56th United States Congress

56th United States Congress

55th ← → 57th United States Capitol (1906) Duration: March 4, 1899 – March 4, 1901 Senate President: Garret Hobart (until November 21, 1899) Vacant (from November 21, 1899) Senate Pres. pro tem: William P. Frye House Speaker: David B. Henderson Members: 90 Senators 357 Representatives 4 Non-voting members Senate Majority: Republican House Majority: Republican Sessions 1st: December 4, 1899 – June 7, 1900 2nd: December 3, 1900 – March 3, 1901

The Fifty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1899 to March 4, 1901, during the third and fourth years of William McKinley's presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890. Both chambers had a Republican majority. There was one African-American member, George Henry White of North Carolina, who served his second and final term as a Representative in this Congress, and would be the last black member of Congress until 1928, and the last black member of Congress from the South until 1972.

Major events

• June 2, 1899: The Filipino Rebellion began the Philippine–American War.
• November 21, 1899: Vice President Garret Hobart died.
• January 8, 1900: President McKinley placed Alaska under military rule.
• January 17, 1900: Brigham H. Roberts was refused a seat in the United States House of Representatives because of his polygamy.
• February 5, 1900: Britain and the United States signed a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal through Nicaragua.
• February 16, 1900: The United States, Germany and Great Britain ratified the Tripartite Convention partitioning the Samoan Islands.
• November 6, 1900: U.S. presidential election, 1900: Republican incumbent William McKinley was reelected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan.

Major legislation

• March 14, 1900: Gold Standard Act, Sess. 1, ch. 41, 31 Stat. 45
• April 2, 1900: Foraker Act, Sess. 1, ch. 191, 31 Stat. 77 (Puerto Rico Civil Code)

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

	Party (Shading shows control)					Total	Vacant
	Democratic (D)	Populist (P)	Republican (R)	Silver (S)	Silver Republican (SR)
End of the previous congress	34	5	44	2	5	90	0
Begin	24	6	52	2	2	86	4
End	23	7	54			88	2
Final voting share	26.1%	8.0%	61.4%	2.3%	2.3%
Beginning of the next congress	28	2	53	0	3	86	4

House of Representatives

	Party (Shading shows control)					Total	Vacant
	Democratic (D)	Populist (P)	Republican (R)	Silver (S)	Silver Republican (SR)
End of the previous congress	124	22	207	1	3	357	0
Begin	163	6	183	1	2	355	2
End	159		186			354	3
Final voting share	44.9%	1.7%	52.5%	0.3%	0.6%
Non-voting members	1	0	2	0	0	3	1
Beginning of the next congress	151	5	200	0	1	357	0

Leadership

President of the Senate
Garret Hobart

Speaker of the House
David B. Henderson

Senate

• President: Garret Hobart (R), until November 21, 1899 (died), vacant thereafter.
• President pro tempore: William P. Frye (R)
• Democratic Caucus Chairman: James K. Jones (D)
• Republican Conference Chairman: William B. Allison (R)

House of Representatives

• Speaker: David B. Henderson (R)
• Democratic Caucus Chairman: James Hay (D)
• Republican Conference Chairman: Joseph G. Cannon (R)

Majority (Republican) leadership

• Majority Leader: Sereno E. Payne
• Majority Whip: James A. Tawney

Minority (Democratic) leadership

• Minority Leader: James D. Richardson
• Minority Whip: Oscar Underwood

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate

At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1904; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1900; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1902.

Alabama 2. John T. Morgan (D) 3. Edmund W. Pettus (D) Arkansas 3. James K. Jones (D) 2. James H. Berry (D) California 3. George C. Perkins (R) 1. Thomas R. Bard (R), from February 7, 1900 (elected) Colorado 3. Henry M. Teller (SR) 2. Edward O. Wolcott (R) Connecticut 3. Orville H. Platt (R) 1. Joseph R. Hawley (R) Delaware 2. Richard R. Kenney (D) 1. vacant Florida 1. Samuel Pasco (D), until April 18, 1899 (appointment expired) James Taliaferro (D), from April 19, 1899 (elected) 3. Stephen R. Mallory (D) Georgia 2. Augustus O. Bacon (D) 3. Alexander S. Clay (D) Idaho 2. George L. Shoup (R) 3. Henry Heitfeld (P) Illinois 2. Shelby M. Cullom (R) 3. William E. Mason (R) Indiana 3. Charles W. Fairbanks (R) 1. Albert J. Beveridge (R) Iowa 3. William B. Allison (R) 2. John H. Gear (R), died July 14, 1900 Jonathan P. Dolliver (R), from August 22, 1900 (appointed) Kansas 2. Lucien Baker (R) 3. William A. Harris (P) Kentucky 2. William Lindsay (D) 3. William J. Deboe (R) Louisiana 2. Donelson Caffery (D) 3. Samuel D. McEnery (D) Maine 1. Eugene Hale (R) 2. William P. Frye (R) Maryland 3. George L. Wellington (R) 1. Louis E. McComas (R) Massachusetts 2. George F. Hoar (R) 1. Henry Cabot Lodge (R) Michigan 2. James McMillan (R) 1. Julius C. Burrows (R) Minnesota 1. Cushman K. Davis (R), until November 7, 1900 (died) Charles A. Towne (D), December 5, 1900 – January 23, 1901 (appointed) Moses E. Clapp (R), from January 23, 1901 (elected) 2. Knute Nelson (R) Mississippi 1. Hernando D. Money (D) 2. William V. Sullivan (D) Missouri 1. Francis M. Cockrell (D) 3. George G. Vest (D)

