Springfield, Illinois

Springfield, Illinois
City
The Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois.
Official name: City of Springfield
Motto: Home of President Abraham Lincoln [1]
Nickname: Flower City [2]
State Illinois
County Sangamon
River Sangamon
Elevation 558 ft (170 m)
Coordinates 39°41′54″N 89°37′11″W / 39.69833°N 89.61972°W / 39.69833; -89.61972Coordinates: 39°41′54″N 89°37′11″W / 39.69833°N 89.61972°W / 39.69833; -89.61972
Area 65.76 sq mi (170 km2)
 - land 59.48 sq mi (154 km2)
 - water 6.28 sq mi (16 km2), 9.55%
Population 117,006 (2013) [3]
 - metro 211,752
Density 1,954.4 / sq mi (755 / km2)
Founded April 10, 1821 [4]
 - Incorporated Town April 2, 1832 [4]
 - City Charter April 6, 1840 [4]
Mayor Jim Langfelder (D)
Timezone CST (UTC−6)
 - summer (DST) CDT (UTC−5)
Postal code 62701
Area code 217
Location in Sangamon County and the state of Illinois
Location of Illinois in the United States
Website: www.springfield.il.us
[5]

Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat of Sangamon County. The city has a population of 116,250, as of the 2010 U.S. Census, making it the sixth most populated city in the state.[6] It is the largest city in central Illinois. As of 2013, the city's population was estimated to have increased to 117,006,[3] with just over 211,700 residents living in the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Sangamon County and the adjacent Menard County.[7] Present-day Springfield was first settled by European Americans in the late 1810s, around the time Illinois became a state. The most famous past resident is Abraham Lincoln, who lived in Springfield from 1837 until 1861, when he went to the White House as President. Major tourist attractions include a multitude of historic sites connected with Abraham Lincoln including his presidential museum, his home from 1837 to 1861, his tomb at Oak Ridge Cemetery, and the historical town of New Salem, within a short drive from the city.

The city lies on a mostly flat plain that encompasses much of the surrounding countryside. Hilly terrain lies near the Sangamon River. Lake Springfield, a large artificial lake owned by the City Water, Light & Power company (CWLP), supplies the city with recreation and drinking water. Weather is fairly typical for middle latitude locations, with hot summers and cold winters. Spring and summer weather is like that of most midwestern cities; severe thunderstorms are common. Tornadoes hit the Springfield area in 1957 and 2006.

The city is governed by a mayor–council form of government. The city proper is also the "Capital Township" governmental entity. In addition, the government of the state of Illinois is also based in Springfield. State government entities located in the city include the Illinois General Assembly, the Illinois Supreme Court and the Office of the Governor of Illinois. There are three public and three private high schools in Springfield. Public schools in Springfield are operated by District No. 186. The economy of Springfield is marked by government jobs, and the medical field, which both account for a large percentage of the city's workforce.

Early history and the naming of Springfield

Springfield's original name was Calhoun, after Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina.[8] The land that Springfield now occupies was originally settled by trappers and traders who came to the Sangamon River in 1818.[9] The settlement's first cabin was built in 1820, by John Kelly. It was located at what is now the northwest corner of Second Street and Jefferson Street. In 1821, Calhoun became the county seat of Sangamon County due to fertile soil and trading opportunities. Settlers from Kentucky, Virginia, and as far as North Carolina came to the city.[9] By 1832, Senator Calhoun had fallen out of the favor with the public and the town renamed itself Springfield after Springfield, Massachusetts. At that time, Springfield, Massachusetts was comparable to modern-day Silicon Valley—known for industrial innovation, concentrated prosperity, and the celebrated Springfield Armory. Most importantly, it was a city that had built itself up from frontier outpost to national power through ingenuity – an example that the newly named Springfield, Illinois, sought to emulate.[10] Kaskaskia was the first capital of the Illinois Territory from its organization in 1809, continuing through statehood in 1818, and through the first year as a state in 1819. Vandalia was the second state capital of Illinois from 1819 to 1839. Springfield became the third and current capital of Illinois in 1839. The designation was largely due to the efforts of Abraham Lincoln and his associates; nicknamed the "Long Nine" for their combined height of 54 feet (16 m).[9][10]

The Potawatomi Trail of Death passed through here in 1838.

Lincoln

Lincoln and politics

Lincoln arrived in the Springfield area when he was a young man in 1831, though he would not actually live in the city until 1837.[11] He spent the ensuing six years in New Salem where he began his legal studies, joined the state militia and was elected to the Illinois General Assembly. In 1837 Lincoln moved to Springfield and spent the next 24 years as a lawyer and politician. Lincoln delivered his Lyceum address in Springfield. His farewell speech when he left for Washington is a classic in American oratory.[11]

Winkle (1998) examines the historiography concerning the development of the Second Party System (Whigs versus Democrats) and applies these ideas to the study of Springfield, a strong Whig enclave in a Democratic region, mainly by studying poll books for presidential years. The rise of the Whig Party took place in 1836 in opposition to the presidential candidacy of Martin Van Buren and was consolidated in 1840. Springfield Whigs tend to validate several expectations of party characteristics as they were largely native-born, either in New England or Kentucky, professional or agricultural in occupation, and devoted to partisan organization. Abraham Lincoln's career mirrors the Whigs' political rise, but by the 1840s Springfield began to fall into Democratic hands, as immigrants changed the city's political makeup. By the 1860 presidential election, Lincoln was barely able to win his home city.[12]

Population

Winkle (1992) examines the impact of migration on political participation in Springfield during the 1850s. Widespread migration in the 19th-century United States produced frequent population turnover within Midwestern communities, which influenced patterns of voter turnout and office-holding. Examination of the manuscript census, poll books, and office-holding records reveals the impact of migration on the behavior of 8,000 participants in 10 elections in Springfield. Most voters were short-term residents who participated in only one or two elections during the 1850s, and fewer than 1% of all voters participated in all 10 elections. Instead of producing political instability, however, rapid turnover enhanced the influence of more persistent residents. Migration was selective by age, occupation, wealth, and birthplace. Therefore, more persistent voters were wealthier, more highly skilled, more often native-born, and socially more stable than nonpersisters. Officeholders were particularly persistent and socially and economically advantaged. Persisters represented a small "core community" of economically successful, socially homogeneous, and politically active voters and officeholders who controlled local political affairs while most residents moved in and out of the city. Members of a tightly knit and exclusive "core community", exemplified by Abraham Lincoln, blunted the potentially disruptive impact of migration on local communities.[13] And the population as of 2013 is 117,006

