Sepp Dietrich

Josef "Sepp" Dietrich
Dietrich as an SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer
Nickname(s)	Sepp, Ujac
Born	28 May 1892 Hawangen, Bavaria, German Empire
Died	21 April 1966 (aged 73) Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany
Allegiance	German Empire (to 1918)  Weimar Republic (to 1933)  Nazi Germany
Years of service	1911–19 1928–45
Rank	SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer und Generaloberst der Waffen-SS
Service number	NSDAP #89,015 SS #1,117
Commands held	5th Panzer Army 6th Panzer Army
Battles/wars	World War I World War II
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds

Josef "Sepp" Dietrich (28 May 1892 – 21 April 1966) was a general in the Waffen-SS – the armed paramilitary branch of the Nazi Party's Schutzstaffel (SS) – who commanded units up to army level during World War II. Prior to 1929, he was Adolf Hitler's chauffeur and bodyguard but received rapid promotion after his participation in the political ex-judicial executions of political opponents during the 1934 purge known as the Night of the Long Knives. He later commanded 6th Panzer Army during the Battle of the Bulge. After the war, he was imprisoned by the United States for war crimes and later by Germany for his involvement in the 1934 purge.

Early life and interwar period

Sepp Dietrich was born on 28 May 1892 in Hawangen, near Memmingen in the Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire. After the Great War, Dietrich allegedly served briefly in a Freikorps Oberland against the Bavarian Soviet Republic, May 1919. Thereafter, he migrated from one job to another, including waiter, policeman, foreman, farm labourer, petrol station attendant and customs officer. He joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1928, got a job at Eher Verlag, the NSDAP publisher, and became commander of Hitler's Schutzstaffel (SS) bodyguard.^[1] His NSDAP number was 89,015 and his SS number was 1,117.^[2] Dietrich had been introduced to Nazism by Christian Weber, who was his employer at the Tankstelle-Blau-Bock filling station in Munich.^[3] He accompanied Hitler on his tours around Germany. Later Hitler arranged other jobs, including various SS posts, and let him live in the Reich Chancellery. On 5 January 1930, Dietrich was elected to the Reichstag as a delegate for Lower Bavaria.

By 1931, he had become SS-Gruppenführer. When the Nazi Party seized power in 1933, Dietrich rose swiftly through the hierarchy. He became the commander of Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH), a general of the Waffen-SS and member of the Prussian state council. As one of Hitler's intimates, Dietrich was often able to disregard his SS superior, Heinrich Himmler, at one time even banning Himmler from the Leibstandarte barracks.

In summer 1934, Dietrich played a key role in the Night of the Long Knives. Hitler told him to take six men and go to the Ministry of Justice to kill a number of Sturmabteilung (SA) leaders. Shortly thereafter, he was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer. Dietrich's role later earned him a nineteen-month sentence from a postwar court.

World War II

Dietrich in Greece, 1941

When World War II began, Dietrich led the Leibstandarte in attacks on Paris and Dunkirk during the Westfeldzug (May/June 1940). Dietrich remained in command of the Leibstandarte throughout the campaigns in Greece and Yugoslavia before being promoted to command of the 1st SS Panzer Corps, attached to Army Group Center, on the Eastern Front. In 1943, he was sent to Italy to recover Benito Mussolini's mistress Clara Petacci. He received numerous German military medals.

Dietrich commanded the 1st SS Panzer Corps in the Battle of Normandy. He rose to command 5th Panzer Army during the later stages of this campaign. Hitler gave him the command of the newly created 6th Panzer Army. Dietrich commanded it in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 – January 1945). He had been assigned to that task because, due to the 20 July Plot, Hitler distrusted Wehrmacht officers. On 17 December, Kampfgruppe Peiper, (an SS unit) under his overall command killed between 77 and 82 U.S. prisoners of war near Malmedy, Belgium, in what is known as the Malmedy massacre. Interestingly, Dietrich was already becoming disillusioned with Hitler's war leadership and is said to have told Field Marshal Erwin Rommel that if he sought a separate peace on the Western Front, he (Dietrich) would support him.^{[Note 1]}

In March 1945, Hitler planned Spring Awakening Offensive. Dietrich's 6th Panzer Army and the LSSAH spearheaded the offensive. The Germans launched attacks in Hungary near the Lake Balaton area. This area included some of the last oil reserves still available to the Germans. Despite early gains, the offensive was too ambitious in scope and failed. After the failure of the operation the 6th SS Panzer Army (and LSSAH) retreated to the Vienna area.^[5] As a mark of disgrace, the Waffen-SS units involved in the battle were ordered by Hitler to remove their treasured cuff titles. Dietrich did not relay the order to his troops.^[6] Dietrich, accompanied by his wife, surrendered on 9 May 1945 to Master-Sergeant Herbert Kraus of the U.S. 36th Infantry Division at Krems an der Donau north of St. Pölten in Austria.

