Gatwick Airport

"Gatwick" redirects here. For the village in Surrey, see Gatwick, Surrey.
"LGW" redirects here. For other uses, see LGW (disambiguation).
Gatwick Airport
IATA: LGW – ICAO: EGKK
– WMO: 03776
Summary
Airport type Public
Operator Gatwick Airport Limited
Serves London, United Kingdom
Location Crawley, W Sussex
Hub for British Airways
Elevation AMSL 203 ft / 62 m
Coordinates 51°08′53″N 000°11′25″W / 51.14806°N 0.19028°W / 51.14806; -0.19028Coordinates: 51°08′53″N 000°11′25″W / 51.14806°N 0.19028°W / 51.14806; -0.19028
Website www.gatwickairport.com
Map
LGW

Location in West Sussex, England

Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
08L/26R 2,565 8,415 Asphalt
08R/26L 3,316 10,879 Asphalt
Statistics (2015)
Passengers 40,269,087
Passenger change 14-15 Increase5.7%
Aircraft Movements 267,760
Movements change 14-15 Increase3.0%
Sources: UK AIP at NATS[1]
Statistics from the UK Civil Aviation Authority[2]

Gatwick Airport[nb 1] (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK) is 2.7 nautical miles (5.0 km; 3.1 mi) north of the centre of Crawley,[1] West Sussex, and 29.5 miles (47.5 km) south of Central London.[4] Also known as London Gatwick,[1] it is London's second-largest international airport and the second-busiest (by total passenger traffic) in the United Kingdom (after Heathrow).[5] Gatwick is Europe's leading airport for point-to-point flights[nb 2][6] and has the world's busiest single-use runway, with a maximum of 55 aircraft movements per hour.[7] Its two terminals (North and South) cover an area of 98,000 m2 (1,050,000 sq ft) and 160,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft), respectively.[8] In 2015, 40.3 million passengers passed through the airport, a 5.7 per cent increase compared with 2014.[2]

From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US.[9] US Airways, Gatwick's last remaining US carrier, ended service from Gatwick on 30 March 2013.[10] This leaves Gatwick without a scheduled US airline for the first time in nearly 40 years.[11] The airport is a base for scheduled airlines British Airways (BA), EasyJet, Monarch Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Virgin Atlantic and charter operators such as Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways. Gatwick is unique amongst London's airports in its representation of the three main airline business models: full service, low-/no frills and charter.[12] As of April 2015, these respectively accounted for 30 percent, 64 percent and 6 percent of Gatwick's seat capacity.[13]

BAA Limited (now Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited) and its predecessors, BAA plc and the British Airports Authority, owned and operated Gatwick from 1 April 1966 to 2 December 2009.[14][15] On 17 September 2008, BAA announced it would sell Gatwick after the Competition Commission published a report about BAA's market dominance in London and the South East. On 21 October 2009 it was announced that an agreement had been reached to sell Gatwick to a consortium led by Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), who also have a controlling interest in Edinburgh[nb 3] airport, for £1.51 billion. The sale was completed on 3 December.[16]

History

The land on which Gatwick Airport stands was first developed as an aerodrome in the late 1920s. The Air Ministry approved commercial flights from the site in 1933, and the first terminal, "The Beehive" was built in 1935. Major development work at the airport took place during the 1950s. The airport buildings were designed by Yorke Rosenberg Mardall between 1955 and 1988.[17]

Ownership

Since 2009, the airport has been owned and operated by Gatwick Airport Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ivy Holdco Limited. Ivy Holdco is owned by a consortium of companies, with the following holdings as of March 2014:

Owner Shares [18]
Global Infrastructure Partners 41.95%
Future Fund Board of Guardians 17.23%
Abu Dhabi Investment Authority 15.9%
The California Public Employees' Retirement System 12.78%
National Pension Service of Korea 12.14%

In February 2010, GIP sold minority stakes of 12 percent and 15 percent to the South Korean National Pension Service and the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) for £100 million and £125 million, respectively, in Gatwick's (rather than GIP's) name. The sales were part of GIP's strategy to syndicate the equity portion of the original acquisition by issuing bonds to refinance bank debt. Although this entails bringing additional investors into the airport, GIP aims to retain management control.[19][20] The Californian state pension fund CalPERS acquired a 12.7- percent stake in Gatwick Airport for about $155 million (£104.8 million) in June 2010.[21]

On 21 December 2010, the A$69 billion (£44 billion) Future Fund, a sovereign wealth fund established by the Australian government in 2006, agreed to purchase a 17.2-percent stake in Gatwick Airport from GIP for £145 million. This transaction completed GIP's syndication process for the airport, reducing its stake to 42 percent (although the firm's extra voting rights mean it still controls the airport's board).[22]

Operations

Blue-and-grey terminal building and parking lot
Gatwick's North Terminal building and transit station

Facilities

The airport has two terminals, North and South. Both have shops and restaurants landside and airside, and all areas are accessible to disabled passengers. There are facilities for baby changing and feeding, and play areas and video games for children; business travellers have specialised lounges. On 31 May 2008, Virgin Holidays opened the V Room, Gatwick's first lounge dedicated to leisure travellers, for use by Virgin Holidays customers flying to Orlando, Las Vegas and the Caribbean on sister airline Virgin Atlantic.[23]

