London Victoria station

Victoria National Rail
London Victoria

London Victoria Entrance Facade
Victoria
Location of Victoria in Central London
Location Belgravia
Local authority City of Westminster
Managed by Network Rail
Owner Network Rail
Station code VIC
DfT category A
Number of platforms 19
Accessible Yes [1]
Fare zone 1
Cycle parking Yes – platforms 7–8 & 17–18
Toilet facilities Yes
National Rail annual entry and exit
2010–11 Increase 73.573 million[2]
— interchange Decrease 4.801 million[2]
2011–12 Increase 76.231 million[2]
— interchange Increase 9.157 million[2]
2012–13 Increase 77.347 million[2]
— interchange Decrease 8.319 million[2]
2013–14 Increase 81.856 million[2]
— interchange Increase 9.005 million[2]
2014–15 Increase 85.338 million[2]
— interchange Increase 9.638 million[2]
Key dates
1 October 1860 Opened by Victoria Station and Pimlico Railway
1860 Leased to London Brighton and South Coast Railway
1862 Separate station opened for London, Chatham and Dover and Great Western Railways
Other information
Lists of stations
External links
London Transport portal
UK Railways portalCoordinates: 51°29′48″N 0°08′41″W / 51.4966°N 0.1448°W / 51.4966; -0.1448

London Victoria station, generally known as Victoria,[3] is a central London railway terminus and London Underground complex named after nearby Victoria Street, the latter being named after Queen Victoria.[4] With over 81 million passenger entries and exits between April 2013 and March 2014, London Victoria is the second-busiest terminus in London (and the UK) after London Waterloo.[5] It is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail.[6] The area around the station is an important interchange for other forms of transport: a local bus station is in the forecourt, and Victoria Coach Station for long-distance road coaches is nearby. Victoria is in Travelcard Zone 1.

Victoria is a London terminus for both Southern and Southeastern. Southern provides the majority of commuter/regional services to South London and Sussex as well as parts of East Surrey via the Brighton Main Line. Southeastern provides services in South East London and along the Chatham Main Line to Kent. It is also the terminus for the Gatwick Express service to Gatwick Airport.

There are effectively four railway stations on the site: on National Rail, two serving main-line routes in south eastern England, to Brighton, Hove, Worthing, Eastbourne, Canterbury and Dover; and on the London Underground, an underground station built by the cut-and-cover method serving the District and Circle lines and the deep-level Victoria line tube line station.

Victoria station (first referred as the "Grosvenor Terminus") is the closest main line station to Buckingham Palace.[7][8]

National Rail stations

History

The approaches to Victoria Station in 1912. The line leading to the station is top right, the 'Brighton line' (shown in green) is bottom left and the 'Chatham line' (pink) bottom right. The connection to the G.W.R. and L.N.W.R. (purple) is top left.
Victoria Station in 1897. The separate 'Brighton' (left) and 'Chatham' (right) stations are clearly visible.

The railways serving destinations to the south of London were inconvenient for Central London as they terminated south of the river Thames, whereas the main centres of population, business and government were north of the river in the City of London, the West End and Westminster. Victoria Station came about in a piecemeal fashion to help address this problem for the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) and the London Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR). It consisted of two adjacent main line railway stations which, from the viewpoint of passengers, were unconnected.

Lines to Victoria

The London and Brighton Railway terminus at London Bridge provided reasonable access to the City of London but was most inconvenient for travellers to and from Westminster. As early as 1842 John Urpeth Rastrick had proposed that the railway should build a branch to serve the West End, but his proposal came to nothing.[9] However, the transfer of the Crystal Palace from Hyde Park to Sydenham Hill between 1851 and 1854 created a major tourist attraction in the then rural area south of London, and the LB&SCR opened a branch line from the Brighton main line at Sydenham to the site in 1854. While this was under construction the West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway also planned a line from Crystal Palace, to a new station at Battersea Wharf, at the southern end of the new Chelsea Bridge. (Despite its location, the new station was called Pimlico; it opened on 27 March 1858.) Shortly afterwards the LB&SCR leased most of the lines of the new railway, and built a further connection from Crystal Palace to the Brighton main line at Norwood Junction, thereby providing itself with a route into west London, although it was recognised that a terminus would be needed on the north side of the River Thames.[10]