Assessment

Dietrich had complete confidence of the Führer because of his plain-speaking loyalty; the old political fighter was one of Hitler's favorites. He therefore enjoyed much lavish publicity, numerous decorations and rapid series of promotions. Dietrich often took gambles, much to the dislike of the OKW, such as when he sent the Leibstandarte division 'charging into Rostov' without orders 'purely to gain a prestige victory'. Once Dietrich was promoted to a Corps command he was at least assisted by competent staff officers transferred from the army; still the army command had to take some pains to keep him in line.^[7]

By 1944 there were clear signs that he had been elevated above his military competence. He reportedly had never been taught how to read a military map. Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt considered him to be 'decent but stupid' and was especially critical of Dietrich's handling of the 6th Panzer Army in the Ardennes. Even Dietrich's principal staff officer conceded that he was 'no strategic genius'.^[7]

Dietrich's long, personal acquaintance with Hitler allowed him to be more frank than other senior officers in his interactions with Hitler. He was reported by a fellow general to have 'railed against the Führer and [his] entourage' with promises to let Hitler know that he was 'leading us all to destruction'.^{[Note 2]}

War crimes conviction and post-war life

Photograph of Sepp Dietrich in U.S. military custody

Dietrich was tried as Defendant No. 11 by U.S. Military Tribunal at Dachau ("United States of America vs. Valentin Bersin et al.", Case No. 6-24), from 16 May 1946 until 16 July 1946. On 16 July 1946, he was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Malmedy massacre trial for his involvement in ordering the execution of U.S. prisoners of war. Due to testimony in his defence by other German officers, his sentence was shortened to 25 years. He was imprisoned at the U.S. War Criminals Prison No. 1 at Landsberg am Lech in Bavaria. Dietrich served only ten years and was released on parole on 22 October 1955. However, he was rearrested in Ludwigsburg in August 1956. He was charged by the Landgericht München I and tried from 6 May 1957 until 14 May 1957 for his role in the killing of SA leaders (aka Night of the Long Knives) in 1934. On 14 May 1957, he was sentenced to nineteen months for his part in the purge and returned to the U.S. military prison at Landsberg. He was released due to a heart condition and circulation problems in his legs on 2 February 1958. By then he had already served almost his entire 19-month sentence.

Dietrich being photographed by a U.S. Army employee while inside his cell

He settled in Ludwigsburg and took an active part in the activities of HIAG, a revisionist organization and a lobby group of former Waffen-SS members. Founded by former high-ranking Waffen-SS personnel, it campaigned for the legal, economic and historical rehabilitation of the Waffen-SS, with limited success.^[9][10]

In 1966, Dietrich died of a heart attack in Ludwigsburg at age 73. Six thousand people attended his funeral.^[11]

Personal life

Dietrich with his wife Ursula

Dietrich was married twice. His first wife was Barbra "Betti" Seidl (b. 24 April 1896). They were married on 17 February 1921 and were divorced in April 1937. On 19 January 1942, Dietrich married Ursula Moninger-Brenner (born 26 March 1915 and died in 1983). Dietrich had three children.