Business

The case of John Williams illustrates the important role of the merchant banker in the economic development of central Illinois before the Civil War. Williams began his career as a clerk in frontier stores and saved to begin his own business. Later, in addition to operating retail and wholesale stores, he acted as a local banker and then organized a national bank in Springfield. He was active in railroad promotion and as an agent for farm machinery.[14]

Religion

During the mid-19th century the spiritual needs of German Lutherans in the Midwest were not being tended. As a result of the efforts of such missionaries as Friedrich Wyneken, Wilhelm Loehe, and Wilhelm Sihler, this situation was remedied by the deployment of additional Lutheran ministers, the opening of Lutheran schools, and the creation in Ft. Wayne of the Concordia Seminary in 1846. The Seminary moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1869, and its practical division moved to Springfield in 1874. Through this seminary, during the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod succeeded in serving the spiritual needs of Midwestern congregations by establishing additional seminaries, and by developing a viable synodical tradition.[15]

Civil War to 1900

The American Civil War made Springfield a major center of activity. Illinois regiments trained there, the first ones under Ulysses S. Grant, who marched his soldiers to a remarkable series of victories in 1861–62. The city was a political and financial center of support, and new industries, businesses, and railroads were constructed to help support the war effort.[10] The war's first official death was a Springfield resident, Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth.

Camp Butler, seven miles (11 km) northeast of Springfield, Illinois, opened in August 1861 as a training camp for Illinois soldiers, but also served as a camp for Confederate prisoners of war through 1865. In the beginning, Springfield residents visited the camp to experience the excitement of a military venture, but many reacted sympathetically to mortally wounded and ill prisoners. While the city's businesses prospered from camp traffic, drunken behavior and rowdiness on the part of the soldiers stationed there strained relations as neither civil nor military authorities proved able to control disorderly outbreaks.[16]

After the war ended in 1865, Springfield became a major hub in the Illinois railroad system and besides politics and farming, coal mining was a major industry for Springfield by 1900.[10]

20th century

Utopia

Local poet Vachel Lindsay's notions of utopia were expressed in his only novel, The Golden Book of Springfield (1920), which draws on ideas of anarchistic socialism in projecting the progress of Lindsay's hometown toward utopia.[17]

The Dana-Thomas House is a Frank Lloyd Wright design built in 1902–03. Wright began work on the house in 1902. Commissioned by Susan Lawrence Dana, a local patron of the arts and public benefactor, Wright designed a house to harmonize with the owner's devotion to the performance of music. Coordinating art glass designs for 250 windows, doors, and panels as well as over 200 light fixtures, Wright enlisted Oak Park artisans. The house is a radical departure from Victorian architectural traditions. Covering 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2), the house contained vaulted ceilings and 16 major spaces. As the nation was changing, so Wright intended this structure to reflect the changes. Creating an organic and natural atmosphere, Wright saw himself as an "architect of democracy" and intended his work to be a monument to America's social landscape.[18]

It is the only historic site later acquired by the state exclusively because of its architectural merit. The structure was opened to the public as a museum house in September 1990; tours are available, 9:00 a.m.–4 p.m. Wednesdays through Sundays.[18][19][20]

1908 race riot

Sparked by the alleged rape of a white woman by a black man and the murder of a white engineer, supposedly also by a black man, in Springfield, and reportedly angered by the high degree of corruption in the city, some white residents took their anxiety and frustration out on blacks. Rioting broke out on August 14, 1908 and continued for three days in a period of violence known as the Springfield Race Riot. Gangs of white youth and blue-collar workers attacked the predominantly black areas of the city known as the Levee district, where most black businesses were located, and the Badlands, where many black residences stood. Two blacks were lynched and four whites were killed by gunfire when black property-owners sought to defend their homes and businesses. The riot ended when the governor sent in more than 3,700 militiamen to patrol the city, but isolated incidents of white violence against blacks continued in Springfield into September.[21]

21st century

Hotel damaged by the 2006 Springfield tornadoes

On March 12, 2006, two F2 tornadoes hit the city, injuring 24 people, damaging hundreds of buildings, and causing $150 million in damages.[22]

On February 10, 2007, then-senator Barack Obama announced his presidential candidacy in Springfield, standing on the grounds of the Old State Capitol.[23] Senator Obama also used the Old State Capitol in Springfield as a backdrop when he announced Joe Biden as his running mate on August 23, 2008.

Geography

Astronaut Photography of Springfield Illinois taken from the International Space Station (ISS)

Springfield is located at 39°41′54″N 89°37′11″W / 39.69833°N 89.61972°W / 39.69833; -89.61972 (39.6983146, -89.6195900).[5] The city is at an elevation of 558 feet (170 m) above sea level.[5] Located within the central section of Illinois, Springfield is 90 miles (140 km) northeast of St. Louis. The Champaign/Urbana area is to the east, Peoria is to the north, and Bloomington–Normal is to the northeast. Decatur is 40 miles (64 km) due east.