The Victoria Station and Pimlico Railway

During the summer of 1857 a scheme for an independent 'Grosvenor Basin Terminus' in the West End of London, 'for the use of the Southern Railways of England' was mooted.[11] The station was originally referred to as the 'Grosvenor Terminus' but later renamed 'Victoria' as it was sited at the end of Victoria Street.[12] Three other railway companies were also seeking a terminus in Westminster: the Great Western (GWR), the London & North Western (LNWR), and the East Kent Railway (EKR). The first two already had rail access to Battersea through their joint ownership of the West London Line with the LB&SCR. In 1858, the EKR leased the remaining lines of the West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway from Shortlands railway station, and also negotiated temporary running powers over the lines recently acquired by the LB&SCR, pending the construction of its own line into west London.[13] On 23 July 1859 these four companies together formed the Victoria Station and Pimlico Railway (VS&PR) company, with the object of extending the railway from Stewarts Lane Junction, Battersea across the river to a more convenient location nearer the West End,[14] and the following month the EKR changed its name to the London Chatham and Dover Railway.

The new line followed part of the route of the Grosvenor Canal with Victoria station on the former canal basin. It required the construction of a new bridge over the Thames, originally known as Victoria Bridge and later as Grosvenor Bridge. It was of mixed gauge to cater for GWR trains.

The LB&SCR had hoped to amalgamate with the VS&PR, and introduced a Parliamentary Bill to allow it to do so in 1860. This was opposed by the GWR and LC&DR and rejected.[15] By way of compromise the LB&SCR was permitted to lease Victoria station from the VS&PR, but agreed to accommodate the other railways until a terminus could be built for them on an adjoining site.

Widening of the approaches

Victoria station proved to be unexpectedly popular for both the main companies, and by 1862 there were frequent delays due to congestion at Stewarts Lane Junction. In March 1863 the LB&SCR and the LC&DR jointly funded a new high-level route into Victoria, avoiding Stewarts Lane and requiring the widening of Grosvenor Bridge. The work was completed during 1867/8.[16]

The Brighton side concourse with the escalators to Victoria Place to the right

The Brighton station

Plan of Victoria Station as it was in 1888. The 'Chatham' side was rebuilt in 1906 and the 'Brighton' side in 1898–1908

The LB&SCR side of Victoria station opened on 1 October 1860, the temporary terminus in Battersea having closed the day before.[17] It consisted of six platforms and ten tracks, with an entrance on Victoria Street. The site also included a hotel, the 300-bedroom Grosvenor. From 13 August 1866 the LB&SCR ran services from Victoria to London Bridge along the newly completed South London Line.

In 1898 the LB&SCR decided to demolish its station and replace it with an enlarged red-brick Renaissance-style building.[18] Since widening of the station was prevented by the LC&DR station and Buckingham Palace Road, increased capacity was achieved by lengthening the platforms and building crossovers to allow two trains to use each platform simultaneously.[19] Work was completed in 1908, and included the rebuilding of the Grosvenor Hotel at the same time.

Overhead electric trains began to run into Victoria on 1 December 1909, to London Bridge. The line to Crystal Palace was electrified on 12 May 1911.[20]

The LB&SCR introduced the first all-Pullman train in the UK in December 1881, to Brighton, as the 'Pullman Limited'. Another all-Pullman service was introduced in 1908 under the name of the Southern Belle, then described as "... the most luxurious train in the world...".

