolutionaries in May 2015. | Unknown |
| Al-Sanadid Forces | Bandar al-Humaydi | 2013 | 2,500[303] | Militia made of Shammar tribesmen in the Hasakah Governorate. | Unknown |
| Kurdish National Council (KNC) | Feysel Yusuf | 2012 | 1,500[188] Note: Figure claimed by the leader of one minor party within the bloc, but no known participation in any conflict. |
Opposition alliance of smaller Kurdish parties within the Supreme Committee Note: Largely dominated by the KDP-S, which also formed a separate caucus called the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union. Most members are politically tied to either the KDP or the PUK in Iraqi Kurdistan. |
Kurdish nationalism Kurdish autonomy Liberal democracy |
Coalitions
Note:
- Groups that are part of multiple coalitions or sub-groups are listed twice, although their subsequent sub-groups will not necessarily be repeated.
- This section aims to include all sub-groups involved in the Syrian Civil War. It is incomplete.
Rebel coalitions
Active nationwide coalitions
Free Syrian Army
| Free Syrian Army |
|---|
 Syrian Turkmen Brigades[304]
Former members
|
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Islamic Front
.svg.png){kind=logo} Islamic Front |
|---|
|
Al-Tawhid Brigade (absorbed in Northern Storm Brigade) |
Muhajirin wal-Ansar Alliance
| Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance[161][325] |
|---|
 Jund al-Aqsa
|
Authenticity and Development Front
| Authenticity and Development Front |
|---|
Southern Front
|
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
| Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[329] |
|---|
 Jaysh al-Jihad |
 Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade
Former members |
Army of Mujahedeen
| Army of Mujahedeen[332] |
|---|
|
al-Noor Islamic Movement
Former members |
Syrian Revolutionary Command Council
Jabhat Ansar al-Din
| Jabhat Ansar al-Din[341] |
|---|
|
Harakat Sham al-Islam |
Euphrates Volcano
Syrian Democratic Forces
Active regional coalitions
Levant Front
| Levant Front (only in Aleppo Governorate) |
|---|
| Islamic Front (Aleppo only) Army of Mujahedeen |
Ansar al-Sharia
 Ansar al-Sharia (only in Aleppo Governorate) |
|---|
| Al-Nusra Front Jabhat Ansar al-Din |
Fatah Halab
| Fatah Halab[118] (only in Aleppo Governorate) |
|---|
| Levant Front Sham Legion |
Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union
| Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union [103] (only in Damascus Governorate) |
|---|
| al-Habib al-Mustafa Brigades
Sahaba Brigades |
Unified Military Command of Eastern Ghouta
| Unified Military Command of Eastern Ghouta (only in Ghouta region) |
|---|
|
Jaysh al-Islam |
Army of Conquest
 Army of Conquest (only in Idlib Governorate) |
|---|
|
al-Nusra Front |
Defunct coalitions
Mujahideen Shura Council
| Mujahideen Shura Council (only in Deir ez-Zor Governorate)[347] |
|---|
|
Al-Nusra Front |
Hawks of the South
| Hawks of the South[315] |
|---|
|
18 March Division |
Ahl al-Sham
| Ahl al-Sham (only in Aleppo Governorate)[349] |
|---|
|
Islamic Front |
Aleppo Liberation
| Aleppo Liberation (only in Aleppo Governorate) |
|---|
|
16th Division |
Jaysh al-Sham
| Jaysh al-Sham[325] |
|---|
| Liwa Suyuf al Haq Liwa Ansar Allah |
Syrian Islamic Front
 Syrian Islamic Front |
|---|
|
Syrian Islamic Liberation Front
 Syrian Islamic Liberation Front |
|---|
Suqour al-Sham Brigade
|
See also
- Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War
- List of active rebel groups in Syria
- Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War
- Combatants of the Iraq War
- List of armed groups in the Algerian Civil War
References
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Who we are fighting for - This was never understood. "When they spoke to us in Russia, they explained that we were going on a contract with the Syrian government, they convinced us that everything was legal and in order. Like, our government and the FSB were on board and involved in the project. When we arrived there, it turned out that we were sent as gladiators, under a contract with some Syrian or other, who may or may not have a relationship with the government… That meant that we were the private army of a local kingpin.
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External links
- Interactive: Mapping Syria's rebellion - Al-Jazeera
- Syria interactive: The rebels, their weapons and funds - Channel 4 News
- Who are the pro-Assad militias in Syria?
- Institute for the Study of War: Syrian Opposition Guide
- Syrian Civil War Factions
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