Topography

According to the 2010 census, Springfield has a total area of 65.764 square miles (170.33 km2), of which 59.48 square miles (154.05 km2) (or 90.44%) is land and 6.284 square miles (16.28 km2) (or 9.56%) is water.[24] The city is located in the Lower Illinois River Basin, in a large area known as Till Plain. Sangamon County, and the city of Springfield, are in the Springfield Plain subsection of Till Plain. The Plain is underlain by glacial till that was deposited by a large continental ice sheet that repeatedly covered the area during the Illinoian Stage.[25][26]

The majority of the Lower Illinois River Basin is flat, with relief extending no more than 20 feet (6.1 m) in most areas, including the Springfield subsection of the plain. The differences in topography are based on the age of drift. The Springfield and Galesburg Plain subsections represent the oldest drift, Illinoian, while Wisconsinian drift resulted in end moraines on the Bloomington Ridged Plain subsection of Till Plain.[27]

Lake Springfield is a 4,200-acre (1,700 ha) man-made reservoir owned by City Water, Light & Power,[28] the largest municipally owned utility in Illinois.[29] It was built and filled in 1935 by damming Lick Creek, a tributary of the Sangamon River which flows past Springfield's northern outskirts.[30] The lake is used primarily as a source for drinking water for the city of Springfield, also providing cooling water for the condensers at the power plant on the lake. It attracts approximately 600,000 visitors annually and its 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline is home to over 700 lakeside residences and eight public parks.[28]

The term "full pool" describes the lake at 560 feet (170.7 m) above sea level and indicates the level at which the lake begins to flow over the dam's spillway, if no gates are opened.[30] Normal lake levels are generally somewhere below full pool, depending upon the season. During the drought from 1953 to 1955, lake levels dropped to their historical low, 547.44 feet (166.86 m) AMSL.[30] The highest recorded lake levels were in December 1982, when the lake crested at 564 feet (172 m).[30]

Climate

Springfield has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) and experiences typical mid-latitude weather. Hot, humid summers and cold, rather snowy winters are the norm. Springfield is located in Tornado Alley and experiences large numbers of tornadoes. From 1961 to 1990 the city of Springfield averaged 35.25 inches (895 mm) of precipitation per year.[34] During that same period the average yearly temperature was 52.4 °F (11.3 °C), with a summer maximum of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C) in July and a winter minimum of 24.2 °F (−4.3 °C) in January.[35]

From 1971 to 2000, NOAA data showed that Springfield's annual mean temperature increased slightly to 52.7 °F (11.5 °C). During that period, July averaged 76.3 °F (24.6 °C), while January averaged 25.1 °F (−3.8 °C).

On June 14, 1957, a tornado hit Springfield, killing two people.[22] On March 12, 2006, the city was struck by two F2 tornadoes.[22] The storm system which brought the two tornadoes hit the city around 8:30pm; no one died as a result of the weather.[22] Springfield received a federal grant in February 2005 to help improve its tornado warning systems and new sirens were put in place in November 2006 after eight of the sirens failed during an April 2006 test, shortly after the tornadoes hit.[36][37][38] The cost of the new sirens totaled $983,000.[36] Although tornadoes are not uncommon in central Illinois, the March 12 tornadoes were the first to hit the actual city since the 1957 storm.[22] The 2006 tornadoes followed nearly identical paths to that of the 1957 tornado.[22]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18402,579—
18504,53375.8%
18609,320105.6%
187017,36486.3%
188019,74313.7%
189024,96326.4%
190034,15936.8%
191051,67851.3%
192059,18314.5%
193071,86421.4%
194075,5035.1%
195081,6288.1%
196083,2712.0%
197091,75310.2%
198099,6378.6%
1990105,2275.6%
2000111,4545.9%
2010116,2504.3%
Est. 2014116,809[39]0.5%
[3][40]

At the 2010 Census, 75.8% of the population was White, 18.5% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.2% Asian, and 2.6% of two or more races. 2.0% of Springfield's population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).[3] Non-Hispanic Whites were 74.7% of the population in 2010,[3] down from 87.6% in 1980.[41]

As of the census[42] of 2000, there were 111,454 people, 48,621 households, and 27,957 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,063.9 people per square mile (796.9/km²). There were 53,733 housing units at an average density of 995.0 per square mile (384.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.0% White, 15.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.5% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 48,621 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.5% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,388, and the median income for a family was $51,298. Families with children had a higher income of about $69,437. Males had a median income of $36,864 versus $28,867 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,324. About 8.4% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

Cityscape

An image of Downtown Springfield with a view of the State capitol

Springfield proper is greatly based on a grid street system, with numbered streets starting with the longitudinal First Street which leads to the Illinois State Capitol and leading to 32nd Street in the far eastern part of the city. Previously the city had four distinct boundary streets: North, South, East, and West Grand Avenues. Since expansion, West Grand Avenue became MacArthur Boulevard and East Grand became 19th Street on the north side and 18th Street on the south side. 18th Street has since been renamed after Martin Luther King Jr. North and South Grand Avenues (which run east–west) have remained important corridors in the city. At South Grand and Eleventh Street, the old "South Town District" lies, with the City of Springfield undertaking a significant redevelopment project there.

Latitudinal streets range from names of presidents in the downtown area to names of notable people in Springfield and Illinois to names of institutions of higher education, especially in the Harvard Park neighborhood.

Springfield has at least twenty separately designated neighborhoods, though not all are incorporated with associations. They include: Benedictine District, Bunn Park, the Cabbage Patch, Downtown, Eastsview, Enos Park, Glen Aire, Harvard Park, Hawthorne Place, Historic West Side, Laketown, Lincoln Park, Mather and Wells, Medical District, Near South, Northgate, Oak Ridge, Old Aristocracy Hill, Pillsbury District, Shalom, Springfield Lakeshore, Toronto, Twin Lakes, UIS Campus, Victoria Lake, Vinegar Hill, and Westchester neighborhoods.[43]

The Lincoln Park Neighborhood is an area bordered by 3rd Street on its west, Black Avenue on the north, 8th street on the east and North Grand Avenue. The neighborhood is not far from Lincoln's Tomb on Monument Avenue.[44]

Springfield also encompasses four different suburban villages that have their own municipal governments. They include Jerome, Leland Grove, Southern View and Grandview.

