List of state leaders in 1938

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1938.

Africa

• Egypt
  • Monarch - Farouk I, King of Egypt (1936–1952)
  • Prime Minister - Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1937–1939)
•  Liberia
  • President - Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia (1930–1944)
•  South Africa
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor-General - Sir Patrick Duncan, Governor-General of South Africa (1937–1943)
  • Prime Minister - J. B. M. Hertzog, Prime Minister of South Africa (1924–1939)

Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Monarch - Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (1933–1973)
  • Prime Minister - Mohammad Hashim Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1929–1946)
• China
  • Nationalist Government
    • Head of State - Lin Sen, Chairman of the National Government of China (1931–1943)
    • Premier -
      1. Chiang Kai-shek, President of Executive Yuan of China (1935–1938)
      2. H. H. Kung, President of the Executive Yuan of China (1938–1939)
  • Provisional Government (puppet state of Japan)
    • Head of State - Wang Kemin, Chairman of the Provisional Government of China (1937–1940)
  • Reformed Government (puppet state of Japan)
    • Chairman - Liang Hongzhi, Chairman of the Reformed Government of China (1938–1940)
  • Dadao government (puppet state of Japan)
    • integrated into the Reformed Government on 3 May 1938
    • Chairman - Su Xiwen, Chairman of the Dadao government (1937–1938)
  •  Manchukuo (puppet state of Japan)
    • Monarch - Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo (1932–1945)
    • Prime Minister - Zhang Jinghui, Prime Minister of Manchukuo (1935–1945)
  • Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
    • Monarch - Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1937–present)^[1]
    • Regent - Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen, Reting Rinpoche (1934–1941)
• Hatay
  • declared independence on September 6, 1938
  • President - Tayfur Sökmen, President of Hatay (1938–1939)
  • Prime Minister - Abdurrahman Melek, Prime Minister of Hatay (1938–1939)
• Iran
  • Monarch - Reza Shah, Shah of Iran (1925–1941)
  • Prime Minister - Mahmoud Jam, Prime Minister of Iran (1935–1939)
•  Iraq
  • Monarch - Ghazi, King of Iraq (1933–1939)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Jamil al-Midfai, Prime Minister of Iraq (1937–1938)
    2. Nuri al-Said, Prime Minister of Iraq (1938–1940)
• Japan
  • Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
  • Prime Minister - Prince Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (1937–1939)
• Mongolia
  • Communist Party Leader - Banzarjavyn Baasanjav, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1936–1940)
  • Head of State - Dansranbilegiin Dogsom, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1936–1939)
  • Premier - Anandyn Amar, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Mongolia (1936–1939)
• Muscat and Oman
  • Monarch - Said Bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1932–1970)
• Nepal
  • Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1932–1945)
•  Saudi Arabia
  • Monarch - Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1902–1953)^[2]
•  Siam
  • Monarch - Ananda Mahidol, King of Siam (1935–1946)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, Prime Minister of Siam (1933–1938)
    2. Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime Minister of Siam (1938–1944)
•  Turkey
  • President -
    1. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (1923–1938)
    2. Abdülhalik Renda, Acting President of Turkey (1938)
    3. İsmet İnönü, President of Turkey (1938–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Celâl Bayar, Prime Minister of Turkey (1937–1939)
•  Tuva
  • Communist Party Leader - Salchak Toka, General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1932–1944)
  • Head of State -
    1. Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tuva (1936–1938)
    2. Oyun Polat, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tuva (1938–1940)
  • Premier -
    1. Sat Churmit-Dazhi, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tuva (1936–1938)
    2. Bair Ondar, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tuva (1938–1940)
• Yemen
  • Monarch - Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, King of Yemen (1904–1948)^[3]

