Terconazole

Terconazole
Systematic (IUPAC) name
1-[4-[ [(2S,4S)-2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-4-propan-2-yl-piperazine
Clinical data
Trade names Terazol
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a688022
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding 94.9%
Identifiers
CAS Number 67915-31-5 YesY
ATC code G01AG02 (WHO)
PubChem CID 441383
DrugBank DB00251 YesY
ChemSpider 390122 YesY
UNII 0KJ2VE664U YesY
KEGG D00888 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:9451 N
ChEMBL CHEMBL1306 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C26H31Cl2N5O3
Molar mass 532.462 g/mol
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Terconazole is an antifungal drug used to treat vaginal yeast infection. It comes as a lotion or a suppository and disrupts the biosynthesis of fats in a yeast cell. It has a relatively broad spectrum compared to azole compounds but not triazole compounds. Testing shows that it is a suitable compound for prophylaxis for those that suffer from chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Drug Class

Terconazole is a triazole ketal with broad-spectrum antifungal/antimycotic tendencies.

History

In 1940, the first commercial antifungal drug was available on the market. Before this, antifungal treatments were rare and expensive. This treatment was called amphotericin B. It was effective in its function but was very toxic and only used for serious infections. The drug was infused into the bloodstream and could cause kidney damage and other side effects. The first azole compounds were administered to humans under strict care. These compounds were imidazoles, a molecule containing two non-adjacent nitrogen atoms in a 5 membered ring. These were synthesized in the late 60’s early 70’s. The first oral antimycotic imidazole called ketoconazole was available on the market in 1981. Triazole based drugs came shortly after and quickly gained popularity due to its broader spectrum of antifungal activity and less toxicity.[1] Terconazole was the first triazole-based antifungal drug synthesized for human use. Janssen Pharmaceutica developed it in 1983.[2] Previously, all triazole based drugs targeted fungal infections related to plants from Candida species. Since creation, terconazole has been superseded by second-generation triazoles due to their even broader spectrum and higher activity levels against resistant pathogens like Aspergillus spp.[3] It is still used as a treatment in cases of resistance to other drugs.

Indications

Terconazole is approved to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal thrush). It works as a broad spectrum antifungal and has shown to be an effective first-line treatment against other Candida species.[4] It also shows effectiveness against dermatomycoses in animal models.[5]

Chemical Structure, Reactivity, Synthesis

Terconazole synthesis synologous with ketoconazole except for the fact that triazole and not imidazole heterocyclic ring is used, and that isopropyl group instead of acetamide.

Terconazole synthesis: U.S. Patent 4,144,346 U.S. Patent 4,223,036 [6] DE 2804096 

Terconazole has the chemical formula C26H31Cl2N5O3. The chemical name for terconazole is 1-{[(2S,4S)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-{[p-(4-isopropyl-1-piperazinyl)phenoxy]methyl}-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole. Terconazole has a melting point of 126.3 °C (259.34 °F). The molecular weight of terconazole is 532.462 g/mol. Terconazole is synthesized using two chemical compounds: cis-[2(bromomethyl)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl] methyl benzoate and the sodium salt of triazole, created by mixing triazole with sodium hydride. These are put in a solution and catalyzed using dimethyl sulfate at 1300 °C (2372 °F) to give many different types of triazole derivatives.[3] These are purified using alcohol and chromatography. Terconazole is non-reactive except when exposed to strong oxidizing agents or strong bases due to the nitrogen attached to the triazole ring. It has been found to be photosensitive.[7]

Available Forms

Terconazole is a white, odourless powder. It can be purchased commercially in the following forms:

Mechanism of Action

Terconazole binds to the heme iron component on the cytochrome P450 enzyme lanosterol of fungi, also known as CYP3A4. The gene ERG11 controls lanosterol creation.[9] Lanosterol is found within the yeast plasma membrane. It is a class of methylsterol. Within a normal yeast cell, lanosterol is demethylated using 14α-demethylation.[10] This process creates zymosterol: a major constituent in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway for the creation of cell membrane constituents in yeast. This structure provides the membrane with fluidity.[11] This occurs by transforming lanosterol into 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-β-ol. This stops respiration by prohibiting reduction of NADH to NAD. This stops biosynthesis of cell membrane products as well as transport and catabolism. Eventually, membrane fluidity and activity of membrane bound enzymes become depleted. It has also been shown to inhibit morphologic change of yeast as well as cell adherence and is directly toxic to yeast. Terconazole targets fungi specifically since humans do not use lanosterol in this pathway. This process does not affect all fungi such as Pneumocystis jirovecii, which lacks lanosterol.[12]