On 9 April 2009, an independent pay-for-access lounge, No.1 Traveller, opened in the South Terminal. Gatwick has a conference and business centre, and several on- and off-site hotels ranging in class from executive to economy. The airport has Anglican, Catholic and Free Church chaplains, and there are multi-faith prayer and counselling rooms in each terminal. A daily service is led by one of the chaplains.[24]

Passengers with luggage looking at arriving-flights board
South Terminal international arrivals concourse

The Civil Aviation Authority Safety Regulation Group is in Aviation House.[25] WesternGeco, a geophysical services company, has its head office and Europe-Africa-Russia offices in Schlumberger House,[26][27] a 124,000 sq ft (11,500 m2) building on the airport grounds[28] near the South Terminal. The company had a 15-year lease on the building, scheduled to expire in June 2008. In 2007, WesternGeco reached an agreement with its landlord, BAA Lynton, extending its lease to 2016 at an initial rent of £2.1 million.[28] Fastjet has its registered and head offices at Suite 2C in First Point at the airport.[29]

Before the sale, BAA planned an £874 million investment at Gatwick over five years, including increased capacity for both terminals, improvements to transport interchange and a new baggage system for the South Terminal.[30] Passengers passing through the airport are informed about the redevelopment programme with large mobile barcodes on top of construction hoardings. Scanning these transfers information on the construction to the user's smartphone.[31]

In summer 2013, Gatwick introduced Gatwick Connect, a free flight connection service to assist passengers changing flights at Gatwick whose airlines do not provide a full flight connection service. At a Gatwick Connect desk in the baggage reclaim hall in each terminal, passengers can confirm their details or leave their bags for onward flights if already checked in online. As of mid-September 2015, the service is branded "GatwickConnects". It is available to passengers arriving on any airline who have an onward flight connection on Aer Lingus, EasyJet, Flybe, Monarch Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle, Thomas Cook Airlines, Virgin Atlantic or WOW air.[13][32][33]

On 15 September 2015, the airport launched a service enabling passengers to book connecting flights involving a change of aircraft at Gatwick, where airlines do not provide a full flight connection service, in a single transaction at a lower cost (compared with the total cost when each flight is booked separately). It includes a guarantee to safeguard connections and make alternative arrangements for passengers who miss their connection in the event of their flight being delayed or cancelled. Gatwick claim this to be a world-first. This service is marketed under the "GatwickConnects" brand and is bookable through Dohop and Skyscanner. Initially, it is available to passengers flying with EasyJet, Norwegian Air Shuttle and WOW air.[34][35]

Flight movements

Tall, white control tower
The airport control tower opened in 1984.

Gatwick operates as a single-runway airport although it has two runways; the northern runway (08L/26R) can only be used when the main runway (08R/26L) is out of use for any reason. Documentation published by the airport in April 2014 indicates that the usable length of its main runway (08R/26L) is 11,178 ft (3,407 m) when aircraft take off in a westerly direction (26) and 10,863 ft (3,311 m) when takeoffs occur in an easterly direction (08). The documentation lists the respective usable runway lengths for the northern runway (08L/26R) as 9,974 ft (3,040 m) (direction 08) and 8,858 ft (2,700 m) (direction 26), and states that nearly three-quarters of takeoffs are towards the west (74 percent, over a 12-month period). Both runways are 148 ft (45 m) wide; they are 656 ft (200 m) apart,[36] which is insufficient for the simultaneous use of both runways. During normal operations the northern runway is used as a taxiway,[37][38] consistent with its original construction (although it was gradually widened).[39]

The main runway uses a Category III Instrument Landing System (ILS). The northern runway does not have an ILS; when it is in use, arriving aircraft use a combination of distance measuring equipment and assistance from the approach controller (using surveillance radar) or (where equipped, and subject to operator approval) an RNAV (GNSS) approach (also available for the main runway).[40] On both runways, a continuous descent approach is used to minimise the environmental effects of incoming aircraft, particularly at night.[41]

Night flights are subject to restrictions;[42] between 11 pm and 7 am, noisier aircraft (rated QC/8 and QC/16) may not operate. From 11.30 pm to 6 am (the night quota period) there are three limits:

Security

The airport is policed by the Gatwick District of Sussex Police. The district is responsible for the entire airport (including aircraft) and, in certain circumstances, aircraft in flight. The 150 officers attached to this district include armed and unarmed officers, and community support officers for minor offences. The airport district counters man-portable surface-to-air missiles (MANPADS) by patrolling in and around the airport, and a separate sub-unit has vehicle checks around the airport.[44]

Gatwick is one of three UK airports with body scanners, located in the main search areas of both terminals. Access to airside portions of the airport is controlled and maintained by the airport's team of security officers, regulated by the Department for Transport. Brook House, an immigration-removal centre of UK Visas and Immigration, was opened near the airport on 18 March 2009 by the then Home Secretary Jacqui Smith.[45]

Major airlines

British Airways aircraft on stand at the North Terminal, with other aircraft in the background