Europe

• Albania
  • Monarch - Zog I, King of the Albanians (1925–1939)^[4]
  • Prime Minister - Kostaq Kota, Prime Minister of Albania (1936–1939)
• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Albert François Lebrun, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1932–1940)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Jean Baptiste Laumond (1937–1940)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Jaume Sansa Nequí (1937–1972)
  • First Syndic - Francesc Cairat Freixes, First Syndic of Andorra (1937–1960)
• Austria
  • was annexed by Germany on 13 March 1938
  • President - Wilhelm Miklas, Federal President of Austria (1928–1938)
  • Chancellor -
    1. Kurt Schuschnigg, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1934–1938)
    2. Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1938)
• Belgium
  • Monarch - Leopold III, King of the Belgians (1934–1951)^[5]
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Paul-Emile Janson, Prime Minister of Belgium (1937–1938)
    2. Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime Minister of Belgium (1938–1939)
• Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
  • Premier - Georgi Kyoseivanov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1935–1940)
• Czechoslovakia
  • the First Czechoslovak Republic was superseded by the Second Czechoslovak Republic on 1 October 1938
  • President -
    1. Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (1935–1938)
    2. Jan Syrový, Acting President of Czechoslovakia (1938)
    3. Emil Hácha, President of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)^[6]
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Milan Hodža, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1935–1938)
    2. Jan Syrový, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1938)
    3. Rudolf Beran, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1938–1939)
• Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
  • High Commissioner - Carl Jacob Burckhardt, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1937–1939)
  • Head of State - Arthur Greiser, President of the Senate of Danzig (1934–1939)
• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (1929–1942)
•  Estonia
  • President - Konstantin Päts, President of Estonia^[7] (1933–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Kaarel Eenpalu, Prime Minister of Estonia (1938–1939)
•  Finland
  • President - Kyösti Kallio, President of Finland (1937–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Aimo Cajander, Prime Minister of Finland (1937–1939)
• France
  • President - Albert François Lebrun, President of France (1932–1940)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1937–1938)
    2. Léon Blum, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1938)
    3. Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1938–1940)
• Germany
  • Head of State - Adolf Hitler, Führer of Germany (1934–1945)
  • Chancellor - Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)
•  Greece
  • Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1935–1947)^[8]
  • Prime Minister - Ioannis Metaxas, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1936–1941)
• Hungary
  • Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Kálmán Darányi, Prime Minister of Hungary (1936–1938)
    2. Béla Imrédy, Prime Minister of Hungary (1938–1939)
• Iceland
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Hermann Jónasson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1934–1942)
•  Ireland
  • Monarch - George VI, King of Ireland (1936–1949)
  • President -
    1. Presidential Commission, Acting President of Ireland (1937–1938)
    2. Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland (1938–1945)
  • Prime Minister - Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach of Ireland (1932–1948)
•  Italy
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)
•  Latvia
  • President - Kārlis Ulmanis, President of Latvia (1936–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (1934–1940)
•  Liechtenstein
  • Monarch -
    1. Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (1929–1938)
    2. Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
  • Regent - Prince Franz Joseph, Regent of Liechtenstein (1938)
  • Head of Government - Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)
• Lithuania
  • President - Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (1926–1940)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Juozas Tūbelis, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1929–1938)
    2. Vladas Mironas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1938–1939)
•  Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)^[9]
  • Prime Minister - Pierre Dupong, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1937–1953)^[10]
•  Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government - Émile Roblot, Minister of State of Monaco (1937–1944)
•  Netherlands
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)^[11]
  • Prime Minister - Hendrikus Colijn, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1933–1939)
•  Norway
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)^[12]
  • Prime Minister - Johan Nygaardsvold, Prime Minister of Norway (1935–1945)^[13]
• Poland
  • President - Ignacy Mościcki, President of Poland (1926–1939)
  • Prime Minister - Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1936–1939)
• Portugal
  • President - Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
  • Premier - António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (1932–1968)
•  Romania
  • Monarch - Carol II, King of the Romanians (1930–1940)
  • Premier -
    1. Octavian Goga, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1937–1938)
    2. Patriarch Miron Cristea, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1938–1939)
•  San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Marino Rossi and Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1937–1938)
    2. Manlio Gozi and Luigi Mularoni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1938)
    3. Carlo Balsimelli and Celio Gozi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1938–1939)
•  Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union^[14] (1919–1946)^[15]
  • Premier - Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1930–1941)
• Spain
  • Spanish Republic
    • President - Manuel Azaña, President of Spain (1936–1939)
    • Prime Minister - Juan Negrín, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1937–1939)
  • Spanish State
    • Head of State - Francisco Franco, Head of State of Spain (1936–1975)
    • Head of Government -
      1. Francisco Gómez-Jordana, Count of Jordana, President of the Technical Board of State of Spain (1937–1938)
      2. Francisco Franco, President of the Government of Spain (1938–1973)
•  Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1936–1946)
•   Switzerland
  • Federal Council:^[16]

    Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1928–1944), Albert Meyer (1929–1938), Rudolf Minger (1929–1940), Philipp Etter (1934–1959), Johannes Baumann (1934–1940, President), Hermann Obrecht (1935–1940), Ernst Wetter (1938–1943)

