List of state leaders in 1923

See also
List of state leaders in 1922 Events of 1923 List of state leaders in 1924 State leaders by year List of religious leaders in 1923 List of sovereign states in 1923 List of colonial governors in 1923

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1923.

Africa

Egypt
- Monarch - Fuad I, King of Egypt (1917–1936)^[1]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1922–1923)
  2. Yahya Ibrahim Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1923–1924)
Ethiopia
- Monarch - Zewditu, Empress of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
- Chief Minister - Habte Giyorgis, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1909–1927)
Liberia
- President - Charles D. B. King, President of Liberia (1920–1930)
Rif Republic (unrecognized secessionist state)
- President - Abd el-Krim, President of the Rif Republic (1921–1926)
South Africa
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Prince Arthur of Connaught, Governor-General of South Africa (1920–1924)
- Prime Minister - Jan Smuts, Prime Minister of South Africa (1919–1924)

Asia

Afghanistan
- Monarch - Amanullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1919–1929)
Asir
- Monarch -
  1. Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, Emir of Asir (1909–1923)
  2. Sayyid Ali ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Hasani, Emir of Asir (1923–1926)
Bukhara
- Communist Party Leader -
  1. Sagdulla Tursunhodzhayev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Bukhara (1921–1923)
  2. Abdullo Rahimbayev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Bukhara (1923)
- Head of State - Porsa Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Bukhara (1922–1925)
- Premier - Fayzulla Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Bukhara (1921–1924)
China
- Nationalist Government
  - Head of State - Sun Yat-sen, Generalissimo of the National Government of China (1923–1925)
- Beiyang Government
  - President -
    1. Li Yuanhong, President of China (1922–1923)
    2. Zhang Shaozeng, Acting President of China (1923)
    3. Gao Lingwei, Acting President of China (1923)
    4. Cao Kun, President of China (1923–1924)
  - Premier -
    1. Wang Zhengting, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1922–1923)
    2. Zhang Shaozeng, Premier of State Council of China (1923)
    3. Gao Lingwei, Premier of State Council of China (1923–1924)
- Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
  - Monarch - Thubten Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1879–1933)
Hejaz
- Monarch - Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz (1908–1924)^[2]
Japan
- Monarch - Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan (1912–1926)
- Regent - Crown Prince Hirohito, Regent of Japan (1921–1926)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Viscount Katō Tomosaburō, Prime Minister of Japan (1922–1923)
  2. Count Uchida Kosai, Acting Prime Minister of Japan (1923)
  3. Count Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, Prime Minister of Japan (1923–1924)
Khorezm
- Communist Party Leader -
  1. Gaifi Sharafutdinov, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Khorezm (1921–1923)
  2. Ishchan Masharipov, Acting First Secretary of the Communist Party of Khorezm (1923)
  3. Karimzhan Adinayev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Khorezm (1923–1924)
- Head of State -
  1. Abdulla Abdurahmon Khojaoghli, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Khorezm (1922–1923)
  2. K. Safaroghli, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Khorezm (1923–1924)
- Premier - Sultanmurad Kany, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Khorezm (1921–1924)
Kurdistan (unrecognized secessionist state)
- Monarch - Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji, King of Kurdistan (1922–1924)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Qadir Barzanji, Prime Minister of Kurdistan (1922–1924)
Mongolia
- Communist Party Leader -
  1. Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1922–1923)
  2. Ajvaagiin Danzan, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1923–1924)
- Monarch - Bogd Khan, Khan of Mongolia (1921–1924)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar, Prime Minister of Mongolia (1922–1923)
  2. Balingiin Tserendorj, Prime Minister of Mongolia (1923–1928)
Muscat and Oman
- Monarch - Taimur bin Feisal, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1913–1932)
Nejd
- Monarch - Ibn Saud, Sultan of Nejd (1902–1953)^[3]
Nepal
- Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
- Prime Minister - Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
Persia
- Monarch - Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (1909–1925)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Ahmad Qavam, Prime Minister of Persia (1922–1923)
  2. Mostowfi ol-Mamalek, Prime Minister of Persia (1923)
  3. Hassan Pirnia, Prime Minister of Persia (1923)
  4. Reza Khan, Prime Minister of Persia (1923–1925)
Siam
- Monarch - Vajiravudh, King of Siam (1910–1925)
Tannu Tuva
- Communist Party Leader -
  1. Nimachyan, General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1921–1923)
  2. Lobsang-Osur, General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1923)
  3. Oyun Kursedy, President of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1923–1924)
- Premier -
  1. Idam-Syurun, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tannu Tuva (1922–1923)
  2. Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tannu Tuva (1923–1924)
Turkey
- the Republic of Turkey was declared on 29 October 1923 in place of the Turkish State
- Head of State -
  1. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (1922–1923)
  2. Abdürrahman Sheref Bey, Acting President of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (1923)
  3. Ali Fuad Pasha, Provisional President of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (1923)
  4. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey^[4] (1923–1938)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Rauf Orbay, Prime Minister of Turkey (1922–1923)
  2. Fethi Okyar, Prime Minister of Turkey (1923)
  3. İsmet İnönü, Prime Minister of Turkey (1923–1924)
Yemen (unrecognized state)
- Monarch - Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, Imam of Yemen (1904–1948)^[5]