By late 2015, EasyJet flew over 100 routes from Gatwick with a fleet of more than 60 aircraft.[46][47] The airport is the carrier's largest base, and its 16 million passengers per year accounted for 45 percent of Gatwick's 2013 total[48] (ahead of Gatwick's second-largest passenger airline: British Airways (BA), whose 4.5 million passengers comprised 14 percent of total passenger traffic in 2011–12).[nb 4][49][50]

The airport is a hub for BA; BA and EasyJet are Gatwick's dominant resident airlines. In terms of passengers carried, both airlines were among the five largest airlines operating at Gatwick in 2010 (which also included Thomson Airways, Monarch Airlines and Thomas Cook Airlines at the time) and the top 10 in 2015.[51][35] In terms of total scheduled airline seats at Gatwick in 2014, EasyJet accounted for 18.36 million, more than two-and-a-half times as many as second-placed BA (seven million) and nearly five times the number offered by third-placed Norwegian (3.74 million).[52] Using data sourced from the OAG Schedules Analyser, the following changes in the respective departure seat capacity shares of Gatwick's three biggest airlines occurred from 2010 to 2015: EasyJet's share increased from 26.1 percent in 2010 to 42.1 percent in 2015; BA's share dropped from 18.3 percent in 2010 to 15 percent in 2015; Norwegian's share rose almost three-fold from less than 3 percent in 2010 to 8.3 percent in 2015. The OAG Schedules Analyser data for 2015 also confirms EasyJet, BA, Norwegian, Thomson Airways, Monarch Airlines, Virgin Atlantic, Thomas Cook Airlines, Aer Lingus, Ryanair and Emirates as Gatwick's top 10 airlines in terms of departure seat capacity share.[35]

EasyJet's acquisition of BA franchise carrier GB Airways in March 2008 increased its share of airport slots to 24 percent (from 17 percent in late 2007); the airline became the largest short-haul operator at the airport, accounting for 29 percent of short-haul passengers.[53] By 2009, BA's share of Gatwick slots had fallen to 20 percent from its peak of 40 percent in 2001.[54] By 2010, this had declined to 16 percent.[55][56] By mid-2012, EasyJet had 45 percent of Gatwick's early-morning peak time slots (6 am to 8:55 am).[nb 5][57]

Gatwick Airport ramp view from the Bloc Hotel
Ramp view of the airport, taken from the Bloc Hotel on the 7th Floor of the South Terminal (looking towards the North Terminal)

By 2008, Flybe was Gatwick's third-largest airline (accounting for nine percent of its slots) and its fastest-growing airline.[54][58] It became the airport's largest domestic operator, carrying 1.2 million passengers in its 2011–12 financial year on eight routes to destinations in the UK, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.[nb 4][59] In March 2013, the airline announced that it would end operations at Gatwick, citing unsustainably high airport charges and increases in UK Air Passenger Duty. Flybe sold its 25 pairs of daily slots[nb 6] at the airport to EasyJet for £20 million.[60][61] The latter's share of Gatwick slots increased to 44 percent in summer 2014; second-placed BA has held about 16 percent of the airport's slots since 2010.[55][56][62] Following the sale of its Gatwick slots to EasyJet, Flybe continues to provide the scheduled service between Gatwick and Newquay, as a result of being awarded the contract to fly this route under a four-year Public Service Obligation (PSO).[63]

The EU–US Open Skies Agreement, which became effective on 30 March 2008, led a number of airlines to downsize their transatlantic operations at Gatwick in favour of Heathrow. Continental Airlines was the second transatlantic carrier (after American Airlines)[64] to leave Gatwick after its decision to transfer the seasonal Cleveland service to Heathrow on 3 May 2009.[65][66]

Slots left by the US carriers (and the collapse of Zoom, XL Airways UK and Sterling) were taken by EasyJet, Flybe, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Ryanair. A number of full-service airlines have established or resumed operations at the airport, including Cathay Pacific, Swiss International Air Lines and Turkish Airlines. This is part of the airport's strategy to attract higher-spending business travellers (countering its dependence on European low-cost and charter markets), increasing year-round capacity utilisation by smoothing peaks and troughs in traffic. Gatwick's success in persuading these airlines to launch (or re-launch) routes to overseas destinations important for business and leisure travel was aided by a lack of comparable slots at Heathrow.[67][68] On 16 June 2015, it was announced that Canadian low-cost carrier WestJet will begin flights to Gatwick in the spring of 2016.[69] This was followed by an announcement on 25 June 2015 by Air Canada Rouge that it would begin a seasonal service from Gatwick to Toronto on 20 May 2016.[70]

City Place Gatwick

Main article: City Place Gatwick

Gatwick's original terminal, the Beehive, is included within the City Place Gatwick office complex together with 1, 2 and 3 City Place.[71][72][73][74][75] The complex was developed by BAA Lynton.[76]