The London, Chatham and Dover station

The London Chatham and Dover Station as rebuilt by the South Eastern and Chatham Railway.
Chatham Side concourse

The LC&DR and GWR jointly leased the 'Chatham' portion of the station for 999 years from 28 June 1860, with the GWR responsible for 6.67%.[21] The LCDR completed its main line as far as Canterbury on 3 December 1860 and began to use the LB&SCR station on that day.[22]

The LCDR and GWR opened their own station on 25 August 1862, occupying a less imposing wooden-fronted building with an entrance on Wilton Road.[23] The Chatham line station had eight platforms, five of which were of mixed gauge, shared by broad-gauge trains of the GWR from Windsor via Southall.[21]

The South Eastern and Chatham Railway station

From 1899 the LC&DR entered a working union with its rival, the South Eastern, to form the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR). As a result, services from its station at Victoria began to be rationalised and integrated with those from the other SECR termini.

The LC&DR station was rebuilt and re-opened on 16 June 1906. The frontage was designed by A. W. Blomfield, architect to SECR, and built by John Mowlem & Co.[24] in Portland stone.

The GWR ceased to use the station for scheduled services in 1915, partly due to World War I and partly through competition between Ealing Broadway and Victoria from the electrified District Railway. The station also became a terminus for trains carrying soldiers to and from France, many of them wounded. A plaque marks the arrival of the body of The Unknown Warrior at platform 8 at 2032 on 10 November 1920.

The Eastern side in 1958
The Central side in 1961 with train from Tunbridge Wells West
The Brighton side concourse in 1955

Southern Railway station

The two stations at Victoria came largely under single ownership in 1923 with the formation of the Southern Railway (SR). The following year steps were taken to integrate the two stations. The platforms were renumbered in a single sequence, openings were made in the wall separating them to allow passengers to pass from one to the other without going into the street, and alterations were made to the tracks to allow for interchangeable working.[25] The SR also concentrated Continental steamer traffic at Victoria, introducing the most famous of those trains, the Golden Arrow, in 1926, and the Night Ferry in 1936.

The station had a news cinema (later a cartoon cinema) that showed a continuous programme. The cinema was designed by Alastair Macdonald, son of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, and was in operation from 1933 until being demolished in 1981. The GWR remained part-owner of the station until 1932 thereafter retaining running powers, although it does not appear to have used them.[26]

The station suffered bomb damage during the Second World War but not as much as other London termini.

Southern Electric

The greatest change to the station during the 1920s and 1930s was the introduction of third rail electrification for all suburban and many main line services, replacing the original LB&SCR overhead scheme by 1929 and largely replacing steam traction, except on Chatham Section main line and Oxted line trains. Services to Orpington were electrified in 1925 and Epsom the following year. By 1932 the Brighton main line was electrified, quickly followed by those to other Sussex coastal towns and Portsmouth by 1938.[27] The brand name "Southern Electric" was applied to all these services. The Brighton Belle, the first electric all-Pullman service in the world, ran from Victoria from 29 June 1934 until its withdrawal on 30 April 1972.

The 'Golden Arrow' leaving Victoria Station, 1953

British Railways station

British Railways took over the station on 1 January 1948. During the 1950s and early 1960s British Railways (Southern Region) completed its Kent Coast Electrification schemes, which meant that most of the remaining services from the station were electrified, including boat trains. Some minor services were withdrawn, and the few remaining steam services, to Oxted and beyond, were replaced by diesel-electric multiple units.

The station was redeveloped internally in the 1980s, with the addition of shops within the concourse, and above the western platforms as the "Victoria Place" shopping centre. A major re-signalling scheme was also carried out. The station was managed by Network SouthEast also under British Rail.

The Gatwick Express at Victoria in 2003

Gatwick Express

The other major change to the station under British Railways was the gradual development of services to the new Gatwick Airport railway station after its opening in June 1958. In 1984 the non-stop Gatwick Express service was started, aiming for a 30-minute journey time. This was coupled with the provision of an airport lounge and check-in facilities at first-floor level, with dedicated escalators down to the Gatwick Express platforms. British Airways and other major airlines had their own check-in desks there.

