Youtiao

Youtiao

Pieces of youtiao
Alternative names Chinese cruller
Type Doughnut
Place of origin China
Main ingredients Dough
Cookbook: Youtiao
Youtiao
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 油條
Simplified Chinese 油条
Hanyu Pinyin yóutiáo
Literal meaning oil strip
Yu Char Kway
Traditional Chinese 油炸粿/餜/鬼
Simplified Chinese 油炸粿/馃/鬼
Hanyu Pinyin yóuzháguǒ
Literal meaning oil-fried pastry (or devil)
Guozi
Traditional Chinese 餜子
Simplified Chinese 馃子
Hanyu Pinyin guǒzi
Literal meaning pastry
Burmese name
Burmese အီကြာ‌ကွေး
Thai name
Thai ปาท่องโก๋
Indonesian name
Indonesian cakwe

Youtiao, also known as the Chinese cruller,[1] Chinese oil stick, Chinese doughnut, Char Kway/Cakwe/Kueh/Kuay (in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore), and fried breadstick, is a long golden-brown deep-fried strip of dough eaten in China and (by a variety of other names) in other East and Southeast Asian cuisines. Conventionally, youtiao are lightly salted and made so they can be torn lengthwise in two. Youtiao are normally eaten at breakfast as an accompaniment for rice congee, soy milk or regular milk blended with sugar.

Culinary applications and variants

At breakfast, youtiao can be stuffed inside shāobǐng (燒餅; literally roasted flatbread) to make a sandwich known as shāobǐng yóutiáo (燒餅油條). Youtiao wrapped in a rice noodle roll is known as zháliǎng. In Yunnan, a roasted riceflour pancake usually wrapped around a youtiao is known as shaoerkuai (烧饵块). Yet another name for a sandwich variant is jianbingguǒzi (煎饼果子; literally youtiao and fried bread).

Youtiao are used to dip in to various soups, for example xidoufen.

Youtiao is also an important ingredient of the food Cífàn tuán in Shanghai cuisine.

Tánggāo (糖糕), or "sugar cake", is a sweet, fried food item similar in appearance to youtiao but shorter in length.

In Thailand, youtiao or "pathongko" (ปาท่องโก๋) in Thai are eaten for breakfast with soymilk.

Names

China

Although generally known as yóutiáo in Standard Mandarin throughout China, the dish is also known as guǒzi (餜子) in northern China. In Min Nan-speaking areas, it is known as iû-chiā-kóe (油炸粿),[2] where kóe (粿/餜) means cake or pastry, hence "oil-fried cake/pastry". In Cantonese-speaking areas this is rendered as yàuhjagwái (油炸鬼), where gwái literally means "devil" or "ghost".[3]

Folk etymology

The Cantonese name yàuhjagwái literally means "oil-fried devil" and, according to folklore, is an act of protest against Song Dynasty official Qin Hui, who is said to have orchestrated the plot to frame the general Yue Fei, an icon of patriotism in Chinese culture. It is said that the food, originally in the shape of two human-shaped pieces of dough but later evolved into two pieces joined in the middle, represents Qin Hui and his wife, both having a hand in collaborating with the enemy to bring about the great general's demise. Thus the youtiao is deep fried and eaten as if done to the traitorous couple. In keeping with the legend, youtiao are often made as two foot-long rolls of dough joined along the middle, with one roll representing the husband and the other the wife.[4]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, the fried dough is known as cakwe and is commonly chopped or thinly sliced and then eaten for breakfast.

In Indonesia, the fried dough is known as cakwe (pronounced "chak-way"). It is commonly chopped or thinly sliced and then eaten for breakfast with bubur ayam (chicken porridge) or eaten as snacks with dipping of local version of chilli vinaigrette or peanut/sate sauce.

Laos

In Laos, the youtiao is generally called pah thawng ko (cf. Thai patongkoh) and is commonly eaten with coffee at breakfast in place of a baguette (khao jii).[5] It is also eaten as an accompaniment to chicken noodle soup.

Malaysia and Singapore

In Malaysia and Singapore, it is known in English as you char kway, you char kuey, or u char kway, transliterations of its local Hokkien (Minnan) name (油炸粿 iû-chiā-kóe). It is rendered in Malay as cakoi, an alteration of the Minnan term, "char kuey". The Malay version comes with various fillings, which are either sweet, such as red bean paste or savoury, such as sardines fried in tomato sauce. The plain version is usually eaten with coconut and egg jam kaya. Cakoi is usually sold in morning street markets or "pasar malam" night markets.