A number of airlines have had offices at the Beehive, including BEA/British Airways Helicopters,[77][78] Jersey Airlines, Caledonian Airways, Virgin Atlantic and GB Airways.[79][80][81][82] Other airlines which had headquarters on airport property (including office buildings on the site of, or adjacent to, the original 1930s airport) include British Caledonian,[83][84] British United Airways,[85] CityFlyer Express,[86] Laker Airways[87] and Tradewinds Airways.[88][89]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

AirlinesDestinationsTerminal
Adria AirwaysSeasonal: Ljubljana North
Aegean AirlinesAthens
Seasonal: Heraklion
Seasonal charter: Kalamata 		South
Aer LingusDublin, Knock
Seasonal charter: Geneva, Lyon 		South
Afriqiyah AirwaysTripoli South
Air Arabia MarocCasablanca, Tangier South
airBalticRiga South
Air Canada RougeSeasonal: Toronto-Pearson (begins 20 May 2016)[70] South
Air EuropaMadrid South
Air MaltaMalta South
Air TransatCalgary, Toronto-Pearson, Vancouver
Seasonal: Halifax, Montréal-Trudeau 		South
AlbaStarSeasonal charter: Palma de Mallorca North
Aurigny Air ServicesGuernsey South
BelaviaMinsk-National South
BH AirSeasonal: Burgas
Seasonal charter: Sofia, Varna 		South
British AirwaysAlgiers, Alicante, Amsterdam, Antigua, Barbados, Barcelona, Bermuda, Bordeaux, Cancún, Dubrovnik, Edinburgh, Faro, Fuerteventura, Funchal, Genoa, Glasgow, Grenada, Jersey, Kingston-Norman Manley, Lanzarote, Lima, Málaga, Malta, Marrakech, Mauritius, Naples, New York-JFK, Nice, Orlando–International, Port of Spain, Porto, Providenciales, Punta Cana, Rome-Fiumicino, Saint Kitts, St. Lucia, Salzburg, San José de Costa Rica, Seville, Sharm el-Sheikh (suspended),[90] Tampa, Tenerife-South, Tirana, Tobago, Turin, Valencia, Venice, Verona, Vienna
Seasonal: Bari, Bodrum, Cagliari, Cape Town (begins 24 November 2016),[91] Catania, Dalaman, Friedrichshafen, Geneva, Grenoble, Heraklion, Ibiza, Innsbruck, Malé, Paphos, Pisa, Rhodes, Thessaloniki 		North
Cathay PacificHong Kong (resumes 2 September 2016)[92] South
Croatia AirlinesSeasonal: Split South
easyJetAberdeen, Alicante, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Bari, Basel/Mulhouse, Belfast-International, Bologna, Brindisi, Budapest, Catania, Edinburgh, Faro, Fuerteventura, Geneva, Gibraltar, Glasgow, Gran Canaria, Hurghada, Innsbruck, Inverness, Isle of Man, Jersey, Kraków, Lanzarote, Larnaca, Lisbon, Lyon, Málaga, Malta, Marrakech, Murcia, Nantes, Naples, Nice, Palma de Mallorca, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Porto, Reykjavík-Keflavík, Sofia, Stuttgart, Tallinn, Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion, Tenerife-South
Seasonal: Antalya, Bastia, Bodrum, Brest, Cephalonia, Chania, Corfu, Dalaman, Figari, Grenoble, Ibiza, Izmir, Kos, La Rochelle, Preveza, Pula, Rhodes, Salzburg, Santiago de Compostela, Split, Tivat (begins 16 June 2016),[93] Turin, Zakynthos 		North
easyJetAgadir, Almería, Athens, Berlin-Schönefeld, Bordeaux, Copenhagen, Funchal, Hamburg, Luxembourg, Madrid, Marseille, Milan-Linate, Milan-Malpensa, Montpellier, Munich, Palermo, Paphos, Pisa, Prague, Rome-Fiumicino, Seville, Thessaloniki, Toulouse, Valencia, Venice, Verona, Vienna, Zürich
Seasonal: Ajaccio, Biarritz, Dubrovnik, Friedrichshafen, Heraklion, Kalamata, Minorca, Mykonos, Olbia, Santorini 		South
easyJet SwitzerlandBasel/Mulhouse, Geneva North
EmiratesDubai-International North
Enter AirSeasonal charter: Corfu, Heraklion, Kos, Rhodes, Skiathos, Thessaloniki, Zakynthos South
FlybeNewquay South
GermaniaPristina
Seasonal charter: Chambéry, Corfu, Heraklion, Kos, Lyon, Rhodes, Skiathos, Thessaloniki, Zakynthos 		South
Iberia ExpressMadrid South
IcelandairReykjavík-Keflavík North
Iraqi Airways
operated by AirExplore		Baghdad,1 Sulaimaniyah1 South
Med-View AirlineLagos South
MeridianaNaples, Cagliari, Olbia North
Monarch AirlinesAlicante, Barcelona, Faro, Funchal, Gibraltar, Gran Canaria, Hurghada, Lanzarote, Lisbon, Málaga, Minorca, Nice, Palma de Mallorca, Sharm el Sheikh (suspended),[90] Tenerife-South
Seasonal: Almeria, Antalya, Dalaman, Dubrovnik, Friedrichshafen, Geneva, Grenoble, Ibiza, Innsbruck, Larnaca, Lyon, Paphos, Preveza, Rhodes, Salzburg, Venice, Verona 		South