British Rail International Travel Centre

British Rail used to operate a large International Travel Centre within the main station, separate from the domestic travel centre. At the time Victoria was a major departure point for international travel, with boat trains to Dover and Folkestone for France and Belgium and beyond. This ceased with the introduction of Eurostar in 1994, which did not serve Victoria, and the International Travel Centre eventually closed.

Today

Lines leading to assorted facilities, on the floor of the concourse in July 2013

The station is run and managed by Network Rail.

Operationally, there continue to be two separate main line termini:

The track layout does not allow much swapping, with only a few connecting flyovers between the main lines in the Battersea area, plus a single-track connection immediately outside the station. As the Brighton side is the busier of the two, disruption on that line sometimes results in some of its suburban services using the eastern side. This is particularly true of the Gatwick Express, which travels along the Brighton Main Line, but often diverts over Chatham tracks during engineering works to maintain service levels.

There are ticket barriers to all platforms. Platforms 13 and 14, where the Gatwick Express departs, were previously open but were gated in December 2011.

Services

Southeastern (Chatham Main Line)

Victoria platforms 1–8 provide the London terminus for services on the Chatham Main Line operated by Southeastern, serving South East London, Kent, the South East Coast and The Medway Towns. There are typical off-peak metro services to Orpington and Dartford as well as main line services to Ramsgate, Dover Priory, Gillingham and Ashford International.

The typical 2015 off-peak service run by Southeastern is:

Southeastern also operates at London Charing Cross, London Waterloo East, London Cannon Street, London Bridge, London Blackfriars and St Pancras International

Southern (Brighton Main Line)

Victoria platforms 9–12 and 15–19 provide one of two London termini for services on the Brighton Main Line operated by Southern, serving South London, Sussex, Brighton and The South Coast. There are off-peak metro services to London Bridge and Sutton and main line services to Bognor Regis, Brighton, Epsom, Ore, Portsmouth Harbour and Southampton Central.

The typical off-peak service run by Southern in trains per hour is:

Gatwick Express

Gatwick Express, formerly a separate franchise but now operated by Southern, runs from platforms 13 and 14. It is a shuttle service between London Victoria and Gatwick Airport every 15 minutes, and every 30 minutes services are extended to Brighton. The typical journey time is 30 minutes (up to 35 minutes on Saturdays). There is no longer an option to buy tickets on the train, following the introduction of ticket barriers in December 2011.[28]

Service patterns

Adjacent stations
Preceding station National Rail Following station
Terminus   Southeastern
Dartford Line		   Denmark Hill
  Southeastern
Catford Loop Line		   Denmark Hill
or
Wandsworth Road
(Limited Service)
  Southeastern
Chatham Main Line
(via Herne Hill)		   Brixton
or
Denmark Hill
or
Bromley South
Terminus   Southern
Brighton Main Line		   Battersea Park
or
Clapham Junction
Terminus   Southern
Oxted Line		   Clapham Junction
Terminus   Southern
Gatwick Express		   Gatwick Airport
  Heritage railways
Terminus   Belmond British Pullman
London-Paris-Venice		   Folkestone West
  Future Development  
Preceding station   Crossrail   Following station
Crossrail
Line 2
Platform assignments
Platforms Designation Operator Destinations
1–8 Chatham Main Line Southeastern Orpington, Dartford, Ramsgate, Dover Priory, Ashford International, Gillingham
9–12 Brighton Main Line Southern London Bridge, Caterham, Dorking, Horsham, Sutton, Tattenham Corner
13–14 Gatwick Express Gatwick Express Gatwick Airport
15–19 Brighton Main Line Southern Brighton, East Grinstead, Littlehampton, Hastings, Bognor Regis, Portsmouth Harbour, Southampton Central, Reigate, Tonbridge