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Henry Forster, Baron Forster, Governor-General of Australia (1920–1925)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia (1915–1923)
  2. Stanley Bruce, Prime Minister of Australia (1923–1929)
New Zealand
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - John Jellicoe, Viscount Jellicoe, Governor-General of New Zealand (1920–1924)
- Prime Minister - William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1912–1925)

Europe

Albania
- Head of State - High Council of Regency, Head of State of Albania (1920–1925)
- Prime Minister - Ahmet Zogu, Prime Minister of Albania (1922–1924)
Andorra
- Monarchs -
  - French Co-Prince - Alexandre Millerand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1924)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
  - Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Joseph de Riba (1915–1933)
- First Syndic - Bonaventura Villarubia, First Syndic of Andorra (1920–1923)
Austria
- President - Michael Hainisch, Federal President of Austria (1920–1928)
- Chancellor - Ignaz Seipel, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1922–1924)
Belgium
- Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
- Prime Minister - Georges Theunis, Prime Minister of Belgium (1921–1925)
Bulgaria
- Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
- Premier -
  1. Aleksandar Stamboliyski, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1919–1923)
  2. Aleksandar Tsankov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1923–1926)
Czechoslovakia
- President - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935)
- Prime Minister - Antonín Švehla, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1922–1926)
Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
- High Commissioner -
  1. Sir Richard Haking, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1921–1923)
  2. Mervyn Sorley McDonnell, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1923–1925)
- Head of State - Heinrich Sahm, President of the Senate of Danzig (1920–1931)
Denmark
- Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
- Prime Minister - Niels Neergaard, Prime Minister of Denmark (1920–1924)
Estonia
- Head of State -
  1. Juhan Kukk, State Elder of Estonia (1922–1923)
  2. Konstantin Päts, State Elder of Estonia (1923–1924)
Finland
- President - Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, President of Finland (1919–1925)
- Prime Minister - Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister of Finland (1922–1924)
Fiume
- Head of State -
  1. Attilio Depoli, Provisional Head of State of Fiume (1922–1923)
  2. Gaetano Giardino, Military Governor of Fiume (1923–1924)
France
- President - Alexandre Millerand, President of France (1920–1924)
- Prime Minister - Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1922–1924)
Germany
- President - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (1919–1925)
- Chancellor -
  1. Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor of Germany (1922–1923)
  2. Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany (1923)
  3. Wilhelm Marx, Chancellor of Germany (1923–1925)
- Rhenish Republic (unrecognized, secessionist state)
  - established on 21 October 1923
  - President - Josef Friedrich Matthes, President of the Rhenish Republic (1923–1924)
Greece
- Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1922–1924)
- Regent - Pavlos Kountouriotis, Regent of Greece (1923–1924)
- Prime Minister - Stylianos Gonatas, Prime Minister of Greece (1922–1924)
Hungary
- Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
- Prime Minister - Count István Bethlen, Prime Minister of Hungary (1921–1931)
Iceland
- Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
- Prime Minister - Sigurður Eggerz, Prime Minister of Iceland (1922–1924)
Ireland
- Monarch - George V, King of Ireland (1922–1936)
- Governor-General - Tim Healy, Governor-General of Ireland (1922–1928)
- Head of Government - W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council of Ireland (1922–1932)
Italy
- Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
- Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)
Latvia
- President - Jānis Čakste, President of Latvia (1918–1927)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime Minister of Latvia (1921–1923)
  2. Jānis Pauļuks, Prime Minister of Latvia (1923)
  3. Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime Minister of Latvia (1923–1924)
Liechtenstein
- Monarch - Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
- Head of Government - Gustav Schädler, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1922–1928)
Lithuania
- President - Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania (1920–1926)
- Prime Minister - Ernestas Galvanauskas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1922–1924)
Luxembourg
- Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)^[6]
- Prime Minister - Émile Reuter, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1918–1925)
Monaco
- Monarch - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
- Head of Government -
  1. Raymond Le Bourdon, Minister of State of Monaco (1919–1923)
  2. Maurice Piette, Minister of State of Monaco (1923–1932)
Netherlands
- Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)^[6]
- Prime Minister - Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1918–1925)
Norway
- Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)^[6]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Otto Blehr, Prime Minister of Norway (1921–1923)
  2. Otto Bahr Halvorsen, Prime Minister of Norway (1923)
  3. Abraham Berge, Prime Minister of Norway (1923–1924)
Poland
- President - Stanisław Wojciechowski, President of Poland (1922–1926)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Władysław Sikorski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1922–1923)
  2. Wincenty Witos, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1923)
  3. Władysław Grabski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1923–1925)
Portugal
- President -
  1. António José de Almeida, President of Portugal (1919–1923)
  2. Manuel Teixeira Gomes, President of Portugal (1923–1925)
- Premier -
  1. António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1922–1923)
  2. António Ginestal Machado, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1923)
  3. Álvaro de Castro, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1923–1924)
Romania
- Monarch - Ferdinand I, King of the Romanians (1914–1927)
- Premier - Ion I. C. Brătianu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1922–1926)
San Marino
- Captains Regent -
  1. Onofrio Fattori and Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1922–1923)
  2. Giuliano Gozi and Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1923)
  3. Marino Borbiconi and Mario Michetti, Captains Regent of San Marino (1923–1924)
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
- Monarch - Alexander I, King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921–1934)
- Prime Minister - Nikola Pašić, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921–1924)
Soviet Union (unrecognized state)
- Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
- Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)^[7]
- Premier - Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1917–1924)^[8]
Spain
- Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Manuel García-Prieto, Marquis of Alhucemas, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1922–1923)
  2. Miguel Primo de Rivera, Marquis of Estella, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1923–1930)
Sweden
- Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden (1921–1923)
  2. Ernst Trygger, Prime Minister of Sweden (1923–1924)
Switzerland
- Federal Council:^[9]
  Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Robert Haab (1917–1929), Ernest Chuard (1919–1928), Karl Scheurer (1919–1929, President), Jean-Marie Musy (1919–1934), Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)
United Kingdom
- Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Bonar Law, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1922–1923)
  2. Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1923–1924)