Summary of military and SS career

Decorations

• Iron Cross (1914), Second (1917) and First (1918) Classes^[12]
• Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939)^[12]
  • 2nd Class (25 September 1939)^[13]
  • 1st Class (27 October 1939)^[13]
• Blood Order-(Nr. 10) (1933)^[12]
• Golden Party Badge (1933)^[12]
• Eastern Front Medal (1942)
• Pilot/Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds (1943)^[12]
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
  • Knight's Cross on 4 July 1940 as SS-Obergruppenführer and general of the Waffen-SS and commander of SS-Infanterie-Regiment (motorized) "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"^{[14][15][16][Note 3]}
  • 41st Oak Leaves on 31 December 1941 as SS-Obergruppenführer and general of the Waffen-SS and commander of SS-Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" (motorized)^{[14][17][18][19]}
  • 26th Swords on 14 March 1943 as SS-Obergruppenführer and general of the Waffen-SS and commander of SS-Panzergrenadier-Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"^{[14][17][20][21]}
  • 16th Diamonds on 6 August 1944 as SS-Oberstgruppenführer and Generaloberst of the Waffen-SS and commanding general of the I. SS-Panzerkorps "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"^{[17][22][Note 4][Note 5]}
• Sword of honour of the Reichsführer-SS^[12]
• SS Honour Ring ("Totenkopfring") ^[12]
• Panzer Badge in Silver
• Tank Memorial Badge
• Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
• Sudetenland Medal (?) with Prague Castle bar (?)
• Anschluss Medal (?)
• Wound Badge (1939) in Silver^[24]
• Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (1934)
• Bavarian Military Merit Cross 3rd Class with Swords and Crown (?)
• Bravery Medal in Bronze (Austria-Hungary)
• Silesian Eagle, 1st and 2nd class (1934)
• NSDAP Long Service Award in Silver (?)
• Italian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, Grand Officer (?)
• Order of the Crown of Italy, Grand Cross (?)
• Italian Military Order of Savoy, Grand Officer (?)
• Order of the Crown of Romania, Grand Officer (?)
• Crimea Shield^[24]

Promotions

4 June 1917:	Vizewachtmeister[25]
1 June 1928:	SS-Sturmführer (SS-Untersturmführer)[25]
1 August 1928:	SS-Sturmbannführer[25]
1 August 1929:	SS-Brigadeführer[25]
18 September 1929:	SS-Standartenführer[25]
11 July 1930:	SS-Oberführer[26]
18 December 1931:	SS-Gruppenführer[26]
4 July 1934:	SS-Obergruppenführer, effective as of 1 July 1934[26]
1 October 1941:	General der Waffen-SS (appointed)[26]
20 April 1942:	SS-Obergruppenführer and Panzer-General der Waffen-SS[26]
1 August 1944:	SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer und Panzer-Generaloberst der Waffen-SS[26]

Notes

1. Dietrich is alleged to have said to Erwin Rommel, "You are my superior officer, and therefore I will obey all your order".^[4]
2. "Sepp Dietrich railed against the Führer and [the Führer's] entourage to such an extent that it became most unpleasant. Then, he was sent for, and he said: 'All right, that's fine but I shall speak my mind. I shall tell Adi' -he always calls Hitler 'Adi'- 'that he is leading us all to destruction'." Spoken by General der Panzertruppe Heinrich Eberbach while in captivity in Britain and secretly taped by the MI-19 Directorate of the British Military Intelligence.^[8]
3. According to Krätschmer as SS-Obergruppenführer and commander of the motorized SS-Infanterie-Regiment "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler".^[17]
4. According to Scherzer as commanding general of the I. SS-Panzerkorps.^[14]
5. According to Von Seemen as SS-Obergruppenführer and general of the Waffen-SS at the same time promoted to SS-Oberstgruppenführer and Generaloberst of the Waffen-SS.^[23]

References

Citations

1. Cachay, Bahlke & Mehl 2000, p. 350.
2. Biondi 2000, p. 7.
3. Messenger 2005, p. 39.
4. Meyer 1987, pp. 465–500.
5. Dollinger 1968, p. 199.
6. Stein 1984, p. 238.
7. MacKenzie 1997, pp. 155-156.
8. Neitzel 2007, p. 266.
9. Caddick-Adams 2014, p. 753.
10. Large 1987.
11. Parker 2014, p. 216.
12. Ailsby 1997, p. 33.
13. Thomas 1997, p. 120.
14. Scherzer 2007, p. 272.
15. Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 161, 489.
16. Von Seemen 1976, p. 110.
17. Krätschmer 1999, p. 13.
18. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 56.
19. Von Seemen 1976, p. 26.
20. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 40.
21. Von Seemen 1976, p. 15.
22. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 37.
23. Von Seemen 1976, p. 13.
24. Berger 1999, p. 58.
25. Thomas & Wegmann 1998, p. 278.
26. Thomas & Wegmann 1998, p. 279.