Montenegro AirlinesSeasonal: Tivat South
Norwegian Air ShuttleAalborg, Alicante, Barcelona, Bergen, Berlin-Schönefeld, Budapest, Copenhagen, Faro, Fuerteventura, Funchal, Gothenburg, Helsinki, Larnaca, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Madrid, Málaga, Nice, Oslo-Gardermoen, Palma de Mallorca, Rome-Fiumicino, Stavanger, Stockholm-Arlanda, Tenerife-South, Tromsø, Trondheim, Warsaw-Chopin
Seasonal: Ålesund, Cephalonia, Corfu, Dubrovnik, Grenoble, Ibiza, Pula, Salzburg, Sandefjord, Santorini, Split
Seasonal charter: Grenoble, Lleida-Alguaire, Sofia 		South
Norwegian Air Shuttle
operated by Norwegian Long Haul[nb 7]		Boston, Fort Lauderdale, Los Angeles, New York-JFK, Oakland (begins 12 May 2016),[94] Orlando–International, San Juan South
NouvelairSeasonal charter: Djerba, Monastir South
Pegasus AirlinesIstanbul-Sabiha Gökçen
Seasonal: Antalya, Bodrum, Dalaman 		South
Royal Air MarocCasablanca, Marrakech, Rabat North
RyanairAlicante (resumes 31 October 2016), Belfast-International, Cork, Dublin, Kaunas (ends 28 October 2016), Shannon, Seville South
Small Planet AirlinesSeasonal charter: Athens, Banjul, Corfu, Chania, Heraklion, Kalamata, Kefalonia, Kos, Larnaca, Gran Canaria, Malta, Preveza, Rhodes, Santorini, Skiathos, Tirana, Zakynthos South
SmartWingsPrague South
SunExpressİzmir South
Swiss International Air LinesSeasonal: Geneva South
Syphax AirlinesEnfidha South
TAP PortugalLisbon, Porto South
Thomas Cook Airlines Antalya, Bodrum, Cancún, Dalaman, Enfidha, Fuerteventura, Holguín, Hurghada, Izmir, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Paphos, Punta Cana, Sharm el-Sheikh (suspended),[90] Tenerife-South
Seasonal: Almería, Banjul, Barbados, Cape Town (begins 15 December 2016),[95] Cayo Coco, Corfu, Djerba, Faro, Geneva, Goa, Genoa, Grenoble, Heraklion, Ibiza, Innsbruck, Lleida-Alguaire, Kefalonia, Kos, Larnaca, Lemnos, Luxor, Minorca, Olbia, Orlando–International, Palma de Mallorca, Preveza, Rhodes, Rovaniemi, Sal, Salzburg, Santorini, Skiathos, Sofia, Thessaloniki, Turin, Zakynthos 		South
Thomas Cook Airlines
operated by SmartLynx Airlines 		Seasonal: Antalya, Burgas (begins 21 May 2016), Corfu (begins 25 May 2016), Gran Canaria, Heraklion, Kalamata (begins 22 May 2016), Kavala, Kos (begins 15 May 2016), Malta (begins 24 May 2016), Minorca (begins 23 May 2016), Naples (begins 13 May 2016), Paphos, Reus (begins 22 May 2016), Tenerife-South South
Thomson Airways Agadir, Alicante, Antalya, Boa Vista, Cancún, Dalaman, Dubai-Al Maktoum (begins 2 November 2016), Fuerteventura, Funchal, Girona, Heraklion, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Liberia, Luxor, Málaga, Malta, Marrakech, Marsa Alam, Mauritius, Montego Bay, Orlando/Sanford, Palma de Mallorca, Paphos, Puerto Plata, Puerto Vallarta, Punta Cana, Sal, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Sharm el-Sheikh (suspended),[90] Tenerife-South, Varadero
Seasonal: Almeria, Acapulco, Alghero, Araxos Patras, Aruba, Barbados, Bodrum, Burgas, Catania, Chambéry, Chania, Colombo (begins 7 November 2016), Corfu, Dubrovnik, Fagernes, Faro, Geneva, Grenoble, Ibiza, Innsbruck, Ivalo, İzmir, Jerez, Kavala, Kefalonia, Kittilä, Kos, Kuusamo, Larnaca, Minorca, Mykonos, Naples, Phuket, Plovdiv, Preveza, Pula, Reus, Rhodes, Salzburg, Samos, Santorini, Skiathos, Sofia, Split, Thessaloniki, Tivat, Toulouse, Turin, Venice, Verona, Zakynthos 		North
Tianjin Airlines Chongqing, Tianjin (both begin 25 June 2016)[96] TBA
Tunisair Tunis South
Turkish AirlinesIstanbul-Atatürk, Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen South
Ukraine International AirlinesKiev-Boryspil South
Virgin AtlanticAntigua, Barbados, Cancún, Grenada, Havana, Las Vegas, Montego Bay, Orlando–International, Saint Lucia, Tobago South
VuelingAsturias, Barcelona, Bilbao, Florence, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Rome-Fiumicino
Seasonal: Santiago de Compostela [97] 		North
WestJetCalgary (begins 8 May 2016),[98][99] Toronto-Pearson (begins 7 May 2016)[98][99]
Seasonal: Edmonton (begins 7 May 2016),[98] St. John's (begins 8 May 2016),[98] Vancouver (begins 8 May 2016),[98] Winnipeg (begins 7 May 2016)[98] 		North
Wizz AirBucharest (begins 18 June 2016)[100] South
WOW airReykjavík-Keflavík South
Notes