Culture

Abraham Lincoln resided in Springfield for 24 years

Springfield has been home to a wide array of individuals, who, in one way or another, contributed to the broader American culture. Wandering poet Vachel Lindsay, most famous for his poem "The Congo" and a booklet called "Rhymes to be Traded for Bread", was born in Springfield in 1879.[45] At least two notable people affiliated with American business and industry have called the Illinois state capital home at one time or another. Both John L. Lewis, a labor activist, and Marjorie Merriweather Post, the founder of the General Foods Corporation, lived in the city; Post in particular was a native of Springfield.[46][47] In addition, astronomer Seth Barnes Nicholson was born in Springfield in 1891.[48]

Literary tradition

Springfield and the Sangamon Valley enjoy a strong literary tradition in Abraham Lincoln, Vachel Lindsay, Edgar Lee Masters, John Hay, William H. Herndon, Benjamin P. Thomas, Paul Angle, Virginia Eiffert, Robert Fitzgerald and William Maxwell, among others. The Illinois State Library's Gwendolyn Brooks Building features the names of 35 Illinois authors etched on its exterior fourth floor frieze. Through the Illinois Center for the Book, a comprehensive resource on authors, illustrators, and other creatives who have published books who have written about Illinois or lived in Illinois is maintained.[49] Heritage and legacy endure today in Illinois' state capital, where four institutions of higher learning; a state-of-the-art, world-class library and museum; and a solid society of artistic interests contribute to the region's culture.

Performing arts

The Hoogland Center for the Arts in downtown Springfield is a centerpiece for performing arts, and houses among other organizations the Springfield Theatre Centre, the Springfield Ballet Company, the Illinois Symphony Orchestra[50] and the Springfield Municipal Opera, also known as The Muni, which stages community theatre productions of Broadway musicals outdoors each summer. Before being purchased and renamed, the Hoogland Center was Springfield's Masonic Temple. Prior to the Hoogland, the Springfield Theatre Centre was housed in the nearby Legacy Theatre. Sangamon Auditorium, located on the campus of the University of Illinois at Springfield also serves as a larger venue for musical and performing acts, both touring and local.

A few films have been created or had elements of them created in Springfield. Legally Blonde 2 was filmed in Springfield in 2003.

Musicians Artie Matthews and Morris Day both once called Springfield home.[51][52] Other performing arts such as music and ballet are also common in Springfield.[53][54]

Springfield is also home to long running underground all-ages space the Black Sheep Cafe.[55]

Festivals

Springfield is home to the annual Springfield Old Capitol Art Fair, a spring festival held annually in the third weekend in May.[56] Since 2002, Springfield has also hosted the 'Route 66 Film Festival', set to celebrate films routed in, based on, or taking part on the famous Route 66.[57][58][59]

Tourism

The Springfield Maid-Rite Sandwich Shop, showing drive-thru window

Springfield is known for some popular food items: the corn dog on a stick is claimed to have been invented in the city under the name "Cozy Dog", although there is some debate to the origin of the snack.[60][61] The horseshoe sandwich, not well known outside of central Illinois, also originated in Springfield.[62] Springfield was once the site of the Reisch Beer brewery, which operated for 117 years under the same name and family from 1849 to 1966.[63]

Lincoln's Tomb

The Maid-Rite Sandwich Shop in Springfield still operates what it claims as the first U.S. drive-thru window.[64] The city is also known for its chili, or "chilli", as it is known in many chili shops throughout Sangamon County.[65] The unique spelling is said to have begun with the founder of the Dew Chilli Parlor in 1909, due to a spelling error in its sign.[66] Another interpretation is that the misspelling represented the "Ill" in the word Illinois.[66] In 1993, the Illinois state legislature adopted a resolution proclaiming Springfield the "Chilli Capital of the Civilized World."[65]

Springfield is dotted with sites associated with U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, who started his political career there.[67] These include the Lincoln Home National Historic Site, a National Historical Park that includes the preserved surrounding neighborhood; the Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site, the Lincoln Tomb State Historic Site, the Old State Capitol State Historic Site, the Lincoln Depot, from which Abraham Lincoln departed Springfield to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.; the Elijah Iles House, Edwards Place and the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. Near the village of Petersburg, is New Salem State Park, a restored hamlet of log cabins. This is a reconstruction of the town where Lincoln lived as a young man. With the opening of the Presidential Library and Museum in 2004, the city has attracted numerous prominent visitors, including Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama, the actor Liam Neeson, and the Emir of Qatar.[68][69]

Old State Capitol State Historic Site

The Donner Party, a group of pioneers who resorted to cannibalism while snowbound during a winter in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, began their journey West from Springfield.[70] Springfield's Dana-Thomas House is among the best preserved and most complete of Frank Lloyd Wright's early "Prairie" houses.[71] It was built in 1902–1904 and has many of the furnishings Wright designed for it.[71] Springfield's Washington Park is home to Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon and the site of a carillon festival, held annually since 1962.[72] In August, the city is the site of the Illinois State Fair.

Although not born in Springfield, Lincoln is the city's most famous resident. He lived there for 24 years.[11] The only home he ever owned is open to the public, seven days a week, free of charge, and operated by the National Park Service.[11]

Springfield has the area's largest amusement park, Knight's Action Park and Caribbean Water Park, which is open from May to September. The park also features and operates the city's only remaining drive-in theater, the Route 66 Twin Drive-In.

Sports

team League Sport Venue Established Disbanded Championships
Springfield Jr. Blues NAHL Ice Hockey Nelson Center 1993 N/A 2 Robertson Cups 1996, 1997
Springfield Sliders Prospect League Baseball Lanphier Park 2008 N/A 2008
Springfield Stallions Continental Indoor Football League Indoor football Prairie Capital Convention Center 2006 2007 N/A
Springfield Capitals Frontier League Baseball Lanphier Park 1996 2001 1996
Springfield Sultans Midwest League Class-A Baseball Lanphier Park 1994 1995 N/A
Springfield Rifles CICL Baseball Claude Kracik Field, Lincoln Land Community College 1983 2006 N/A
Springfield Cardinals Midwest League Class-A Baseball Lanphier Park 1982 1993 1986, 1987
Springfield Redbirds American Association Triple-A Baseball Lanphier Park 1978 1981 1980
Springfield Giants Mississippi–Ohio Valley League Class-D Baseball Fitzpatrick Stadium 1950 1950 N/A
Springfield Sallies AAGPBL Baseball Fitzpatrick Stadium 1948 1948 N/A
Springfield Browns Three-I League Class-B Baseball Lanphier Park 1938 1949 N/A
Springfield Senators Central Interstate League (1889), Three-I League Class-B (1905–1912, 1925–1932, 1935), Mississippi Valley League Class-B (1933) Baseball Circus Grounds, Lanphier Park (from 1925) 1889 1935 N/A
Capital City Hooligans Men's Roller Derby Association MRDA Men's Roller Derby Skateland South 2012 N/A N/A