It is also normally served with Bak kut teh or rice congee, sliced thinly to be dipped into the broth/congee and eaten. It is also commonly eaten with coffee or soy milk for breakfast.

Myanmar

The youtiao is a popular breakfast food in Myanmar, where it is called e kya kway.

The youtiao is also a popular breakfast food in Myanmar (Burma) where it is called e kya kway. It is usually eaten with steamed yellow beans (with salt and oil). It is also usually dipped into coffee or tea. E kya kway is also eaten with rice porridge, or cut into small rings and used as a condiment for mohinga. Tea culture is very prevalent in Myanmar, and every shop will serve e kya kway for breakfast.

Some shops stuff meat into the youtiao and deep fry it over again. It is called e kya kway asar thoot – stuffed e kya kway.

Philippines

In the Philippines, the youtiao is called bicho (pl. bicho-bicho) although this name can also refer to sweetened, fried dough balls similar to the buñuelo, also called cascaron. In the Visayan region, they call it "sia-koy," usually twined like a rope.

Taiwan

In Taiwan, the food is known by the Hokkien (Taiwanese) name 油炸粿 (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iû-chiā-kóe/iû-chiā-ké)[2] or by the Standard Mandarin 油條 (pinyin: yóutiáo).

Thailand

Thai youtiao

In Thailand, youtiao is generally called pathongko (Thai: ปาท่องโก๋, IPA: [paːtʰɔ̂ŋkǒː]) due to a confusion with a different kind of dessert. Pathongko is a loanword adapted from either Teochew Minnan beh teung guai (白糖粿; Mandarin: bái tángguǒ) or Cantonese of baahktònggòu (白糖糕; Mandarin: bái tánggāo). However, both possible original names are different desserts, not to be confused with the real white sugar sponge cake (白糖糕). It was previously sold together with youtiao by street vendors who normally walked around and shouted both names out loud. However, Thai customers often mistakenly thought that the more popular youtiao was "pathongko". Eventually, the real pathongko disappeared from the market because of its unpopularity. Ironically, the disappearance of real "pathongko" leaves youtiao being called under the former's name, but the latter's real name is generally unknown amongst the Thais. But the original white sugar sponge cake can still be easily found in Trang Province in Southern Thailand under its original name. Both Thailand and Cambodia are relatively neighbors to each other. So this is how they both have similar cuisines in ways.

In Cambodia, it is also used for the cultural delicacies. It is used in rice porridge or noodle soup. The noodle soup is actually like Vietnamese pho. This fried delicacy is dipped into the noodle soup. Most of time this "you tiao" is dipped into the pho. In Thailand, pathongko is also dipped into condensed milk or, in the South, eaten with kaya.

Vietnam

Quẩy

In Vietnamese cuisine, it is known by a name that is a mix of Sino-Vietnamese and native Vietnamese to achieve a pronunciation similar to the Cantonese name, as dầu cháo quẩy, giò cháo quẩy or simply quẩy. 油 ("Dầu/giò") 鬼 ("quỷ/quẩy") coming from the approximate Chinese name. In Vietnam, giò cháo quẩy is eaten typically with congee, pho in Hanoi and sometimes with wonton noodle (mi hoanh thanh).

Other countries

In Australia it is sometimes called chopstick cake by some Cambodian Chinese immigrants because of its resemblance to a pair of chopsticks.

See also

Similar Chinese foods

Other similar foods

Notes and references

  1. ↑ "Chinese Breakfast" at About.com. Accessed 1 May 2008.
  2. 1 2 許極燉. 《常用漢字台語詞典》. 台北市: 自立晚報社文化出版部, 1992. (A Taiwanese dictionary with frequently used Chinese characters. Taipei: Independence Evening Post, 1992.) (Chinese)
  3. ↑ Similarly, the dish known as chhá-koé-tiâu (炒粿條) in Minnan, kóe-tiâu being the Minnan name for flat rice noodles (literally "(rice) cake strips"), is on Cantonese menus rendered as 炒貴刁 (ja gwaidìu) where the characters 貴刁 (gwaidìu, literally expensive (Surname)) are equally meaningless. See Char koay teow: Etymology for more information.
  4. ↑ West Lake, a Collection of Folktales (ISBN 9620400542) page 181.
  5. ↑ "Laos: Food and Drink." at CPAMedia. Accessed 30 May 2008.

External links

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