PTGS1

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
PDB rendering based on 1diy.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1cqe​, 1diy​, 1ebv​, 1eqg​, 1eqh​, 1fe2​, 1ht5​, 1ht8​, 1igx​, 1igz​, 1pge​, 1pgf​, 1pgg​, 1prh​, 1pth​, 1q4g​, 1u67​, 2ayl​
Identifiers
Symbols	PTGS1 ; COX1; COX3; PCOX1; PES-1; PGG/HS; PGHS-1; PGHS1; PHS1; PTGHS
External IDs	OMIM: 176805 MGI: 97797 HomoloGene: 743 ChEMBL: 221 GeneCards: PTGS1 Gene
EC number	1.14.99.1
Gene ontology Molecular function • peroxidase activity • prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity • lipid binding • heme binding • metal ion binding • dioxygenase activity Cellular component • photoreceptor outer segment • nucleus • nuclear envelope • cytoplasm • endoplasmic reticulum membrane • intracellular membrane-bounded organelle • extracellular exosome Biological process • prostaglandin biosynthetic process • lipid metabolic process • xenobiotic metabolic process • inflammatory response • response to oxidative stress • aging • learning • memory • regulation of blood pressure • response to organonitrogen compound • negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion • sensory perception of pain • arachidonic acid metabolic process • cyclooxygenase pathway • negative regulation of epinephrine secretion • maintenance of blood-brain barrier • regulation of cell proliferation • small molecule metabolic process • positive regulation of vasoconstriction • positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction • response to corticosterone • oxidation-reduction process • response to fatty acid Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5742	19224
Ensembl	ENSG00000095303	ENSMUSG00000047250
UniProt	P23219	P22437
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000962	NM_008969
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000953	NP_032995
Location (UCSC)	Chr 9: 122.37 – 122.4 Mb	Chr 2: 36.23 – 36.25 Mb
PubMed search

Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), also known as prostaglandin G/H synthase 1, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 or prostaglandin H2 synthase 1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS1 gene.^[1][2]

History

Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the central enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway to prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. This protein was purified more than 20 years ago and cloned in 1988.^[3][4]

Gene and isozymes

There are two isozymes of COX encoded by distinct gene products: a constitutive COX-1 (this enzyme) and an inducible COX-2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. The expression of these two transcripts is differentially regulated by relevant cytokines and growth factors.^[5] A splice variant of COX-1 termed COX-3 was identified in the CNS of dogs, but does not result in a functional protein in humans. Two smaller COX-1-derived proteins (the partial COX-1 proteins PCOX-1A and PCOX-1B) have also been discovered, but their precise roles are yet to be described.^[6]

Function

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as cyclooxygenase (COX), is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis. It converts free arachidonic acid, released from membrane phospholipids at the sn-2 ester binding site by the enzymatic activity of phospholipase A2, to prostaglandin (PG) H2. The reaction involves both cyclooxygenase (dioxygenase) and hydroperoxidase (peroxidase) activity. The cyclooxygenase activity incorporates two oxygen molecules into arachidonic acid or alternate polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates, such as linoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Metabolism of arachidonic acid forms a labile intermediate peroxide, PGG2, which is reduced to the corresponding alcohol, PGH2, by the enzyme’s hydroperoxidase activity. There are two isozymes of COX encoded by distinct gene products: a constitutive COX-1 (this enzyme) and an inducible COX-2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene encodes COX-1, which regulates angiogenesis in endothelial cells. COX-1 is also involved in cell signaling and maintaining tissue homeostasis.

While metabolizing arachidonic acid primarily to PGG2, COX-1 also converts this fatty acid to small amounts of a racemic mixture of 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acids (i.e., 15-HETEs) composed of ~22% 15(R)-HETE and ~78% 15(S)-HETE stereoisomers as well as a small amount of 11(R)-HETE.^[7] The two 15-HETE stereoisomers have intrinsic biological activities but, perhaps more importantly, can be further metabolized to a major class of anti-inflammatory agents, the lipoxins.^[8] In addition, PGG2 and PGH2 rearrange non-enzymatically to a mixture of 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acids viz.,1 2-(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid (i.e. 12-HHT) and 12-(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid plus Malonyldialdehyde.^[9][10][11] and can be metabolized by CYP2S1 to 12-HHT^[12][13] (see 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid). These alternate metabolites of COX-1 may contribute to its activities

COX-1 promotes the production of the natural mucus lining that protects the inner stomach and contributes to reduced acid secretion and reduced pepsin content.^[14][15] COX-1 is normally present in a variety of areas of the body, including not only the stomach but any site of inflammation.^[14][16]

Clinical significance

COX-1 is inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin. TXA2, the major product of COX-1 in platelets, induces platelet aggregation.^[17][18] Research has shown that the inhibition of COX-1 is sufficient to explain why aspirin is effective at reducing cardiac events.

See also

• Arachidonic acid
• Cyclooxygenase
• Cyclooxygenase 2
• NSAID
• Discovery and development of COX-2 selective inhibitors
• COX-2 selective inhibitor