Historically, Springfield has been home to a number of minor league baseball franchises, the latest club, the college-prep Springfield Sliders, arriving in the city in 2008. In the 1948 baseball season, Springfield was also home to an All-American Girls Professional Baseball League team, the Springfield Sallies, but the team's lackluster performance led them to be folded in with the Chicago Colleens as rookie development teams the following year.

The city was the home of the Springfield Stallions, an indoor football team who played at the Prairie Capital Convention Center in 2007. Today, the city is host to the Springfield Jr. Blues, a North American Hockey League team that plays at the Nelson Recreation Center. The city is also a host to several Semi Pro Football Teams. The oldest organization is the Capital City Outlaws, which was established in 1992. The Outlaws which played 11 man football, most recently in The Midwest Football League until 2004, switched to an 8-man Semi Pro Football League (8FL) in 2004. The Sangamon County Seminoles became an expansion team in the 8FL in 2008. A newly formed team in 2010, the Springfield Foxes, play in the Mid States Football League (MSFL) (11 man). The Foxes were league runners-up in the MSFL League Championship in 2012.

The city has produced several notable professional sports talents. Current and former Major League Baseball players Kevin Seitzer, Jeff Fassero, Ryan O'Malley, Jason and Justin Knoedler, and Hall of Famer Robin Roberts were all born in Springfield.[73][74][75][76] Springfield's largest baseball field, Robin Roberts Stadium at Lanphier Park, takes its full name in honor of Roberts and his athletic achievements. Former MLB player Dick "Ducky" Schofield is currently an elected official in Springfield, and his son Dick also played in the Major Leagues, as does Ducky's grandson, Jayson Werth. Ducky, Dick, and Jayson were all born in Springfield. Ducky's daughter (and Jayson's mother) Kim Schofield Werth, also from Springfield, is a track star who competed in the U.S. Olympic Trials. National Basketball Association players Dave Robisch, Kevin Gamble, and Andre Iguodala are all from the city.[77][78] Long-time NFL announcer (NBC) and former Cincinnati Bengal Pro Bowl tight end Bob Trumpy is a city native, having graduated from Springfield High School. Former NFL wide receiver Otto Stowe was a 1967 graduate of the now-defunct Feitshans High School. A UFC fighter, Matt Mitrione, attended and played football for Sacred Heart Griffin. He also played in the NFL as an undrafted free agent.

Media

The State Journal-Register is the primary daily newspaper for Springfield, and its surrounding area. The newspaper was originally founded in 1831 as the Sangamon Journal, and claims to be "the oldest newspaper in Illinois." The local alternative weekly is the Illinois Times. There are four TV channels which include WCIX MYTV 49, WICS ABC 20, WRSP FOX 55, WILL PBS 12, and WSEC PBS 14. Springfield is also served by an NBC affiliate in Decatur (WAND-TV) and a CBS affiliate in Champaign (WCIA). One television station that has since ceased to exist was WJJY-TV, which operated in the Springfield area for three years (1969–1971).[79]

Radio stations[80][81]

Economy

Many of the jobs in the city center around state government, headquartered in Springfield. As of 2002, the State of Illinois is both the city and county's largest employer, employing 17,000 people across Sangamon County.[82] As of February 2007, government jobs, including local, state and county, account for about 30,000 of the city's non-agricultural jobs.[83] Trade, transportation and utilities, and the health care industries each provide between 17,000 and 18,000 jobs to the city.[83] The largest private sector employer in 2002 was Memorial Health Systems. 3,400 people worked for that company.[82] According to estimates from the "Living Wage Calculator", maintained by Pennsylvania State University, the living wage for the city of Springfield is $7.89 per hour for one adult,[84] approximately $15,780 working 2,000 hours per year. For a family of four, costs are increased and the living wage is $17.78 per hour within the city.[84] According to the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the Civilian Labor force dropped from 116,500 in September 2006 to 113,400 in February 2007. In addition, the unemployment rate rose during the same time period from 3.8% to 5.1%.[83]

Largest employers

According to the City's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[85] the largest employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 State of Illinois 17,500
2 Memorial Medical Center 4,433
3 St. John's Hospital 3,073
4 Springfield Public Schools 2,189
5 Springfield Clinic 1,953
6 City of Springfield 1,510
7 Southern Illinois University School of Medicine 1,485
8 University of Illinois at Springfield 1,435
9 BlueCross BlueShield 1,256
10 Horace Mann 1,050

Law and government

Springfield city government is structured under the mayor-council form of government. It is the strong mayor variation of that type of municipal government, the mayor holds executive authority, including veto power, in Springfield.[86] The executive branch also consists of 17 non-elected city "offices." Ranging from the police department to the Office of Public Works, each office can be altered through city ordinance.[86]

Elected officials in the city, mayor, aldermen, city clerk, and treasurer, serve four-year terms.[87] The elections are not staggered.[87] The council members are elected from ten districts throughout the city while the mayor, city clerk and city treasurer are elected on an at-large basis.[87] The council, as a body, consists of the ten aldermen and the mayor, though the mayor is generally a non-voting member who only participates in the discussion.[88] There are a few instances where the mayor does vote on ordinances or resolutions: if there is a tie vote, if more than half of the aldermen support the motion, whether there is a tie or not, and where a vote greater than the majority is required by the municipal code.[88]

As the state capital, Springfield, is home to the three branches of Illinois government. Much like the United States federal government, Illinois government has an executive branch, occupied by the state governor, a legislative branch, which consists of the state senate and house, and a judicial branch, which is topped by the Illinois Supreme Court.[89] The Illinois legislative branch is collectively known as the Illinois General Assembly.[90]

Township

Outline of the Township area and the City of Springfield in Sangamon County

The Capital Township formed from Springfield Township on July 1, 1877, and was established and named by the Sangamon County Board on March 6, 1878, and the limits of the township and City of Springfield were made co-extensive on February 17, 1892 to better serve the people. There are three functions of this township: assessing property, collection first property tax payment, and assisting residents that live in the township. One thing that makes the Capital township unique is that the township never has to raise taxes for road work, since the roads are maintained by the Springfield Department of Public Works.[91][92]

Education

Springfield is currently home to six public and private high schools.