North America and the Caribbean

Canada
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor General - Julian Byng, Baron Byng of Vimy, Governor General of Canada (1921–1926)
- Prime Minister - William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (1921–1926)
Costa Rica
- President - Julio Acosta García, President of Costa Rica (1920–1924)
Cuba
- President - Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso, President of Cuba (1921–1925)
Dominican Republic (under US occupation)
- President - Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos, President of the Dominican Republic (1922–1924)
El Salvador
- President -
  1. Jorge Meléndez, President of El Salvador (1919–1923)
  2. Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, President of El Salvador (1923–1927)
Guatemala
- President - José María Orellana, President of Guatemala (1921–1926)
Haiti (under US occupation)
- High Commissioner - John H. Russell, Jr., High Commissioner to Haiti (1919–1930)
- President - Louis Borno, President of Haiti (1922–1930)
Honduras
- President - Rafael López Gutiérrez, President of Honduras (1920–1924)
Mexico
- President - Álvaro Obregón, President of Mexico (1920–1924)
Newfoundland
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor - Sir William Allardyce, Governor of Newfoundland (1922–1928)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Sir Richard Squires, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1919–1923)
  2. William Warren, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1923–1924)
Nicaragua
- President -
  1. Diego Manuel Chamorro, President of Nicaragua (1921–1923)
  2. Rosendo Chamorro, Acting President of Nicaragua (1923)
  3. Bartolomé Martínez, President of Nicaragua (1923–1925)
Panama
- President - Belisario Porras Barahona, President of Panama (1920–1924)
United States
- President -
  1. Warren G. Harding, President of the United States (1921–1923)
  2. Calvin Coolidge, President of the United States (1923–1929)

South America

Argentina
- President - Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, President of Argentina (1922–1928)
Bolivia
- President - Bautista Saavedra, President of Bolivia (1921–1925)
Brazil
- President - Artur Bernardes, President of Brazil (1922–1926)
Chile
- President - Arturo Alessandri, President of Chile (1920–1924)
Colombia
- President - Pedro Nel Ospina Váquez, President of Colombia (1922–1926)
Ecuador
- President - José Luis Tamayo, President of Ecuador (1920–1924)
Paraguay
- President -
  1. Eusebio Ayala, Acting President of Paraguay (1921–1923)
  2. Eligio Ayala, Acting President of Paraguay (1923–1924)
Peru
- President - Augusto B. Leguía, President of Peru (1919–1930)
- Prime Minister - Julio Enrique Ego Aguirre, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1922–1924)
Uruguay
- President -
  1. Baltasar Brum, President of Uruguay (1919–1923)
  2. José Serrato, President of Uruguay (1923–1927)
Venezuela
- President - Juan Vicente Gómez, President of Venezuela (1922–1929)

References

↑ Egypt only became independent in 1922.
↑ Hussein bin Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of Hejaz from 1916.
↑ Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
↑ The title of the head of state changed from President of the Grand National Assembly to President on 29 October 1923.
↑ Yemen only became independent in 1918.
1 2 3 In exile between 1940 and 1945.
↑ Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
↑ Lenin was head of government of Russia (Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars) from 1917 to 1924 and head of government of the Soviet Union (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars) from 1922 to 1924.
↑ The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

External links

State leaders by year of the 20th century

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