Terminal moves

As part of a recently agreed, seven-year strategic commercial partnership between Gatwick and EasyJet, the airport proposed a number of changes to individual airlines' terminal locations. The proposed changes will see EasyJet consolidate all Gatwick operations in the North Terminal while British Airways and Virgin Atlantic will swap their current terminals. Gatwick believes that these terminal moves will improve the airport's operational efficiency and resilience as the use of different terminals by EasyJet and British Airways would reduce pressure on the North Terminal's check-in, security, boarding and ramp areas at peak times. In addition, a terminal swap by Virgin would free up lounge and gate space for BA long-haul passengers in the South Terminal and, unlike BA's current short-haul schedules, Virgin's long-haul schedules would not clash with EasyJet's busy schedule in the North Terminal due to the airlines' differing peak times.[48]

It was confirmed in January 2015 that British Airways will move all its flights to the South Terminal in November 2016 while all EasyJet flights will be consolidated in the North Terminal at the same time.[101][47] It was decided in February 2016 to postpone the agreed relocation of airlines at Gatwick to 25 January 2017 to avoid operational disruptions over the 2016–17 Christmas season and to give all parties involved sufficient time to have dealt with any unforeseen issues ahead of the February 2017 half-term holidays.[102]

Statistics

Busiest routes

The busiest routes to and from London Gatwick during 2015 are listed in the following table.

Busiest routes to and from London Gatwick (2015)
Rank Airport Passengers handled % Change
2014 / 15
1 Barcelona1,338,598Increase 6
2 Dublin1,083,542Increase 9
3 Málaga1,041,356Decrease 1
4 Amsterdam977,713Increase 15
5 Madrid906,550Increase 26
6 Dubai-International866,101Increase 12
7 Geneva844,939Increase 3
8 Alicante760,840Decrease 1
9 Faro749,514Increase 5
10 Tenerife-South739,089Increase 1
11 Orlando–International737,221Increase 5
12 Rome-Fiumicino726,151Increase 10
13 Copenhagen724,417Decrease 1
14 Palma de Mallorca710,848Increase 3
15 Edinburgh672,948Decrease 3
16 Venice-Marco Polo657,709Increase 11
17 Jersey649,377Increase 7
18 Nice-Côte d'Azur649,357Decrease 4
19 Glasgow612,497Steady 0
20 Milan-Malpensa528,232Increase 4
Source: UK Civil Aviation Authority[2]

Traffic

Gatwick handled 186,172 passengers during its first seven months of operation after the 1956–58 reconstruction; the annual number of passengers passing through the airport was 368,000 in 1959 and 470,000 in 1960.[103][104] Passenger numbers reached one million for the first time during the 1962-63 fiscal year,[nb 8] with British United Airways (BUA) accounting for four-fifths.[105] The 1.5 million mark was exceeded for the first time during the 1966–67 fiscal year.[nb 9] This was also the first time more than half a million scheduled passengers used the airport.[106] Gatwick accommodated two million passengers for the first time during the 1967–68 fiscal year[nb 10] and three million in the 1969–70 fiscal year,[nb 11] with BUA accounting for nearly half.[107][108] By the early 1970s, 5 million passengers used Gatwick each year, with a record 5.7 million during the 1973–74 fiscal year.[nb 12] During that period, British Caledonian accounted for approximately half of all charter passengers and three-fourths of scheduled passengers.[109] Within a decade annual passenger numbers doubled, to 10 million; they doubled again, to over 20 million, by the late 1980s.[103][110][111][112] By the turn of the millennium, Gatwick handled more than 30 million passengers annually.[103] By 2015, Gatwick became the first single runway airport to handle more than 40 million passengers annually.[113]

Gatwick passenger totals, 2000–2015 (millions)
Updated: 3 April 2016.[2]
Number of passengers[nb 13] Percentage change Number of movements[nb 14] Freight (tonnes)
2000 32,068,540 – 260,859 318,905
2001 31,181,770 Decrease2.8% 252,543 280,098
2002 29,627,420 Decrease5.0% 242,379 242,519
2003 30,005,260 Increase1.3% 242,731 222,916
2004 31,466,770 Increase4.9% 251,195 218,204
2005 32,775,695 Increase4.2% 261,292 222,778
2006 34,163,579 Increase4.2% 263,363 211,857
2007 35,216,113 Increase3.1% 266,550 171,078
2008 34,205,887 Decrease2.9% 263,653 107,702
2009 32,392,520 Decrease5.3% 251,879 74,680
2010 31,375,290 Decrease3.1% 240,500 104,032
2011 33,674,264 Increase7.3% 251,067 88,085
2012 34,235,982 Increase1.7% 246,987 97,567
2013 35,444,206 Increase3.5% 250,520 96,724
2014 38,103,667 Increase7.5% 259,692 88,508
2015 40,269,087 Increase5.7% 267,760 73,371
Source: UK Civil Aviation Authority[2]

