List of state leaders in 1941

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1941.

Africa

• Egypt
  • Monarch - Farouk I, King of Egypt (1936–1952)
  • Prime Minister - Hussein Sirri Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1940–1942)
•  Ethiopia
  • regained its independence with the end of the Italian invasion on 5 May 1941
  • Monarch - Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia (1930–1974)^[1]
  • Chief Minister - Wolde Tzaddick, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1936–1942)^[2]
•  Liberia
  • President - Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia (1930–1944)
•  South Africa
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor-General - Sir Patrick Duncan, Governor-General of South Africa (1937–1943)
  • Prime Minister - Jan Smuts, Prime Minister of South Africa (1939–1948)

Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Monarch - Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (1933–1973)
  • Prime Minister - Mohammad Hashim Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1929–1946)
• China
  • Nationalist Government
    • Head of State - Lin Sen, Chairman of the National Government of China (1931–1943)
    • Premier - Chiang Kai-shek, President of the Executive Yuan of China (1939–1945)
  • Reorganized National Government (puppet state of Japan)
    • Chairman - Wang Jingwei, Chairman of the National Government of China (1940–1944)
  •  Manchukuo (puppet state of Japan)
    • Monarch - Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo (1932–1945)
    • Prime Minister - Zhang Jinghui, Prime Minister of Manchukuo (1935–1945)
  • Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
    • Monarch - Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1937–present)^[3]
    • Regent - Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen, Reting Rinpoche (1934–1941)
• Iran
  • Monarch -
    1. Reza Shah, Shah of Iran (1925–1941)
    2. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (1941–1979)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Ali Mansur, Prime Minister of Iran (1940–1941)
    2. Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Prime Minister of Iran (1941–1942)
•  Iraq
  • Monarch - Faisal II, King of Iraq (1939–1958)
  • Regent -
    1. Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, Regent of Iraq (1939–1941)
    2. Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz, Regent of Iraq (1941)
    3. Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, Regent of Iraq (1941–1953)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, Prime Minister of Iraq (1940–1941)
    2. Taha al-Hashimi, Prime Minister of Iraq (1941)
    3. Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, Prime Minister of Iraq (1941)
    4. Jamil al-Midfai, Prime Minister of Iraq (1941)
    5. Nuri al-Said, Prime Minister of Iraq (1941–1944)
• Japan
  • Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Prince Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (1940–1941)
    2. Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan (1941–1944)
• Mongolia
  • Communist Party Leader - Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1940–1954)
  • Head of State - Gonchigiin Bumtsend, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1940–1953)
  • Premier - Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Mongolia (1939–1952)
• Muscat and Oman
  • Monarch - Said Bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1932–1970)
• Nepal
  • Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Prime Minister of Nepal (1932–1945)
•  Saudi Arabia
  • Monarch - Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1902–1953)^[4]
•  Thailand
  • Monarch - Ananda Mahidol, King of Thailand (1935–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime Minister of Thailand (1938–1944)
•  Turkey
  • President - İsmet İnönü, President of Turkey (1938–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Refik Saydam, Prime Minister of Turkey (1939–1942)
•  Tuva
  • Communist Party Leader - Salchak Toka, General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1932–1944)
  • Head of State - Khertek Anchimaa-Toka, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tuva (1940–1944)
  • Premier - Saryg-Dongak Chymba, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tuva (1940–1944)
• Yemen
  • Monarch - Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, King of Yemen (1904–1948)^[5]