Bibliography

In English

• Biondi, Robert (2000). SS Officers list : (as of 30 January 1942) : SS-Standartenfuhrer to SS-Oberstgruppenfuhrer : Assignments and Decorations of the Senior SS Officer Corps. Schiffer Military History Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-1061-4.
• Caddick-Adams, Peter (2014). Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944–45. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-933514-5.
• Fraser, David (1994). Knights' Cross. A Life of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0060925970.
• Large, David C. (1987). "Reckoning without the Past: The HIAG of the Waffen-SS and the Politics of Rehabilitation in the Bonn Republic, 1950–1961". The Journal of Modern History (University of Chicago Press) 59 (1): 79–113. JSTOR 1880378.
• Dollinger, Hans (1968). The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II. Odhams Books. OCLC 721310250.
• MacKenzie, S.P. (1997). Revolutionary Armies in the Modern Era: A Revisionist Approach. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415096904.
• Messenger, Charles (2005). Hitler's Gladiator: The Life and Wars of Panzer Army Commander Sepp Dietrich. London. ISBN 978-1-84486-022-7.
• Messenger, Charles (1988). Hitler's Gladiator: The Life and Times of Oberstgruppenfuhrer and Panzergeneral-Oberst Der Waffen-SS Sepp Dietrich, London. ASIN: B000OFQ62W.
• Neitzel, Sönke (2007). Tapping Hitler's Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations, 1942–45. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-84415-705-1.
• Parker, Danny S. (2014). Hitler's Warrior: The Life and Wars of SS Colonel Jochen Peiper. Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82154-7.
• Ailsby, Christopher (1997). SS: Roll of Infamy. Motorbooks Intl. ISBN 0-7603-0409-2.
• Speer, Albert (1970). Inside the Third Reich: Memories by Albert Speer. New York: Macmillan. ASIN: B000H7Q6U4.
• Stein, George H. (1984). The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0.
• Höhne, Heinz. Der Orden unter dem Totenkopf, Verlag Der Spiegel, Hamburg 1966; English translation by Richard Barry entitled The Order of the Death's Head, The Story of Hitler's SS, London: Pan Books (1969). ISBN 0-330-02963-0.

In German

• Berger, Florian (1999). Mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern. Die höchstdekorierten Soldaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges [With Oak Leaves and Swords. The Highest Decorated Soldiers of the Second World War] (in German). Vienna, Austria: Selbstverlag Florian Berger. ISBN 978-3-9501307-0-6.
• Cachay, Klaus; Bahlke, Steffen; Mehl, Helmut (2000). Echte Sportler – gute Soldaten. Die Sportsozialisation des Nationalsozialismus im Spiegel von Feldpostbriefen (in German). Weinheim, München Germany: Beltz Juventa. ISBN 978-3-7799-1130-2.
• Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
• Krätschmer, Ernst-Günther (1999). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Waffen-SS [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Waffen-SS] (in German). Coburg, Germany: Nation Europa Verlag. ISBN 978-3-920677-43-9.
• Meyer, Georg (1987). "Auswirkungen des 20. Juli 1944 auf das innere Gefüge der Wehrmacht bis Kriegsend und auf das soldatische Selbstverständnis im Vorfeld des westdeutschen Verteidigungsbeitrages bis 1950/51" [Effects of 20 July 1944 on the internal structure of the Armed Forces to end the war and the soldier's self-understanding in advance of the West German defense contribution to 1950/51]. Aufstand des Gewissens. Der militärische Widerstand gegen Hitler und das NS-Regime 1933–45 [Revolt of conscience. The military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945] (in German) (3rd ed.). Herford, Germany: E.S. Mittler. ISBN 978-3-8132-0197-0.
• Schaulen, Fritjof (2003). Eichenlaubträger 1940 – 1945 Zeitgeschichte in Farbe I Abraham – Huppertz [Oak Leaves Bearers 1940 – 1945 Contemporary History in Color I Abraham – Huppertz] (in German). Selent, Germany: Pour le Mérite. ISBN 978-3-932381-20-1.
• Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
• Von Seemen, Gerhard (1976). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 : die Ritterkreuzträger sämtlicher Wehrmachtteile, Brillanten-, Schwerter- und Eichenlaubträger in der Reihenfolge der Verleihung : Anhang mit Verleihungsbestimmungen und weiteren Angaben [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 : The Knight's Cross Bearers of All the Armed Services, Diamonds, Swords and Oak Leaves Bearers in the Order of Presentation: Appendix with Further Information and Presentation Requirements] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7909-0051-4.
• Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
• Thomas, Franz; Wegmann, Günter (1998). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil III: Infanterie Band 4: C–Dow [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Part III: Infantry Volume 4: C–Dow] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2534-8.