The Springfield public school district is District No. 186. District 186 operates 24 elementary schools and an early learning center, (pre-K). District 186 operates three high schools, Lanphier High School, Springfield High School and Springfield Southeast High School, which replaced Feitshans High School in 1967, and five middle schools.[93]

Springfield's Sacred Heart-Griffin High School is a city Catholic high school.[94] Other area high schools include Calvary Academy and Lutheran High School.[95] Ursuline Academy was a second Catholic high school founded in 1857, first as an all-girls school, and converted to co-ed in 1981. The school was closed in 2007.

Springfield hosts three Universities. One is the University of Illinois at Springfield (UIS, formerly Sangamon State University), which is located on the southeast side of the city. The second is Benedictine University at Springfield located on North Fifth Street (formerly known as Springfield College in Illinois), and the third is Robert Morris University (Illinois), located on Montvale, just off Wabash.

Springfield is also home to a junior college Lincoln Land Community College, located just south of UIS. From 1875 to 1976, Springfield was also home to Concordia Theological Seminary. The seminary was moved back to its original home of Fort Wayne, Indiana, and the campus now serves as the Illinois Department of Corrections Academy.

The city is home to the Springfield campus of the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine,[96] which includes a Cancer Institute in Springfield's Medical District.[97]

Infrastructure

Health systems

There are two Springfield hospitals, Memorial Medical Center and St. John's Hospital. A third hospital, named Doctor's Hospital operated on Springfield's south side until 2003.[98] Kindred Healthcare opened a long term acute care hospital in Springfield in 2010, however, the facility was purchased by Vibra Healthcare in 2013, and is now operated by Vibra under the name Vibra Hospital of Springfield.[99]

St. John's Hospital is home to the Prairie Heart Institute, which performs more cardiovascular procedures than any other hospital in Illinois.[100] The dominant health care provider in the area is Springfield Clinic. The major medical education concern in the area is the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.

Parks

The Springfield Park District operates more than 30 parks throughout the city. The two best-known are Carpenter Park, an Illinois Nature Preserve on the banks of the Sangamon River, and Washington Park and Botanical Garden on the city's southwest side and adjacent to some of Springfield's most beautiful and architecturally interesting homes. Washington Park has also been home to the Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon since its dedication in 1962. Lincoln Park, located next to Oak Ridge Cemetery where President Lincoln's tomb is located, is home to the Nelson Recreation Center, which boasts a public swimming pool, tennis courts, and the city's only public ice rink, home of the Springfield Jr. Blues, a minor league hockey team. Centennial Park, which rests on the outskirts of Springfield's southwest limits, holds the city's only public skatepark, as well as several ball fields, tennis courts, and a manmade hill for cardio exercises and sledding in winter months.

In addition to the public-sector parks operated by the Springfield Park District, two significant privately operated tree gardens/arboretums operate within city limits: the Abraham Lincoln Memorial Garden on Lake Springfield south of the city, and the Adams Wildlife Sanctuary on Springfield's east side.

Public utilities

The owner of Lake Springfield, City Water, Light & Power, supplies electric power generated from the Dallman Power Plants for the city of Springfield and eight surrounding communities, the company also provides the cities and towns with water from the lake. In 2005, ground was broken for a third municipally owned power plant. This Power Plant has been completed and came online in 2009. Natural gas is provided via AmerenCILCO, formerly Central Illinois Light Company (CILCO).[101]

Transportation

Interstate 55 runs from north to south past Springfield, while I-72, which is concurrent with US 36 from the Missouri state line to Decatur, runs from east to west. Springfield is also served by Amtrak passenger trains, which operate between Chicago and St. Louis and stop at the former Gulf, Mobile & Ohio station.[102] Springfield is also served by Greyhound lines at a station on North Dirksen Parkway. Local mass transportation needs are met by a bus service. The Springfield Mass Transit District (SMTD) operates Springfield's bus system.[103] The city also lies along historic Route 66.

Border thoroughfare traffic is handled by Veterans Parkway and J. David Jones Parkway on the west side, Everett M. Dirksen Parkway on the east side, Sangamon Avenue on the north end, and Wabash Avenue, Stanford Avenue, and Adlai Stevenson Drive on the south end. The far south corridor is served by Toronto and Woodside Roads. Thoroughfare traffic through the heart of the city is provided by a series of one-way streets. Fifth and Sixth Streets serve the bulk of the north–south traffic, with Fourth and Seventh Streets serving additional traffic between North Grand and South Grand Avenues. East-west traffic is handled by Jefferson Street, entering Springfield on the west side from IL 97, and then splitting into a pair of one-way streets at Amos Avenue (Madison eastbound and Jefferson westbound).The two converge again after Eleventh Street to become Clearlake Avenue, which in turn converges into I-72 eastbound just past Dirksen Parkway. Additional east–west one-way streets run through the downtown areas of Springfield, including Monroe, Adams, Washington, and Cook Streets, as well as a stretch of Lawrence Avenue.

Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport serves the capital city with scheduled passenger jet service to Chicago/O'Hare, Dallas-Fort Worth, Fort Myers (via the Punta Gorda Airport) and Orlando (via the Sanford Airport).[104]

Springfield and the surrounding metropolitan area has constructed bike trails and bike lanes on a number of streets. Currently four main trails exist; two significant paved trails, the Interurban Trail and the Lost Bridge Trail, serve Springfield and its suburbs of Chatham, Illinois and Rochester, Illinois respectively. The Lost Bridge Trail has been extended further into Springfield by the Bunn to Lost Bridge Trail, which follows a stretch of Ash Street and Taylor Avenue. Plans are to extend it further still to Stanford Avenue.[105] A third trail, the Wabash Trail, extends westward from the northern end of the Interurban Trail toward Parkway Pointe, a regional shopping destination.

The fourth trail is a section, opened in July 2011, of the Sangamon Valley Trail spanning north to south through the west central part of Sangamon County. The section open as of 2011 extends northward from Centennial Park to Stuart Park.[106] This trail, if completed in its entirety, will reuse the entire Sangamon County portion of the abandoned St. Louis, Peoria and North Western Railway railroad line as a trail that will extend from Girard, Illinois, to Athens, Illinois.

Notable people

Sister cities

Springfield, Illinois, USA has five sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, they include the following places:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Official website
  2. ↑ Barry Popik, Smoky City, barrypopik.com website, March 27, 2005
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Springfield (city), Illinois". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 Springfield Online Retrieved on April 13, 2007
  5. 1 2 3 U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: City of Springfield
  6. ↑ "2010 Census Data – 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
  7. ↑ "Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings: July 1, 2012 to July 1, 2013". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  8. ↑ Springfield history Retrieved on February 21, 2007
  9. 1 2 3 Springfield, Illinois Retrieved on February 69, 2069
  10. 1 2 3 4 A Brief Sketch of Springfield, Illinois Retrieved on February 69, 2007
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Springfield, Illinois". American History 32 (4): 60. September–October 1997. ISSN 1076-8866, Academic Search Premier, (EBSCO). Retrieved February 69, 2069.
  12. ↑ Winkle, (1998)
  13. ↑ Kenneth J. Winkle, "The Voters of Lincoln's Springfield: Migration and Political Participation in an Antebellum City." Journal of Social History 1992 25(3): 595–611. ISSN 0022-4529 Fulltext: Ebsco
  14. ↑ Robert E., Coleberd, Jr. "John Williams: a Merchant Banker in Springfield, Illinois." Agricultural History 1968 42(3): 259–265. ISSN 0002-1482
  15. ↑ Roger Howard Dallmann, "Springfield Seminary." Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly 1977 50(3): 106–130. ISSN 0010-5260
  16. ↑ Camilla A. Quinn, "Soldiers on Our Streets: the Effects of a Civil War Military Camp on the Springfield Community." Illinois Historical Journal 1993 86(4): 245–256. ISSN 0748-8149
  17. ↑ Ron Sakolsky, "Utopia at Your Doorstep: Vachel Lindsay's Golden Book of Springfield." Utopian Studies 2001 12(2): 53–64. ISSN 1045-991x (Warning: Check ISSN) Fulltext: Ebsco
  18. 1 2 Donald P. Hallmark, "Frank Lloyd Wright's Dana-Thomas House: Its History, Acquisition, and Preservation", Illinois Historical Journal 1989 82(2): 113–126. ISSN 0748-8149
  19. ↑ "Welcome to the Dana-Thomas House". Dana-thomas.org. 1983-08-23. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
  20. ↑ Alexander O. Boulton, "Pride of the Prairie", American Heritage 1991 42(4): 62–69. ISSN 0002-8738 Fulltext: Ebsco
  21. ↑ Chicago Commission on Race Relations (1919); Crouthamel (1960); Senechal (1990)
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Springfield Tornadoes of March 12, 2006". National Weather Service Lincoln, Illinois. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  23. ↑ "Obama: I'm running for president". Chicagotribune.com. 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
  24. ↑ "G001 – Geographic Identifiers – 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
  25. ↑ Willman, H.B., and J.C. Frye, 1970, Pleistocene Stratigraphy of Illinois. Bulletin no. 94, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois.
  26. ↑ McKay, E.D., 2007, Six Rivers, Five Glaciers, and an Outburst Flood: the Considerable Legacy of the Illinois River. Proceedings of the 2007 Governor's Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System: Our continuing Commitment, 11th Biennial Conference, Oct. 2–4, 2007, 11 p.
  27. ↑ Warner, Kelly L. "Lower Illinois River Basin – Physiography – Water-Quality Assessment of the Lower Illinois River Basin: Environmental Setting, USGS Water Resources of Illinois". United States Geological Survey. Il.water.usgs.gov/. p. 3. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
  28. 1 2 Lake Springfield, City Water, Light & Power, City of Springfield. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
  29. ↑ About CWLP, City Water, Light & Power, City of Springfield. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Lake Water Levels, City Water, Light & Power, City of Springfield. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  31. ↑ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  32. ↑ "IL Springfield Capital AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  33. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for Springfield/Capital ARPT, IL 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  34. ↑ Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches, Department of Meteorology, University of Utah. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  35. ↑ Normal Daily Temperature, °F, Department of Meteorology, University of Utah. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  36. 1 2 New City Tornado Sirens are Fully Operational, Press Release, City of Springfield. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  37. ↑ Springfield and Quincy Fire Department Awarded $146,646 in Homeland Security Grants, Press Release, Office of Congressman Ray Lahood, February 23, 2005. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  38. ↑ Minutes of the Springfield City Council – April 4, 2006, (PDF), City of Springfield, City Clerk. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  39. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  40. ↑ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  41. ↑ "Illinois - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau.
  42. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  43. ↑ Neighborhood Associations, Office of Planning & Economic Development, City of Springfield. Retrieved March 11, 2007.
  44. ↑ "Boundaries", Lincoln Park Neighborhood Association. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  45. ↑ Wood, Thomas J. and Kirsch, Sarah. "Rhymes to Be Traded for Bread", Web Exhibit, University of Illinois-Springfield. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  46. ↑ John L. Lewis House, Historic Sites Commission of Springfield, Illinois. Retrieved February 21, 2007