•  United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the United Kingdom (1936–1952)
  • Prime Minister - Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1937–1940)
•   Vatican City
  • Monarch - Pope Pius XI, Sovereign of Vatican City (1929–1939)
  • Governor - Marquis Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
  • Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
    • Secretary of State - Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939)
•  Yugoslavia
  • Monarch - Peter II, King of Yugoslavia (1934–1945)^[17]
  • Regent - Prince Paul + Radenko Stanković + Ivo Perović, Regency of Yugoslavia (1934–1941)
  • Prime Minister - Milan Stojadinović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1935–1939)

North America

• Canada
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor General - John Buchan, Baron Tweedsmuir, Governor General of Canada (1935–1940)
  • Prime Minister - William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (1935–1948)
• Costa Rica
  • President - León Cortés Castro, President of Costa Rica (1936–1940)
• Cuba
  • President - Federico Laredo Brú, President of Cuba (1936–1940)
• Dominican Republic
  • De facto Head of State - Rafael Trujillo, de facto ruler of the Dominican Republic (1930–1961)
  • President -
    1. Rafael Trujillo, President of the Dominican Republic (1930–1938)
    2. Jacinto Peynado, President of the Dominican Republic (1938–1940)
• El Salvador
  • President - Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, President of El Salvador (1935–1944)
•  Guatemala
  • President - Jorge Ubico, President of Guatemala (1931–1944)
•  Haiti
  • President - Sténio Vincent, President of Haiti (1930–1941)
• Honduras
  • President - Tiburcio Carías Andino, President of Honduras (1933–1949)
•  Mexico
  • President - Lázaro Cárdenas, President of Mexico (1934–1940)
•  Nicaragua
  • President - Anastasio Somoza García, President of Nicaragua (1937–1947)
•  Panama
  • President - Juan Demóstenes Arosemena, President of Panama (1936–1939)
•  United States of America
  • President - Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States (1933–1945)

Oceania

• Australia
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor-General - Alexander Hore-Ruthven, Baron Gowrie, Governor-General of Australia (1936–1945)
  • Prime Minister - Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister of Australia (1932–1939)
• New Zealand
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
  • Governor-General - George Monckton-Arundell, Viscount Galway, Governor-General of New Zealand (1935–1941)
  • Prime Minister - Michael Joseph Savage, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1935–1940)

South America

• Argentina
  • President -
    1. Agustín Pedro Justo, President of Argentina (1932–1938)
    2. Roberto María Ortiz, President of Argentina (1938–1942)
• Bolivia
  • President - Germán Busch, President of Bolivia^[18] (1937–1939)
• Brazil
  • President - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (1930–1945)
• Chile
  • President -
    1. Arturo Alessandri, President of Chile (1932–1938)
    2. Pedro Aguirre Cerda, President of Chile (1938–1941)
• Colombia
  • President -
    1. Alfonso López Pumarejo, President of Colombia (1934–1938)
    2. Eduardo Santos, President of Colombia (1938–1942)
• Ecuador
  • Head of State -
    1. Alberto Enríquez Gallo, Supreme Chief of Ecuador (1937–1938)
    2. Manuel María Borrero, Interim President of Ecuador (1938)
    3. Aurelio Mosquera, President of Ecuador (1938–1939)
•  Paraguay
  • President - Félix Paiva, President of Paraguay (1937–1939)
•  Peru
  • President - Óscar R. Benavides, President of Peru (1933–1939)
  • Prime Minister - Ernesto Montagne Markholz, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1936–1939)
•  Uruguay
  • President -
    1. Gabriel Terra, President of Uruguay (1931–1938)
    2. Alfredo Baldomir, President of Uruguay (1938–1943)
• Venezuela
  • President - Eleazar López Contreras, President of Venezuela (1935–1941)

References

1. Tenzin Gyatso was only enthroned in 1950, Tibet accepted Chinese sovereignty in 1951, the Dalai Lama went into exile in 1959, and his political role in the government-in-exile ended in 2011.
2. Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
3. Yemen only became independent in 1918.
4. Zog I was in power as President of Albania under the name of Ahmet Zogu between 1925 and 1928.
5. German prisoner between 1940 an 1945, in exile between 1945 and 1950.
6. Hácha was State President of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia between 1939 and 1945.
7. The title of the Estonian head of state changed from President-Regent to President of the Republic on April 24, 1938.
8. In exile between 1941 and 1946.
9. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
10. In exile between 1940 and 1944.
11. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
12. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
13. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
14. The title of the Soviet head of state changed from 'Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets' to 'Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet' in January 1938.
15. Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
16. The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
17. In exile from 1941.
18. The title of the Bolivian head of state changed from Chairman of the Government Junta to President on 28 May 1938.

External links