References

1. Yokoyama C, Tanabe T (December 1989). "Cloning of human gene encoding prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and primary structure of the enzyme". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 165 (2): 888–94. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(89)80049-X. PMID 2512924.
2. Funk CD, Funk LB, Kennedy ME, Pong AS, Fitzgerald GA (June 1991). "Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/H synthase: cDNA cloning, expression, and gene chromosomal assignment". FASEB J. 5 (9): 2304–12. PMID 1907252.
3. Bakhle YS (1999). "Structure of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and their interaction with inhibitors". Drugs Today 35 (4–5): 237–50. PMID 12973429.
4. Sakamoto C (October 1998). "Roles of COX-1 and COX-2 in gastrointestinal pathophysiology". J. Gastroenterol. 33 (5): 618–24. doi:10.1007/s005350050147. PMID 9773924.
5. "Entrez Gene: PTGS1 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)".
6. Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, Evanson NK, Tomsik J, Elton TS, Simmons DL (October 2002). "COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (21): 13926–31. doi:10.1073/pnas.162468699. PMC 129799. PMID 12242329.
7. J. Lipid Res. 51:575-585, 2010
8. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 73:141-162, 2005
9. J. Biol. Chem. 248:5673; 1973
10. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:3400; 1974
11. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 1998 Jun;56(2-3):53-76
12. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Feb;39(2):180-90. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.035121
13. Basic Res Cardiol. 2013 Jan;108(1):319. doi: 10.1007/s00395-012-0319-8
14. MedicineNet.com[Internet]. New York:WebMD. [updated 2003 March 3; cited 2010 February 1] Available from: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7123
15. Bruton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. Goodman & Gilman’s: the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006. p. 661.
16. AWS-Law.com [Internet]. Florida. [cited 2010 February 1] Available from: http://www.aws-law.com/about.asp.
17. Bruton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. Goodman & Gilman’s: the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006. p. 1126.
18. Weitz Jeffrey I, "Chapter 112. Antiplatelet, Anticoagulant, and Fibrinolytic Drugs" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2891975.

Further reading

• Richards JA, Petrel TA, Brueggemeier RW (2002). "Signaling pathways regulating aromatase and cyclooxygenases in normal and malignant breast cells". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 80 (2): 203–12. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00187-X. PMID 11897504.
• Wu T, Wu H, Wang J, Wang J. (2011). "Expression and cellular localization of cyclooxygenases and prostaglandin E synthases in the hemorrhagic brain.". J Neuroinflammation. 8: 22. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-22. PMC 3062590. PMID 21385433.
• Jain S, Khuri FR, Shin DM (2004). "Prevention of head and neck cancer: current status and future prospects". Current Problems in Cancer 28 (5): 265–86. doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2004.05.003. PMID 15375804.
• Bingham S, Beswick PJ, Blum DE, et al. (2007). "The role of the cylooxygenase pathway in nociception and pain". Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 17 (5): 544–54. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.09.001. PMID 17071117.
• Diaz A, Reginato AM, Jimenez SA (1992). "Alternative splicing of human prostaglandin G/H synthase mRNA and evidence of differential regulation of the resulting transcripts by transforming growth factor beta 1, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (15): 10816–22. PMID 1587858.
• Takahashi Y, Ueda N, Yoshimoto T, et al. (1992). "Immunoaffinity purification and cDNA cloning of human platelet prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182 (2): 433–8. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)91750-K. PMID 1734857.
• Vane JR, Mitchell JA, Appleton I, et al. (1994). "Inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase in inflammation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (6): 2046–50. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2046. PMC 43306. PMID 7510883.
• Mollace V, Colasanti M, Rodino P, et al. (1994). "HIV coating gp 120 glycoprotein-dependent prostaglandin E2 release by human cultured astrocytoma cells is regulated by nitric oxide formation". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 203 (1): 87–92. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2152. PMID 7521167.
• Inoue H, Yokoyama C, Hara S, et al. (1995). "Transcriptional regulation of human prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 gene by lipopolysaccharide and phorbol ester in vascular endothelial cells. Involvement of both nuclear factor for interleukin-6 expression site and cAMP response element". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (42): 24965–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.42.24965. PMID 7559624.
• Ren Y, Loose-Mitchell DS, Kulmacz RJ (1995). "Prostaglandin H synthase-1: evaluation of C-terminus function". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 316 (2): 751–7. doi:10.1006/abbi.1995.1100. PMID 7864630.
• Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM (1994). "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1". Nature 367 (6460): 243–9. doi:10.1038/367243a0. PMID 8121489.
• Kosaka T, Miyata A, Ihara H, et al. (1994). "Characterization of the human gene (PTGS2) encoding prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2". Eur. J. Biochem. 221 (3): 889–97. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18804.x. PMID 8181472.
• Otto JC, DeWitt DL, Smith WL (1993). "N-glycosylation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases-1 and -2 and their orientations in the endoplasmic reticulum". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (24): 18234–42. PMID 8349699.
• O'Neill GP, Ford-Hutchinson AW (1993). "Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human tissues". FEBS Lett. 330 (2): 156–60. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80263-T. PMID 8365485.
• Corasaniti MT, Melino G, Navarra M, et al. (1996). "Death of cultured human neuroblastoma cells induced by HIV-1 gp120 is prevented by NMDA receptor antagonists and inhibitors of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase". Neurodegeneration : a journal for neurodegenerative disorders, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration 4 (3): 315–21. doi:10.1016/1055-8330(95)90021-7. PMID 8581564.
• Ballif BA, Mincek NV, Barratt JT, et al. (1996). "Interaction of cyclooxygenases with an apoptosis- and autoimmunity-associated protein". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (11): 5544–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5544. PMC 39283. PMID 8643612.
• Hla T (1996). "Molecular characterization of the 5.2 KB isoform of the human cyclooxygenase-1 transcript". Prostaglandins 51 (1): 81–5. doi:10.1016/0090-6980(95)00158-1. PMID 8900446.
• Mahida YR, Beltinger J, Makh S, et al. (1998). "Adult human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts express extracellular matrix proteins and cyclooxygenase-1 and -2". Am. J. Physiol. 273 (6 Pt 1): G1341–8. PMID 9435560.
• Tsujii M, Kawano S, Tsuji S, et al. (1998). "Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells". Cell 93 (5): 705–16. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81433-6. PMID 9630216.