Accidents and incidents

London Underground station

Victoria London Underground

Entrance on Terminus Place
Location Belgravia
Local authority City of Westminster
Managed by London Underground
Number of platforms 4
Fare zone 1
London Underground annual entry and exit
2011 Increase 82.25 million[36]
2012 Increase 82.96 million[36]
2013 Increase 84.58 million[36]
2014 Increase 86.73 million[36]
Key dates
1868 Opened (DR)
1872 Started "Outer Circle" (NLR)
1872 Started "Middle Circle" (H&CR/DR)
1900 Ended "Middle Circle"
1908 Ended "Outer Circle"
1949 Started (Circle line)
1969 Opened as terminus (Victoria line)
1971 Extended south (Victoria line)
Other information
Lists of stations
London Transport portal

There are two connected London Underground stations at Victoria, on different levels and built more than a century apart. The older one, on the north side of the bus station, serves the District and Circle lines, constructed by 'cut and cover' methods just below road level. The newer station, closer to the main line station, serves the Victoria line, a deep-level 'tube' line. Each has its own ticket hall, and the two are connected by a pedestrian passage beneath the bus station.

Victoria is currently the fourth busiest station on the London Underground, after Waterloo, Oxford Circus and King's Cross St. Pancras, with nearly 85 million using the station (not including interchanging passengers) in 2013, of which around 60 million (including interchanges) use the Victoria line platforms. The station was not built for this number of passengers, which results in severe overcrowding. To prevent any dangerous situations like crowds pushing people off the platforms onto the track, crowd control measures are in place at the busiest times. This effectively means closing all the entrances to the Underground platforms and operating as an exit-only station until the overcrowding is relieved. These measures can last anywhere between a couple of minutes (when minor delays are occurring) up to several hours (during major incidents).

Current upgrade

To provide a lasting solution to this problem preparatory building work has begun on major upgrade of the station.[37] This will include a new northern exit/entrance on the north-west corner of Victoria Street which will be accessible via a new additional ticket office under Bressenden Place that will lead to both the Victoria line and the Circle and District line platforms. This upgrade is due to be finished by 2018,[38] and tunnelling for the project was completed in September 2015.[39] The work will also enlarge the existing Victoria line ticket hall serving the railway station and add a new relief bank of escalators there. This aspect of the scheme has been criticised as access to platforms from the new escalators will be very long and indirect compared to the direct access using the existing escalators.[40] During the upgrade work, construction workers accidentally penetrated the signalling room of the Victoria line, causing quick-drying concrete to flood the room and resulting in the suspension of Victoria line services south of Warren Street. Services resumed the following day, after sugar had been used as a retardant to make it easier to shovel the concrete out.[41][42]

Circle and District lines station

The first part of the station was opened on 24 December 1868 by the District Railway (DR, now the District line) when the company opened the first section of its line, between South Kensington and Westminster. The DR connected to the Metropolitan Railway (MR, later the Metropolitan line) at South Kensington and, although the two companies were rivals, each company operated trains over the other's tracks in a joint service known as the "Inner Circle". The line was operated by steam locomotives, creating the necessity to leave periodical gaps open to the air.

On 1 February 1872, the DR opened a northward branch from Earl's Court to the West London Extension Joint Railway (WLEJR, now the West London Line) at Addison Road (now Kensington (Olympia)). From that date the "Outer Circle" service began running over the DR. The service was run by the North London Railway (NLR) from Broad Street (now demolished) in the City of London via the North London Line to Willesden Junction, then the West London Line to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House, the new eastern terminus of the DR.

From 1 August 1872, the "Middle Circle" service also began operation through Victoria, from Moorgate along the MR on the north side of the Inner Circle to Paddington, then over the Hammersmith & City Railway (H&CR) to Latimer Road and then, via a now-demolished link, to the West London Line to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House, the new eastern terminus of the DR.

On 30 June 1900, the Middle Circle service was withdrawn between Earl's Court and Mansion House. On 31 December 1908 the Outer Circle service was also withdrawn.

The original DR station was rebuilt at the beginning of the 20th century, initially as a single-storey structure. An office building was built above it later. The line was electrified in 1902/3.[43]

In 1949, the Inner Circle route was given its own identity on the tube map as the Circle line.