Montana 2. Thomas H. Carter (R) 1. William A. Clark (D), until May 15, 1900 (resigned), vacant thereafter Nebraska 2. John M. Thurston (R) 1. Monroe L. Hayward (R), March 8, 1899 (elected) – December 5, 1899 (died before qualifying) William V. Allen (P), from December 13, 1899 (appointed) Nevada 3. John P. Jones (S) 1. William M. Stewart (S) New Hampshire 2. William E. Chandler (R) 3. Jacob H. Gallinger (R) New Jersey 2. William J. Sewell (R) 1. John Kean (R) New York 3. Thomas C. Platt (R) 1. Chauncey M. Depew (R) North Carolina 2. Marion Butler (P) 3. Jeter C. Pritchard (R) North Dakota 3. Henry C. Hansbrough (R) 1. Porter J. McCumber (R) Ohio 3. Joseph B. Foraker (R) 1. Marcus A. Hanna (R) Oregon 2. George W. McBride (R) 3. Joseph Simon (R) Pennsylvania 3. Boies Penrose (R) 1. Matthew S. Quay (R), from January 16, 1901 (elected) Rhode Island 1. Nelson W. Aldrich (R) 2. George P. Wetmore (R) South Carolina 2. Benjamin R. Tillman (D) 3. John L. McLaurin (D) South Dakota 2. Richard F. Pettigrew (R) 3. James H. Kyle (P) Tennessee 1. William B. Bate (D) 2. Thomas B. Turley (D) Texas 2. Horace Chilton (D) 1. Charles A. Culberson (D) Utah 3. Joseph L. Rawlins (D) 1. Thomas Kearns (R), from January 23, 1901 (elected) Vermont 1. Redfield Proctor (R) 3. Jonathan Ross (R), until October 18, 1900 (appointment expired) William P. Dillingham (R), from October 18, 1900 (elected) Virginia 1. John W. Daniel (D) 2. Thomas S. Martin (D) Washington 3. George Turner (SR) 1. Addison G. Foster (R) West Virginia 2. Stephen B. Elkins (R) 1. Nathan B. Scott (R) Wisconsin 3. John C. Spooner (R) 1. Joseph V. Quarles (R) Wyoming 1. Clarence D. Clark (R) 2. Francis E. Warren (R)

