Philippine House of Representatives elections, 2016
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| Districts that will be used for the elections. Metro Manila is at the inset. Shade refer to the district's designation as the "1st", "2nd", etc. district. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Elections for all seats in the House of Representatives of the Philippines shall be held on May 9, 2016. It will be the 34th lower (or sole) house election. The winning candidates shall comprise the House's contingent in the 17th Congress of the Philippines that shall serve from June 30, 2016 to June 30, 2019.
The House of Representatives elections will be a part of the 2016 general election where elections for President, Vice President, Senators, and all local officials, including those from the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, will be held.
The Philippines uses parallel voting in its lower house elections. There are 292 seats in the House; 234 of these are district representatives, and 58 are party-list representatives. The law mandates that there should be 1 party-list representative for every 4 district representatives. If the number of districts increases to 236, another seat for a party-list representative shall be added. In that case, there shall be 295 seats. District representatives are elected under the plurality voting system from single-member districts. Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% "soft" election threshold, with a 3-seat cap. The party in the party-list election with the most number of votes usually wins 3 seats, the other parties with more than 2% of the vote 2 seats, and the parties with less than 2% of the vote winning a seat each if the 20% quota isn't met.
Electoral system
The election for seats in the House of Representatives is done via parallel voting. A voter has two votes: one for one's local district, and another via the party-list system. A candidate is not allowed to stand for both ballots, and parties participating in the district elections would have to ask for permission on the Commission on Elections, with major parties not allowed to participate, in the party-list election.
Election via the districts
Each district sends one representative to the House of Representatives, with the winner having the highest number of votes winning that district's seat. The representatives from the districts comprise at most 80% of the seats.
Election via the party-list system
In the party-list system, the parties contesting the election represent a sector, or several sectors, or an ethnic group. In determining the winners, the entire country is treated as one "district". Each party that surpasses the 2% election threshold automatically wins one seat, they can win an additional number of seats in proportion to the number of votes they received, but they can't have more than three seats. The representatives elected via the party-list system, also known as "sectoral representatives" should comprise at least 20% of the seats. However, since the winners from the parties that surpass the 2% threshold had not reached the 20% quota ever since the party-list system was instituted, the parties that received less than 2% of the first preference vote are given one seat each until the 20% quota has been filled up.[1]
Campaigning
The parties contesting the district elections campaign at the district level; there is no national-level campaigning. While no party has been able to win a majority of seats in the House of Representatives since the 1987 elections, the party of the incumbent president had usually controlled the chamber in the phenomenon known locally as the "Padrino System" or patronage politics, with other parties aligning themselves with the president's policies in exchange for pork barrel and future political favors.
Usually, a gubernatorial candidate has a slate of candidates for vice governor, board members and representative. He or she, aside from supporting a slate of national politicians, may also have slates in the individual cities or towns for mayors, vice mayors and councilors. These slates are usually under one party, but multi-party alliances are not uncommon.
District changes
Reapportioning (redistricting) the number of seats is either via national reapportionment after the release of every census, or via piecemeal redistricting for every province or city. National reapportionment has not happened since the 1987 constitution took effect, and aside from piecemeal redistricting, the apportionment was based on the ordinance from the constitution, which was in turn based from the 1980 census.
These are House (HB) and Senate (SB) Bills that pertains to redistricting:
| Bill No. | District(s) | Current | Proposed | Notes | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15th Congress | |||||
| HB 4451 | Davao del Sur–2nd | 1 | 1 | Separation of a part of Davao del Sur's 2nd district to become a province of Davao Occidental, with the rest absorbed by the 1st district. | Signed into law–Republic Act No. 10360; approved in a plebiscite |
| 16th Congress | |||||
| HB 112 | Aklan | 1 | 2 | Aklan to be split into two districts. | Substituted by HB 5768. |
| HB 608 | Pasay | 1 | 2 | Pasay to be split into two districts. | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 836 | Laguna–4th | 1 | 2 | Laguna−4th to be split into two districts; new district shall become the 5th district. | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 1687 | Both Sorsogon districts | 1 | 1 | Transfer of Juban from the 2nd to the 1st district. | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 1696 | Surigao del Sur | 2 | 3 | Surigao del Sur to be redistricted into three districts. | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 2734 | Pampanga–3rd | 1 | 2 | Separation of San Fernando to become a lone district. | Substituted by HB 6140. |
| HB 3718 | Nueva Ecija–2nd | 1 | 2 | Nueva Ecija−2nd to be split into two districts; new district shall become the 5th district. | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 3750 | Batangas–2nd | 1 | 2 | Separation of Batangas City to become a lone district. | Signed into law–Republic Act No. 10673. |
| HB 3917 | Laguna–1st | 1 | 2 | Separation of Biñan to become a lone district. | Signed into law–Republic Act No. 10658 |
| HB 3930 | All districts | 232 | Unspecified | General reapportionment of all districts | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 4350 | Pampanga–1st | 1 | 2 | Separation of Angeles to become a lone district. | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 4427 | Cebu–2nd | 1 | 2 | Cebu−2nd to be split into two districts; new district shall become the 7th district. | Signed into law–Republic Act No. 10684. |
| HB 4457 | Maguindanao–1st | 1 | 2 | Separation of Cotabato City to become a lone district. | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 4603 | San Jose del Monte | 1 | 2 | San Jose del Monte to be split into two districts. | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 4640 | Batangas–4th | 1 | 2 | Separation of Lipa to become a lone district. | Signed into law–Republic Act No. 10673 |
| HB 5002 | Taguig−1st & Pateros | 1 | 2 | Separation of Pateros to become a lone district, and granting it cityhood | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 5569 | Caloocan−1st | 1 | 3 | Caloocan−1st to split into three districts, with the new districts comprising the third and fourth districts. | Pending at the committee level. |
| HB 5768 | Aklan | 1 | 2 | Aklan to be split into two districts. | Approved on third reading; transmitted to the Senate. |
| HB 6140 | Pampanga–3rd | 1 | 2 | Separation of Angeles to become a lone district. | Approved on first reading. |
| SB 3029 | Laguna–1st | 1 | 2 | Separation of San Pedro to become a lone district. | Pending at the committee level. |
| Approved districts | 5 | Potential new districts (16th Congress only) | ~17 | ||
There are currently 5 new districts that shall be contested in 2016:
- Davao Occidental
- No seat was added as the part of the old 2nd district of Davao del Sur shall be absorbed by its lone district.