Europe

• Albania (Italian protectorate under occupation)
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Albania (1939–1943)
  • Viceroy - Francesco Jacomoni, Lieutenant-General of Albania (1939-1943)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Shefqet Vërlaci, Prime Minister of Albania (1939–1941)
    2. Mustafa Merlika-Kruja, Prime Minister of Albania (1941–1943)
• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Philippe Pétain, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1940–1944)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Jules Lamastres (1940–1944)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Ricard Fornesa i Puigdemasa, Acting Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1940–1943)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Jaume Sansa Nequí (1937–1972)
  • First Syndic - Francesc Cairat Freixes, First Syndic of Andorra (1937–1960)
• Belgium (under German occupation)
  • German Governor - Alexander von Falkenhausen, Military Governor of Belgium and Northern France (1940–1944)
  • Monarch - Leopold III, King of the Belgians (1934–1951)^[6] (under house arrest)
  • Belgian government in exile
    • Prime Minister - Hubert Pierlot, Prime Minister of Belgium (1939–1945)
• Bohemia and Moravia (German protectorate under occupation)
  • German Governor -
    • Konstantin von Neurath, Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1943)
    • Reinhard Heydrich, Acting Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (1941–1942)
  • President - Emil Hácha, State President of Bohemia and Moravia (1938–1945)^[7]
  • Prime Minister - Alois Eliáš, Prime Minister of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1941)
  • Czechoslovak government-in-exile
    • President - Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (1940–1945)
    • Prime Minister - Jan Šrámek, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1940–1945)
• Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
  • Premier - Bogdan Filov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1940–1943)
•  Croatia (partially recognized state under German occupation)
  • established on April 10, 1941
  • Monarch - Tomislav II, King of Croatia (1941–1943)
  • Leader - Ante Pavelić, Leader of Croatia (1941–1945)
  • Prime Minister - Ante Pavelić, Prime Minister of Croatia (1941–1943)
• Denmark (under German occupation)
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (1929–1942)
  • German Governor - Cécil von Renthe-Fink, Reich Plenipotentiary in Denmark (1940–1942)
•  Finland
  • President - Risto Ryti, President of Finland (1940–1944)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Rudolf Walden, Acting Prime Minister of Finland (1940–1941)
    2. Johan Wilhelm Rangell, Prime Minister of Finland (1941–1943)
• France
  • President - Philippe Pétain, Chief of State of France (1940–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Philippe Pétain, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1940–1942)
• Germany
  • Head of State - Adolf Hitler, Führer of Germany (1934–1945)
  • Chancellor - Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)
• Greece (under Axis occupation)
  • the Kingdom of Greece was superseded by the Axis-occupied Hellenic State on May 7, 1941
  • Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1935–1941)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Ioannis Metaxas, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1936–1941)
    2. Alexandros Koryzis, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1941)
  • German Governor - Günther Altenburg, German Plenipotentiary to Greece (1941–1943)
  • Italian Governor - Pellegrino Ghigi, Italian Plenipotentiary to Greece (1941–1943)
  • President - Georgios Tsolakoglou, President of the Government of Greece (1941–1942)
  • Greek government-in-exile
    • the government went into exile on May 23, 1941
    • Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1935–1947)^[8]
    • Prime Minister - Emmanouil Tsouderos, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1941–1944)
• Hungary
  • Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Count Pál Teleki, Prime Minister of Hungary (1939–1941)
    2. Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer, Acting Prime Minister of Hungary (1941)
    3. László Bárdossy, Prime Minister of Hungary (1941–1942)
• Iceland
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
  • Regent -
    1. Hermann Jónasson + Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson + Eysteinn Jónsson + Jakob Ragnar Valdimar Möller + Ólafur Thors, Regency of Iceland (1940–1941)
    2. Sveinn Björnsson, Regent of Iceland (1941–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Hermann Jónasson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1934–1942)
•  Ireland
  • Monarch - George VI, King of Ireland (1936–1949)
  • President - Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland (1938–1945)
  • Prime Minister - Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach of Ireland (1932–1948)
•  Italy
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)
•  Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
  • Head of Government - Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)
• Luxembourg (annexed by Germany)
  • Luxembourg government-in-exile
    • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)^[9]
    • Prime Minister - Pierre Dupong, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1937–1953)^[10]
•  Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government - Émile Roblot, Minister of State of Monaco (1937–1944)
• Montenegro (under Italian occupation)
  • independence declared under Italian occupation on July 12, 1941
  • Governor -
    1. Serafino Mazzolini, Governor of Montenegro (1941)
    2. Alessandro Pirzio Biroli, Governor of Montenegro (1941–1943)
  • Head of Government - Blažo Đukanović, President of the National Committee of Montenegro (1941–1943)
• Netherlands (under German occupation)
  • German Governor - Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Reich Commissioner for the occupied Dutch territories (1940–1945)
  • Dutch government-in-exile
    • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)^[11]
    • Prime Minister - Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1940–1945)
• Norway (under German occupation)
  • German Governor - Josef Terboven, Reich Commissioner for the occupied Norwegian territories (1940–1945)
  • Norwegian government-in-exile
    • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)^[12]
    • Prime Minister - Johan Nygaardsvold, Prime Minister of Norway (1935–1945)^[13]
• Poland (annexed by Germany and the Soviet Union)
  • Germany takes over the Soviet territories in June 1941
  • Polish government-in-exile
    • President - Władysław Raczkiewicz, President of Poland (1939–1947)
    • Prime Minister - Władysław Sikorski, Prime Minister of Poland (1939–1943)
• Portugal
  • President - Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
  • Premier - António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (1932–1968)
•  Romania
  • Monarch - Michael I, King of the Romanians (1940–1947)
  • Premier - Ion Antonescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1940–1944)
•  San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Federico Gozi and Salvatore Foschi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1940–1941)
    2. Gino Gozi and Secondo Menicucci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1941)
    3. Giuliano Gozi and Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1941–1942)
• Slovakia (partially recognized state)
  • President - Jozef Tiso, President of Slovakia (1939–1945)
  • Prime Minister - Vojtech Tuka, Prime Minister of Slovakia (1939–1944)
•  Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)^[14]
  • Premier -
    1. Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1930–1941)
    2. Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1941–1953)
• Spain
  • Head of State - Francisco Franco, Head of State of Spain (1936–1975)
  • Prime Minister - Francisco Franco, President of the Government of Spain (1938–1973)
•  Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1936–1946)
•   Switzerland
  • Federal Council:^[15]

    Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1928–1944), Philipp Etter (1934–1959), Ernst Wetter (1938–1943, President), Enrico Celio (1940–1950), Eduard von Steiger (1940–1951), Karl Kobelt (1940–1954), Walther Stampfli (1940–1947)

•  United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the United Kingdom (1936–1952)
  • Prime Minister - Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940–1945)
•   Vatican City
  • Monarch - Pope Pius XII, Sovereign of Vatican City (1939–1958)
  • Governor - Marquis Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
  • President of the Governorate - Cardinal Nicola Canali, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1939–1961)
  • Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
    • Secretary of State - Cardinal Luigi Maglione, Cardinal Secretary of State (1939–1944)
•  Yugoslavia
  • Yugoslavia was occupied and partially annexed by the Axis powers in April 1941, and Croatia and Montenegro declared their independence, and Serbia came under military government
  • Monarch - Peter II, King of Yugoslavia (1934–1941)^[16]
  • Regent - Prince Paul + Radenko Stanković + Ivo Perović, Regency of Yugoslavia (1934–1941)
  • German Governor -
    1. Helmuth Förster, Military Commander in Serbia (1941)
    2. Ludwig von Schröder, Military Commander in Serbia (1941)
    3. Heinrich Danckelmann, Military Commander in Serbia (1941)
    4. Franz Böhme, Plenipotentiary Commanding General in Serbia (1941)
    5. Paul Bader, Plenipotentiary Commanding General in Serbia (1941–1943)
  • Head of Government -
    1. Dragiša Cvetković, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1939–1941)
    2. Dušan Simović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1941)
    3. Milan Aćimović, President of the Council of Commissioners of Serbia (1941)
    4. Milan Nedić, President of the Ministerial Council of the Serbian Government of National Salvation (1941–1944)
  • Yugoslav government-in-exile
    • the government went into exile on 14 April 1941
    • Monarch - Peter II, King of Yugoslavia (1934–1945)^[17]
    • Prime Minister - Dušan Simović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1941–1942)