40.3 million passengers passed through Gatwick in 2015, an increase of 5.7 percent over the previous year.[2] North Atlantic, Irish, European scheduled and other long-haul[nb 15] passenger traffic recorded increases over the previous year of 11.6 percent, 8 percent, 7.2 percent and 4 percent to 1.89 million, 1.39 million, 26.7 million and 3.54 million, respectively. UK[nb 16] and European charter[nb 17] traffic saw decreases over the corresponding figures for 2014 of 1.6 percent and 1.1 percent to 3.6 million and 3.4 million passengers, respectively. Air transport movements increased by 3 percent to 267,767. Cargo volume decreased by 17.3 percent to 73,411 metric tonnes.[113]

Compared with a year earlier, March 2016 passenger numbers increased by 5.8 percent to 3.129 million (an increase of 170,930 over March 2015). The following changes were recorded amongst individual passenger traffic categories: North Atlantic traffic +19.3 percent (140,300 passengers); Irish traffic +15.4 percent (134,300 passengers); European scheduled traffic +7.9 percent (1.961 million passengers); other long-haul[nb 15] traffic 5.9 percent (334,300 passengers); UK[nb 16] traffic +0.3 percent (301,200 passengers); European charter[nb 17] traffic -11.4 percent (258,500 passengers). Air transport movements increased by 4.4 percent to 21,029. Cargo volume decreased by 26.1 percent to 5,832 metric tonnes. Key to continuing growth in passenger traffic was a 9.6 percent increase in long-haul traffic. This was driven by additional passengers travelling to and from Los Angeles (+62.8 percent), Toronto (+60.3 percent) and Vancouver (+35.8 percent) while the increase in European traffic was driven by growth in passenger traffic to and from Fuerteventura (+38.6 percent), Venice (+32.8 percent) and Iceland (+30.8 percent). Average monthly load factors stood at 83.8 percent.[114]

Ground transport

Grassy median, with billboard and road sign
North Terminal A23 roundabout

Gatwick has set goals of 40- percent public-transport use by the time annual passenger traffic reaches 40 million (in 2015) and 45 percent by the time it reaches 45 million.[115]

Road

The airport is accessible from a motorway spur road at junction 9A of the M23, which links to the main M23 motorway 1 mile (1.6 km) east at junction 9. The M23 connects with London's orbital motorway, the M25, 9 miles (14 km) north; this provides access to much of Greater London, the South East and beyond, and the M23 is the main route for traffic to the airport. Gatwick is also accessible from the A23, which serves Horley and Redhill to the north and Crawley and Brighton to the south. The A217 provides access northwards to the town of Reigate. The airport has long and short-stay car parks at the airport and off-site, although these are often full in summer. Local restrictions limit parking at (and near) Gatwick.

Rail

Gatwick Express Route Map

Legend
 London Victoria London Underground
 non-stop
Gatwick Airport
Haywards Heath
 Wivelsfield (northbound only)
 Burgess Hill
 Hassocks
 Preston Park
 Brighton
Outdoor station with enclosed, overhead walkway
Airport railway station

The airport railway station, next to South Terminal, provides connections along the Brighton Main Line to Victoria Station and London Bridge and Brighton, Worthing, Eastbourne, Portsmouth and Bognor Regis to the south. Although the Gatwick Express to Victoria (operated by Southern) is the best-known service from the station, other companies (including Thameslink and First Great Western) also use the station and Southern services Victoria and London Bridge under its own name. Thameslink provide direct trains to Luton Airport; First Great Western trains directly link Gatwick Airport with Guildford and Reading for onwards connections to Oxford, Bristol, Plymouth and South Wales. Pedestrians may reach Heathrow by a X26 Express Bus outside East Croydon station, an intermediate stop for rail service to London.

London Oyster Cards and contactless cards have been accepted on the Line since January 2016.[116]

Bus

National Express Coaches operates coaches to Heathrow Airport, Stansted Airport and cities and towns throughout the region and country. Oxford Bus Company operate direct services to Oxford, and EasyBus operates mini-coaches from both terminals to Earls Court and West Brompton.

Local buses connect North and South Terminals with Crawley, Horley, Redhill, Horsham and Caterham. Services are offered by Metrobus and Fastway, a guided bus rapid transit system which was the first of its kind to be built outside a major city. There are two sets of stairs for pedestrians to leave South Terminal at ground level (near the cycle route) from Zone L and the train-station area (labelled Exit Q and Exit P on the ground), which access local bus stops.

Bicycle

Route 21 of the National Cycle Network passes under South Terminal, allowing virtually traffic-free cycling northwards to Horley and southwards to Three Bridges and Crawley. A goods-style lift runs between the terminal and ground level (labelled "Lift to Cycle Route"), near Zone L.