- Biñan alternatively the fifth district of Laguna
- Legislative districts of Batangas
- Batangas City district designated as its fifth district
- Lipa district designated as its sixth district
- Cebu–7th
Retiring and term limited incumbents
There are 69 open seats in the House from term-limited incumbents.
From congressional districts
Centrist Democratic Party
Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats
Liberal Party
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Nacionalista Party
National Unity Party
Nationalist People's Coalition
United Nationalist Alliance
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From the party-list system
1st Consumer Alliance for Rural Energy
Abono
A TEACHER
Agricultural Sector Alliance of the Philippines
Anti-Crime and Terrorism-Community Involvement and Support
Arts, Business and Science Professionals
Bayan Muna
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Buhay Hayaan Yumabong
Butil Farmers Party
Citizens' Battle Against Corruption
Cooperative NATCCO Network Party
Gabriela Women's Party
Kabataan Partylist
OFW Family Club
Trade Union Congress Party
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Party-list election
Results
| Party/coalition | Popular vote | Breakdown | Seats | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | Entered | Up | Gains | Holds | Losses | Wins | Elected | % | +/− | ||
| 1-Cebu (One Cebu) | 5 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Aksyon (Democratic Action) | 8 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Asenso Manileño (Progressive Manilans) | 4 | 0 | ||||||||||
| Arangkada San Joseño (Forward San Joseans) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Bukidnon Paglaum (Hope for Bukidnon) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| CDP (Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod (Party of the People of the City) | 1 | 0 | ||||||||||
| KABAKA (Partner of the Nation for Progress) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| KBL (New Society Movement) | 10 | 0 | ||||||||||
| Kusog Baryohanon | 1 | 0 | ||||||||||
| Lakas (People Power–Christian Muslim Democrats) | 5 | 4 | ||||||||||
| LDP (Struggle of Democratic Filipinos) | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||
| Lingap Lugud | 1 | 0 | ||||||||||
| Liberal (Liberal Party) | 164 | 114 | ||||||||||
| Nacionalista (Nationalist Party) | 44 | 24 | ||||||||||
| NPC (Nationalist People's Coalition) | 81 | 43 | ||||||||||
| NUP (National Unity Party) | 39 | 25 | ||||||||||
| Padayun Misamis | 2 | 0 | ||||||||||
| Partido Bagong Maharlika (New Freedmen Party) | 20 | 0 | ||||||||||
| PCM (People's Champ Movement) | 1 | 0 | ||||||||||
| PDP-Laban (Philippine Democratic Party–People Power) | 27 | 0 | ||||||||||
| PGRP (Philippine Green Republican Party) | 2 | 0 | ||||||||||
| PMM (Workers' and Farmers' Party of the Philippines) | 5 | 0 | ||||||||||
| PMP (Force of the Filipino Masses) | 4 | 0 | ||||||||||
| PTM | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||
| SZP (Forward Zambales Party) | 1 | 0 | ||||||||||
| UNA (United Nationalist Alliance) | 48 | 9 | ||||||||||
| Independent | 153 | 3 | ||||||||||
| Vacancy | — | — | — | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | — | 0 | 0.0% | ||
| Total | 100% | 634 | 234 | 239 | 80.1% |  5 | ||||||
| Valid votes | ||||||||||||
| Invalid votes | ||||||||||||
| Turnout | ||||||||||||
| Registered voters (without overseas voters) | 54,363,844 | 100% | ||||||||||
References
- ↑ Muga, Felix P. II (2013-05-20). "How to fill the 58 party-list seats". Rappler.com. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
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