North America

•  Canada
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor General - Alexander Cambridge, Earl of Athlone, Governor General of Canada (1940–1946)
  • Prime Minister - William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (1935–1948)
• Costa Rica
  • President - Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, President of Costa Rica (1940–1944)
• Cuba
  • President - Fulgencio Batista, President of Cuba (1940–1944)
  • Premier - Carlos Saladrigas Zayas, Premier of Cuba (1940–1942)
• Dominican Republic
  • De facto Head of State - Rafael Trujillo, de facto ruler of the Dominican Republic (1930–1961)
  • President - Manuel de Jesús Troncoso de la Concha, President of the Dominican Republic (1940–1942)
• El Salvador
  • President - Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, President of El Salvador (1935–1944)
•  Guatemala
  • President - Jorge Ubico, President of Guatemala (1931–1944)
•  Haiti
  • President -
    1. Sténio Vincent, President of Haiti (1930–1941)
    2. Élie Lescot, President of Haiti (1941–1946)
• Honduras
  • President - Tiburcio Carías Andino, President of Honduras (1933–1949)
•  Mexico
  • President - Manuel Ávila Camacho, President of Mexico (1940–1946)
•  Nicaragua
  • President - Anastasio Somoza García, President of Nicaragua (1937–1947)
•  Panama
  • President -
    1. Arnulfo Arias, President of Panama (1940–1941)
    2. Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango, President of Panama (1941–1945)
•  United States of America
  • President - Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States (1933–1945)

Oceania

• Australia
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor-General - Alexander Hore-Ruthven, Baron Gowrie, Governor-General of Australia (1936–1945)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Robert Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia (1939–1941)
    2. Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister of Australia (1941)
    3. John Curtin, Prime Minister of Australia (1941–1945)
• New Zealand
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor-General -
    1. George Monckton-Arundell, Viscount Galway, Governor-General of New Zealand (1935–1941)
    2. Sir Michael Myers, Administrator of the Government of New Zealand (1941)
    3. Sir Cyril Newall, Governor-General of New Zealand (1941–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Peter Fraser, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1940–1949)

South America

• Argentina
  • President - Roberto María Ortiz, President of Argentina (1938–1942)
• Bolivia
  • President - Enrique Peñaranda, President of Bolivia (1940–1943)
• Brazil
  • President - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (1930–1945)
• Chile
  • President -
    1. Pedro Aguirre Cerda, President of Chile (1938–1941)
    2. Jerónimo Méndez, Provisional President of Chile (1941–1942)
• Colombia
  • President - Eduardo Santos, President of Colombia (1938–1942)
• Ecuador
  • President - Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río, President of Ecuador (1940–1944)
•  Paraguay
  • President - Higinio Moríñigo, President of Paraguay (1940–1948)
•  Peru
  • President - Manuel Prado Ugarteche, President of Peru (1939–1945)
  • Prime Minister - Alfredo Solf y Muro, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1939–1944)
•  Uruguay
  • President - Alfredo Baldomir, President of Uruguay (1938–1943)
•  Venezuela
  • President -
    1. Eleazar López Contreras, President of Venezuela (1936–1941)
    2. Isaías Medina Angarita, President of Venezuela (1941–1945)

References

1. In exile between 1936 and 1941.
2. In exile between 1936 and 1941.
3. Tenzin Gyatso was only enthroned in 1950, Tibet accepted Chinese sovereignty in 1951, the Dalai Lama went into exile in 1959, and his political role in the government-in-exile ended in 2011.
4. Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
5. Yemen only became independent in 1918.
6. German prisoner between 1940 an 1945, in exile between 1945 and 1950.
7. Hácha was President of Czechoslovakia between 1938 and 1939.
8. In exile between 1941 and 1946.
9. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
10. In exile between 1940 and 1944.
11. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
12. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
13. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
14. Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
15. The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
16. In exile from 1941.
17. In exile from 1941.

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