Metabolism

Absorption of terconazole is 5–8% in patients that have had a hysterectomy and 12–16% in other patients. In those that administered 0.8% terconazole, plasma concentrations of the drug remained quite low with the peak plasma concentration being 0.006 mcg at 6.6 hours. Those metabolism rates show similar results in pregnant vulvovaginal candidiasis, non-pregnant vulvovaginal candidiasis and healthy women. The half-life of terconazole in blood is recorded to be around 6.9 hours over a range of 4–11.3 hours). Radioactivity of plasma terconazole is low compared to terconazole at 0.6%. Excretion of radioactivity is via two routes, renal (32–53%) and fecal (47–52%). Metabolism is extensive and is highly protein bound (94.9%) with the degree of binding being independent of drug concentration.[13]

Efficacy

In a review of 19 studies, it was shown that short-term rates for intravaginally administered azole treatments show mycological cure (no presence of organism) in 80% of cases in a short term follow-up and 66% over long term follow-up.[14] In a double-blind study by Slavin in 1992, terconazole showed a 75% mycological cure over a short-term period (7–14 days) and 100% mycological cure over a long-term period (28–34 days). This study focused on the drug as an 80 mg vaginal suppository, taken three times overnight by 10 women.[15] In another placebo-controlled, double blind study by Schmidt et al., the efficacy of different concentrations of terconazole creams were tested. Cream was applied for three days to 24 women between the ages of 18–60. The results showed 0.8% terconazole mycologic cure rates were 83.3% within 1–3 days of starting treatment, 83.3% within 8–11 days of treatment and 58.3% within 30–35 days of treatment.[16] The suppository is more effective after a long-term follow-up than terconazole as a cream or other intravaginal treatments.[17]

Side Effects

The most common side effects of terconazole include headaches, vulvar/vaginal irritation, rash, itching, burning or discomfort.[18] Other side effects may include abdominal pain or cramps, dysmenorrhea, chills, fever and allergic reactions. Flu-like symptoms have been recorded in those that take suppositories greater than 160 mg.[16] May cause birth defects if used in the first trimester.[19]

Drug Interactions

Terconazole may interact with the spermicide nonoxynol-9. A precipitate is formed upon combination of both drugs. Terconazole may weaken latex-based condoms.[20]

Safety

Terconazole is not considered hazardous when handled under normal conditions. It is generally non-flammable and non-carcinogenic. Generally is non-toxic, however, can emit toxic fumes when dust is set alight. Can cause respiratory distress as dust.[21] Can be absorbed by embryo within the first trimester of pregnancy and cause birth defects. Cross inhibition shows that there may be some toxicity.[22]