Terminal transfer

Gatwick Airport Shuttle

Legend
North Terminal 
to London
South Terminal 

National Rail Gatwick Airport
 to Brighton
Blue, three-car train approaching a station
Airport inter-terminal transit, showing the earlier generation of rolling stock and the North Terminal station prior to rebuilding

The airport's North and South Terminals are connected by a 0.75 miles (1.21 km), elevated, two-way automated people mover track. The shuttle normally consists of two automatic, three-car, driver-less trains. Although colloquially known as a "monorail",[117] the shuttle runs on a dual, concrete track with rubber tyres and is not (technically) a monorail.

The Gatwick transit system opened in 1983 when the circular satellite pier was built (connecting the pier to the main terminal), and was the UK's first automated people-moving system. A second track was built in 1987, linking to the North Terminal.[117] Although the original satellite transit line was replaced with a walkway-and-moving walkway link, the inter-terminal shuttle remains in operation.

The shuttle opened in 1987, along with the North Terminal, and initially used Adtranz C-100 people-mover cars which remained in operation until September 2009, by which time they had travelled a total of 2.5 million miles (4 million km). Gatwick began upgrading its shuttle service in April 2008, with a bus replacement service in place from September 2009. A new operating system and shuttle cars (six Bombardier CX-100 vehicles)[118] was installed, and the guideway and transit stations were refurbished at a total cost of £45 million. The system re-opened on 1 July 2010, two months ahead of schedule;[119][120] it featured live journey information and sensory technology to count the number of passengers at stations.

An earlier transit system, that opened in 1983 to link the main terminal (now the North Terminal) to the (then new) circular satellite pier, was the UK's first automated people-moving system. This system has since been replaced by a walkway-and-moving walkway link, although the remains of the elevated guideway are still visible.[117]

Expansion proposals

Gatwick has been included in a number of reviews of airport capacity in southeastern England. Expansion options have included a third terminal and a second runway, although a 40-year agreement not to build a second runway was made in 1979 with West Sussex County Council.[37][38][121] Expanded operations would allow Gatwick to handle more passengers than Heathrow does today, with a new terminal between two wide-spaced runways. This would complement or replace the South Terminal, depending on expected future traffic.[122]

Airport management's proposal for a second runway (south of the existing runway and the airport boundary) were unveiled in July 2013. This was shortlisted for further consideration by the Airports Commission in December 2013, and the commission's final report is due to be published by summer 2015.[123][124] Another proposal would extend the North Terminal south, with a passenger bridge in the area currently occupied by aircraft stands without jet bridges.[122] Gatwick's draft master plan (released for consultation on 13 October 2011) apparently dropped the passenger-bridge plan in favour of a mid-field satellite (next to the control tower) linking to the North Terminal as part of an expanded 2030 single-runway, two-terminal airport.[125]

In late 2011, the Department for Transport also began a feasibility study of a high-speed rail link between Gatwick and Heathrow as part of a plan combining the airports into a "collective" or "virtual hub", Heathwick. The scheme envisages a high-speed rail route parallel to the M25, covering 35 miles (56 km) in 15 minutes. Trains would reach speeds of 180 mph (290 km/h), and passengers would need to pass through immigration (or check in) only once.

On 1 July 2015, the Airports Commission submitted their final report, recommending the expansion of Heathrow Airport as opposed to Gatwick. Whilst the commission recognised Gatwick's benefits and relatively lesser environmental consequences than Heathrow, they felt the economic benefits of Gatwick vs. Heathrow were not as great, nor as broad-ranging.[126] Gatwick are currently disputing the findings.[127]

Accidents and incidents

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Pronounced /ˈɡætwᵻk/.[3]
  2. ↑ accounting for 93 percent of all passenger traffic as of March 2012
  3. ↑ as of May 2012
  4. 1 2 1 April 2011 to 31 March 2012
  5. ↑ British Airways, 15%; Thomson Airways, 11%; Monarch Airlines, 7%; Flybe and Thomas Cook Airlines, 6% each
  6. ↑ including eight early-morning peak-time slot pairs
  7. ↑ Temporarily operated by Norwegian Long Haul (pending approval of Norwegian Air International's US foreign air carrier permit application).
  8. ↑ 1 April 1962 to 31 March 1963
  9. ↑ 1 April 1966 to 31 March 1967
  10. ↑ 1 April 1967 to 31 March 1968
  11. ↑ 1 April 1969 to 31 March 1970
  12. ↑ 1 April 1973 to 31 March 1974
  13. ↑ number of passengers including both domestic and international
  14. ↑ number of movements represents total aircraft takeoffs and landings during each year
  15. 1 2 excluding North Atlantic
  16. 1 2 including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man
  17. 1 2 including North Africa

References

Citatations

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  3. ↑ Oxford Dictionaries (retrieved 5 September 2012) Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
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  5. ↑ "At a glance". Gatwick Airport. 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  6. ↑ "Low-cost carriers to play bigger long-haul role, says Gatwick boss". routesnews (> News). 3 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
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Bibliography

External links

Media related to London Gatwick Airport at Wikimedia Commons
Gatwick Airport travel guide from Wikivoyage

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