Victoria line station

The Victoria line station opened on 7 March 1969, when the third phase of the line began operating, south of Warren Street. Victoria was the terminus while the final phase was under construction to Brixton, opened on 23 July 1971.

Future

It has been proposed that the Docklands Light Railway become one of two projects for the future of Victoria station, the other being Crossrail 2.[44] For a DLR station at Victoria, it would be underground through bored tunnels leading from Bank station, where it would branch into two tunnels, the other leading to St. Pancras International station via Holborn and Euston stations. From City Thameslink station the tunnel would branch south through Charing Cross and Green Park, eventually terminating at Victoria. The tunnels would be the continuation of the Jubilee line tunnels through the former Charing Cross station.[45][46]

Victoria is also a proposed stop on Crossrail 2.[47][48][49] The route was safeguarded in 1991[50] and 2007 and any rebuilding of the station will have space for Crossrail 2 platforms.[51] In the safeguarded route it was between Chelsea and Piccadilly Circus. It has also been proposed that the DLR be extended to Victoria from Bank, probably using disused Jubilee line tunnels in part, but this scheme is not yet a firm plan.[52]

Adjacent stations

Preceding station   London Underground   Following station
towards Edgware Road
Circle line
towards Hammersmith (via Tower Hill)
District line
towards Upminster
towards Brixton
Victoria line

Connections

Coach Station

Victoria coach station is about 300 metres[53] south-west of the railway stations. It is the main London coach terminal and serves all parts of the UK, and mainland Europe.

Buses

London Buses routes 2, 11, 16, 24, 36, 38, 44, 52, 73, 82, 148, 170, 185, 211, 436, 507, C1, C2 and C10 and night routes N2, N11, N73, N44 and N136 serve the station at the Victoria bus station.

The station in fiction

In Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, the title character was found as an infant in a handbag at Victoria Station, much to the consternation of Lady Bracknell. "A handbag?" "The Brighton line." "The line is immaterial!"

An abandoned Victoria Underground station features in the V for Vendetta comic book series as the base for the anarchist freedom fighter "V", and also appears in the film.

The station also appears in 'The Final Problem' (Sherlock Holmes). Victoria Station is the station Holmes and Watson depart from when fleeing from Moriarty.