References

  1. ↑ Maertens, J. A. (March 2004). "History of the Development of Azole Derivatives". Clinical Microbiology and Infection 10 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00841.x.
  2. ↑ Heeres, J; Hendrickx, R; Van Cutsem, J (April 1983). "Antimycotic azoles. 6. Synthesis and Antifungal Properties of Terconazole, a Novel Triazole Ketal". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 26 (4): 611–3. doi:10.1021/jm00358a032. PMID 6834396.
  3. 1 2 Cauwenbergh, G; Vanden Bossche, H (August 1989). "Terconazole. Pharmacology of a New Antimycotic Agent". The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 34 (8 Suppl.): 588–92. PMID 2677363.
  4. ↑ Tolman, EL; Isaacson, DM; Rosenthale, ME; McGuire, JL; Van Cutsem, J; Borgers, M; Van den Bossche, H (June 1986). "Anticandidal Activities of Terconazole, a broad-spectrum Antimycotic". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 29 (6): 986–91. doi:10.1128/aac.29.6.986. PMID 3729366.
  5. ↑ Sood, G; Nyirjesy, P; Weitz, MV; Chatwani, A (2000). "Terconazole Cream for Non-Candida albicans Fungal Vaginitis: Results of a Retrospective Analysis". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8 (5–6): 240–3. doi:10.1155/S1064744900000351. PMID 11220485.
  6. ↑ Heeres, J.; Hendrickx, R.; Van Cutsem, J. (1983). "Antimycotic azoles. 6. Synthesis and antifungal properties of terconazole, a novel triazole ketal". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 26 (4): 611–3. doi:10.1021/jm00358a032. PMID 6834396.
  7. ↑ Fromtling, RA (April 1988). "Overview of Medically Important Antifungal Azole Derivatives". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1 (2): 187–217. PMC 358042. PMID 3069196.
  8. ↑ Mosby (2012). "Terconazole". In White, K; Watrous, J. Mosby's Drug Reference for Health Professions (3rd ed.). 3251 Riverport Lane, St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Elsevier. pp. 1558–1559. ISBN 978-0-323-09574-7.
  9. ↑ Yoshida, Y (1988). "Cytochrome P450 of Fungi: Primary Target for Azole Antifungal Agents". Current Topics in Medical Mycology 2: 388–418. PMID 3288361.
  10. ↑ Isaacson, D. M.; Tolman, E. L.; Tobia, A. J.; Rosenthale, M. E.; McGuire, J. L.; Bossche, H. Vanden; Janssen, P. A. J. (1988). "Selective Inhibition of 14α-Desmethyl Sterol Synthesis in Candida albicans by Terconazole, a New Triazole Antimycotic". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 21 (3): 333–343. doi:10.1093/jac/21.3.333.
  11. ↑ "C-4 Methylsterol Oxidase Activity". Saccharomyces Genome Database. Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  12. ↑ Sobel, Jack D. (1994). "Mini Review. Candida Vaginitis". Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 3 (5): 334–9. doi:10.1097/00019048-199409000-00002.
  13. ↑ Sheehan, DJ; Hitchcock, CA; Sibley, CM (January 1999). "Current and Emerging Azole Antifungal Agents". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12 (1): 40–79. PMID 9880474.
  14. ↑ Nurbhai, M; Grimshaw, J; Watson, M; Bond, C; Mollison, J; Ludbrook, A (17 October 2007). "Oral Versus Intra-vaginal Imidazole and Triazole Anti-fungal Treatment of Uncomplicated Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (Thrush)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD002845. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002845.pub2. PMID 17943774.
  15. ↑ Slavin, MB; Benrubi, GI; Parker, R; Griffin, CR; Magee, MJ (October 1992). "Single Dose Oral Fluconazole vs Intravaginal Terconazole in Treatment of Candida Vaginitis. Comparison and Pilot Study". The Journal of the Florida Medical Association 79 (10): 693–6. PMID 1460451.
  16. 1 2 Schmidt, C; Sobel, J; Meriwether, C (September 1990). "Comparison of 0.8% and 1.6% Terconazole Cream in Severe Vulvovaginal Candidiasis". Obstetrics and Gynecology 76 (3 Pt 1): 414–6. PMID 2381618.
  17. ↑ Maibach, Howard I.; Farage, Miranda A. (ed.) (2006). "Vulvar Therapies: Evidence vs. Testimony. Fungal: Candidiasis.". The Vulva: Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology (1st ed.). 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016; 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK: Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-0-8493-3608-9.
  18. ↑ Workowski, KA; Berman, S (December 17, 2010). "Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010. Vol. 59. No. RR-12." (PDF). USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  19. ↑ Faro, S; Apuzzio, J; Bohannon, N; Elliott, K; Martens, MG; Mou, SM; Phillips-Smith, LE; Soper, DE; Strayer, A; Young, RL (March 1997). "Treatment Considerations in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis". The Female Patient 22 (1): 1–17.
  20. ↑ Grayson, ML (editor-in-chief); Crowe, SM; McCarthy, JS; Mills, J; Mouton, JW; Norrby, SR; Paterson, DL; Pfaller, MA (2010). Kucers' the Use of Antibiotics Sixth Edition: a Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, and Antiviral Drugs (6th ed.). 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 1933–5. ISBN 978-0340927670.
  21. ↑ Mancano, MA; Gallagher, JC (2013). Frequently Prescribed Medications: Drugs You Need to Know (2nd ed.). 5 Wall Street, Burlington, MA 01803: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-4496-9884-3.
  22. ↑ Melbourne Sexual Health Centre. "Vaginal thrush". Better Health Channer. State Government of Victoria. Retrieved 10 July 2015.

See also

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