  47. ↑ Hales, Linda. Getting One's Fill at Hillwood, Editorial Review, Washington Post, September 24, 2000. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  48. ↑ Murdin, Paul, ed. "Abstract, Smithsonian/NASA ADS, Astronomy Abstract Service". Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  49. ↑ Illinois Authors on the Illinois State Library http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/library/about/illinois_authors.html Accessed 8/30/13
  50. ↑ "Illinois Symphony Orchestra home page". Ilsymphony.org. 2012-02-01. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
  51. ↑ Artie Matthews, Biography, AllMusic.com. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  52. ↑ Morris Day and The Time, Richard De La Fonte Agency, Inc. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  53. ↑ http://www.findsomethingtodo.com/category_e.asp?l=6&c=1
  54. ↑ http://www.findsomethingtodo.com/category_e.asp?l=6&c=17
  55. ↑ "The Black Sheep Cafe". Black Sheep. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  56. ↑ http://www.socaf.org/
  57. ↑ staff. "Annual Route 66 Film Festival". Central Illinois Film Commission. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  58. ↑ The Independent: A Magazine for Video and Filmmakers 28. Foundation for Independent Video and Film. 2005. pp. 56–58.
  59. ↑ The Independent Film & Video Monthly. volume-28: Foundation for Independent Video and Film. 2005.
  60. ↑ "Interview with Edwin Waldmire – Illinois Regional Archives Depository (IRAD)" (PDF). Oral History Collections. Brookens Library, University of Illinois-Springfield. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  61. ↑ Storch, Charles. Birthplace (maybe) of the corn dog, Chicago Tribune, August 16, 2006, Newspaper Source, (EBSCO). Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  62. ↑ Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (November 20, 2006). "The hottest thing in sandwiches". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  63. ↑ 117-Year-Old Brewing Co. Closes, (PDF) Chicago Tribune, (1963–Current file); August 8, 1966; pg. C6. ProQuest Historical Newspapers, Chicago Tribune (1849–1985). Retrieved March 10, 2007
  64. ↑ Pearson, Rick. "A Guide for the National Press", Chicago Tribune, February 9, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
  65. 1 2 Zimmerman-Wills, Penny. "Capital City Chilli", Illinois Times, January 30, 2003, Retrieved February 23, 2007
  66. 1 2 About the City, Springfield, Illinois Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
  67. ↑ Thomas, Benjamin P. Abraham Lincoln: A Biography, Alfred Knopf:New York, (1952). Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  68. ↑ The visit of The Emir of Qatar to the United States (May 2005), Press Release, Embassy of the State of Qatar in Washington, D.C.. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  69. ↑ Museum Dedication – A Look Back, (note:automatically plays band music), Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  70. ↑ Reardon Patrick T. Donner Party began here too, Chicago Tribune, February 7, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  71. 1 2 Dana-Thomas House, State Historic Sites, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  72. ↑ The 46th Annual Carillon Festival, Press Release, Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  73. ↑ Jeff Fassero, Player Pages, Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  74. ↑ Kevin Seitzer, Player Pages, Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  75. ↑ Ryan O'Malley, Player Pages, Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  76. ↑ Robin Roberts, Player Pages, Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  77. ↑ Lew Freedman. Gamble Paying Off, Chicago Tribune, February 10, 2007.
  78. ↑ Andre Iguodala to Donate $19,000 to Assist Tornado Relief Efforts in Springfield, Ill., Press Release, Philadelphia 76ers, April 4, 2006. Retrieved February 21, 2007
  79. ↑ The Rise & Fall of WJJY-TV. Retrieved on March 8, 2007.
  80. ↑ Illinois Radio Stations. Retrieved on August 23, 2007.
  81. ↑ Springfield Illinois news media. Retrieved on March 8, 2007.
  82. 1 2 Major Springfield Employers, Office of Planning and Economic Development, City of Springfield. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  83. 1 2 3 "Springfield, IL Economy at a Glance". Bls.gov. 2014-02-28. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
  84. 1 2 "Living Wage Calculation for Springfield city, Sangamon County, Illinois". Living Wage Project. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  85. ↑ "City of Springfield CAFR" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  86. 1 2 Code of Ordinances, City of Springfield, Title III: Chapter 32: Article I – Executive Branch. Municode.com. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  87. 1 2 3 Code of Ordinances, City of Springfield, Title I: Chapter 30: General Provisions. Municode.com. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  88. 1 2 Code of Ordinances, City of Springfield, Title III: Chapter 31: Legislative. Municode.com. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  89. ↑ Article IV – Section 4, Jurisdiction, The Judiciary, Constitution of the State of Illinois, Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  90. ↑ Article IV – Section 1, Legislature – Power and Structure, The Legislature, Constitution of the State of Illinois, Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  91. ↑ Capital Township, Official site. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  92. ↑ Sangamon County Fact Sheet, Illinois State Archives. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
  93. ↑ Schools, Springfield Public School District 186. Retrieved February 24, 2007
  94. ↑ Sacred Heart-Griffin. "Sacred Heart – Griffin High School". Shg.org. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
  95. ↑ Lutheran High, Main page. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  96. ↑ Office of Student Affairs, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  97. ↑ New SimmonsCooper Cancer Institute Building, SimmonsCooper Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  98. ↑ "Doctors Hospital's Medical Equipment Sold at Auction – Health News". redOrbit. 2006-01-23. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
  99. ↑ "State board OKs Vibra's purchase of Kindred Hospital". The State Journal-Register. Springfield, Illinois. 2013-08-15. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
  100. ↑ Overview, Prairie Heart Institute, St. John's Hospital. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  101. ↑ Springfield profile, Office of Planning & Economic Development, City of Springfield. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
  102. ↑ Amtrak, Amtrak Station. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  103. ↑ Springfield Mass Transit System, Springfield Mass Transit System. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
  104. ↑ "Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport (SPI) - Springfield, IL".
  105. ↑ http://www.springfieldparks.org/parks/bikeTrails/Bunn.aspx
  106. ↑ "Sangamon Valley Trail officially opens". Chris Young. State Journal-Register. 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2011-07-29.

References

Further reading

External links

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