References

  1. ↑ "London and South East" (PDF). National Rail Enquiries. National Rail. September 2006. Archived from the original (pdf) on 6 March 2009.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Station usage estimates". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Please note: Some methodology may vary year on year.
  3. ↑ "Station Codes". National Rail. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "Victoria Station". Network Rail. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  5. ↑ Pigott, Nick, ed. (June 2012). "Waterloo still London's busiest station". The Railway Magazine (Horncastle) 158 (1334): 6.
  6. ↑ "Commercial information". Our Stations. London: Network Rail. April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  7. ↑ http://www.thetrainline.com/nearest-station/buckingham-palace
  8. ↑ http://www.networkrail.co.uk/virtualarchive/victoria-station/
  9. ↑ Turner, John Howard (1978). The London Brighton and South Coast Railway 2 Establishment and Growth. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-1198-8. p.116-7.
  10. ↑ Gray, Adrian (1977). The London to Brighton Line 1841–1877. Blandford Forum: Oakwood Press. pp. 42–3. OCLC 4570078.
  11. ↑ Gray 1977, p.44.
  12. ↑ Gray 1977, p.45. "Negotiations for the Grosvenor Terminus began in December 1857 although the name Victoria was by then being suggested due to the proposed station's location near to one end of Victoria Street."
  13. ↑ Turner 1978, p.121.
  14. ↑ Turner 1978, p.122.
  15. ↑ "Victoria Station and Pimlico Railway". Daily News (London). 2 August 1860.
  16. ↑ Gray (1977), p.61.
  17. ↑ "Railway Magazine", March 1958
  18. ↑ Betjeman, John (1972). London's historic railway stations. London: John Murray. p. 98. ISBN 0-7195-3426-7.
  19. ↑ Bonavia, Michael R. (1987). The history of the Southern Railway. London: Unwin Hyman. p. 17. ISBN 9780043851074.
  20. ↑ Turner, J. T. Howard (1979). The London Brighton and South Coast Railway: 3. Completion and Maturity. London: Batsford. pp. 172–5. ISBN 0-7134-1389-1.
  21. 1 2 GWR Memorandum for the Board 23 January 1931. National Archives RAIL 1057/2931.
  22. ↑ White, H. P. (1961). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: 2 Southern England. London: Phoenix House. p. 40. OCLC 271476914.
  23. ↑ Body, Geoffrey (1989). Railways of the Southern Region. London: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 201. ISBN 1-85260-297-X.
  24. ↑ Mowlem 1822 – 1972, p.6
  25. ↑ Dendy Marshall, Chapman F. (1988). History of the Southern Railway. Revised by R. W. Kidner (reprint of the 1963 revised ed.). London: Ian Allan. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-7110-0059-9.
  26. ↑ "Railway Agreement. G.W.R. and Victoria Station". The Times (46364) (London). 9 February 1933. p. 18.
  27. ↑ Moody, G.T. (1968). Southern Electric 1909–1968. London: Ian Allan. pp. 23–67. ISBN 978-0-7110-0017-9.
  28. ↑ "Gatwick Express launches new ticket gates". Gatwick Express. 6 December 2011.
  29. ↑ "Dynamite outrage at Victoria Station". The Times (London). 27 February 1884. p. 10.
  30. ↑ Earnshaw, Alan (1989). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 5. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 30. ISBN 0-906899-35-4.
  31. ↑ Earnshaw, Alan (1993). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 8. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 33. ISBN 0-906899-52-4.
  32. ↑ "Provisional I R A actions Part One (1969–1975)". Memorial at Peninsula (Royal Green Jackets). Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  33. ↑ Malcolm Sutton (1994). An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland 1969–1993. ISBN 0-9514229-4-4. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
  34. ↑ Bell, John Bowyer (1994). The Irish Troubles: A Generation of Violence 1967–1992. Dublin: Gill & MacMillan. p. 786. ISBN 978-0-7171-2201-1.
  35. ↑ "hero wins bravery award – PCS Comment". PCS. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  36. 1 2 3 4 "Multi-year station entry-and-exit figures" (XLS). London Underground station passenger usage data. Transport for London. June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  37. ↑ Transport for London. Victoria tube station
  38. ↑ Waboso, David (December 2010). "Transforming the tube". Modern Railways (London). pp. 42–45.
  39. ↑ "'Major milestone' as Victoria station tunnelling work finishes".
  40. ↑ See e.g. the submissions by the Victoria Interchange Group to the Victoria Station Upgrade Public Enquiry Archived 7 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  41. ↑ "Victoria Tube line part shut hit by wet concrete flood". BBC News. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  42. ↑ "Why sugar helped remove Victoria Line concrete flood". The Telegraph. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  43. ↑ John R. Day, The story of London's underground, (1963), London: London Transport, p.61-2.
  44. ↑ "Safeguarding Crossrail 2 for the future".
  45. ↑ "Potential DLR extensions" (PDF). Transport for London. n.d. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  46. ↑ "Future TfL map in 2025". Transport for London. June 2007.
  47. ↑ Dave Arquati (1 August 2006). "Crossrail 2". alwaystouchout.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  48. ↑ T2025 Transport vision for a growing world city – 28 November stakeholder event slides Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  49. ↑ Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ↑ Archived 10 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  51. ↑ "London Connections: Look ma, Crossrail 2". Londonconnections.blogspot.com. 12 December 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  52. ↑ "London Rail Vision". Modern Railways (London). November 2008. pp. 42, 43.
  53. ↑ "Victoria Coach Station". TfL. Retrieved 26 December 2009.

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