MPP+

Not to be confused with MPTP or MPPP.
MPP+
Names
IUPAC name
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridin-1-ium
Other names
Cyperquat; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; N-Methyl-4-phenylpyridine
Identifiers
39794-99-5 N
ChEBI CHEBI:641 YesY
ChEMBL ChEMBL311617 YesY
ChemSpider 36101 YesY
EC Number 248-939-7
4568
Jmol interactive 3D Image
MeSH 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
PubChem 39484
Properties
C12H12N+
Molar mass 170.25 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) is a positively charged molecule with chemical formula C12H12N+. It is toxic and acts by interfering with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by inhibiting complex I, leading to the depletion of ATP and cell death.[1] Mitochondria in cells treated with MPP+ also display a phenotype indicative of apoptosis: small, round, and fewer in number.[2] It also inhibits the synthesis of catecholamines, reduces levels of dopamine and cardiac norepinephrine, and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase.[1]

The neurotoxin MPTP is converted in the brain into MPP+ by the enzyme MAO-B, causing parkinsonism in primates by killing certain dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. MPP+-induced neurodegeneration is specific to dopamine neurons and can be prevented by drug treatment or by limiting the function of the dopamine transporter.[3]

The chloride salt of MPP+ has been used as a herbicide under the trade name cyperquat and is structurally similar to the herbicide paraquat.

In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, nobiletin, a flavonoid found in citrus, can rescue dopaminergic neurons from degeneration caused by treatment with MPP+.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 PubChem Compound entry on MPP+
  2. Wiemerslage L, Lee D (2016). "Quantification of mitochondrial morphology in neurites of dopaminergic neurons using multiple parameters.". J Neurosci Methods. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.008. PMID 26777473.
  3. Wiemerslage L, Schultz BJ, Ganguly A, Lee D (2013). "Selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by MPP(+) and its rescue by D2 autoreceptors in Drosophila primary culture.". J Neurochem 126 (4): 529–40. doi:10.1111/jnc.12228. PMID 23452092.
  4. Jeong, Kyoung Hoon; Jeon, Min-Tae; Kim, Heung Deok; Jung, Un Ju; Jang, Min Cheol; Chu, Jin Woo; Yang, Seung Jun; Choi, Il Yoon; Choi, Myung-Sook (2014-10-17). "Nobiletin Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in the 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium-Treated Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease". Journal of Medicinal Food 18 (4): 409–414. doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.3241. ISSN 1096-620X.
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