Senate composition, by party

House of Representatives

Alabama 1. George W. Taylor (D) 2. Jesse F. Stallings (D) 3. Henry D. Clayton (D) 4. Gaston A. Robbins (D), until March 8, 1900 (lost election contest) William F. Aldrich (R), from March 8, 1900 (won election contest) 5. Willis Brewer (D) 6. John H. Bankhead (D) 7. John L. Burnett (D) 8. Joseph Wheeler (D), until April 20, 1900 (resigned) 8. William N. Richardson (D), from December 3, 1900 9. Oscar Underwood (D) Arkansas 1. Philip D. McCulloch, Jr. (D) 2. John S. Little (D) 3. Thomas C. McRae (D) 4. William L. Terry (D) 5. Hugh A. Dinsmore (D) 6. Stephen Brundidge, Jr. (D) California 1. John All Barham (R) 2. Marion De Vries (D), until August 20, 1900 (resigned) Samuel D. Woods (R), from December 3, 1900 3. Victor H. Metcalf (R) 4. Julius Kahn (R) 5. Eugene F. Loud (R) 6. Russell J. Waters (R) 7. James C. Needham (R) Colorado 1. John F. Shafroth (SR) 2. John Calhoun Bell (P) Connecticut 1. E. Stevens Henry (R) 2. Nehemiah D. Sperry (R) 3. Charles A. Russell (R) 4. Ebenezer J. Hill (R) Delaware At-large. John H. Hoffecker (R), until June 16, 1900 (died) Walter O. Hoffecker (R), from December 3, 1900 Florida 1. Stephen M. Sparkman (D) 2. Robert W. Davis (D) Georgia 1. Rufus E. Lester (D) 2. James M. Griggs (D) 3. Elijah B. Lewis (D) 4. William C. Adamson (D) 5. Leonidas F. Livingston (D) 6. Charles L. Bartlett (D) 7. John W. Maddox (D) 8. William M. Howard (D) 9. Farish C. Tate (D) 10. William H. Fleming (D) 11. William G. Brantley (D) Idaho At-large. Edgar Wilson (SR) Illinois 1. James R. Mann (R) 2. William Lorimer (R) 3. George P. Foster (D) 4. Thomas Cusack (D) 5. Edward T. Noonan (D) 6. Henry S. Boutell (R) 7. George E. Foss (R) 8. Albert J. Hopkins (R) 9. Robert R. Hitt (R) 10. George W. Prince (R) 11. Walter Reeves (R) 12. Joseph G. Cannon (R) 13. Vespasian Warner (R) 14. Joseph V. Graff (R) 15. Benjamin F. Marsh (R) 16. William E. Williams (D) 17. Ben F. Caldwell (D) 18. Thomas M. Jett (D) 19. Joseph B. Crowley (D) 20. James R. Williams (D) 21. William A. Rodenberg (R) 22. George W. Smith (R) Indiana 1. James A. Hemenway (R) 2. Robert W. Miers (D) 3. William T. Zenor (D) 4. Francis M. Griffith (D) 5. George W. Faris (R) 6. James E. Watson (R) 7. Jesse Overstreet (R) 8. George W. Cromer (R) 9. Charles B. Landis (R) 10. Edgar D. Crumpacker (R) 11. George W. Steele (R) 12. James M. Robinson (D) 13. Abraham L. Brick (R) Iowa 1. Thomas Hedge (R) 2. Joseph R. Lane (R) 3. David B. Henderson (R) 4. Gilbert N. Haugen (R) 5. Robert G. Cousins (R) 6. John F. Lacey (R) 7. John A. T. Hull (R) 8. William P. Hepburn (R) 9. Smith McPherson (R), until June 6, 1900 (resigned) Walter I. Smith (R), from December 3, 1900 10. Jonathan P. Dolliver (R), until August 22, 1900 (resigned) James P. Conner (R), from December 4, 1900 11. Lot Thomas (R) Kansas 1. Charles Curtis (R) 2. Justin De Witt Bowersock (R) 3. Edwin R. Ridgely (P) 4. James Monroe Miller (R) 5. William A. Calderhead (R) 6. William A. Reeder (R) 7. Chester I. Long (R) At-large. Willis Joshua Bailey (R) Kentucky 1. Charles K. Wheeler (D) 2. Henry Dixon Allen (D) 3. John S. Rhea (D) 4. David Highbaugh Smith (D) 5. Oscar Turner (D) 6. Albert S. Berry (D) 7. Evan E. Settle (D), until November 16, 1899 (died) June Ward Gayle (D), from January 15, 1900 8. George G. Gilbert (D) 9. Samuel Johnson Pugh (R) 10. Thomas Y. Fitzpatrick (D) 11. Vincent Boreing (R) Louisiana 1. Adolph Meyer (D) 2. Robert C. Davey (D) 3. Robert F. Broussard (D) 4. Phanor Breazeale (D) 5. Samuel T. Baird (D), until April 22, 1899 (died) Joseph E. Ransdell (D), from August 29, 1899 6. Samuel M. Robertson (D) Maine 1. Thomas B. Reed (R), until September 4, 1899 (resigned) Amos L. Allen (R), from November 6, 1899 2. Charles E. Littlefield (R), from June 19, 1899 3. Edwin C. Burleigh (R) 4. Charles A. Boutelle (R), until March 3, 1901 (resigned) Maryland 1. John W. Smith (D), until January 12, 1900 (resigned) Josiah Kerr (R), from November 6, 1900 2. William B. Baker (R) 3. Frank C. Wachter (R) 4. James W. Denny (D) 5. Sydney E. Mudd (R) 6. George A. Pearre (R) Massachusetts 1. George P. Lawrence (R) 2. Frederick H. Gillett (R) 3. John R. Thayer (D) 4. George W. Weymouth (R) 5. William S. Knox (R) 6. William H. Moody (R) 7. Ernest W. Roberts (R) 8. Samuel W. McCall (R) 9. John Fitzgerald (D) 10. Henry F. Naphen (D) 11. Charles F. Sprague (R) 12. William C. Lovering (R) 13. William S. Greene (R) Michigan 1. John B. Corliss (R) 2. Henry C. Smith (R) 3. Washington Gardner (R) 4. Edward L. Hamilton (R) 5. William Alden Smith (R) 6. Samuel W. Smith (R) 7. Edgar Weeks (R) 8. Joseph W. Fordney (R) 9. Roswell P. Bishop (R) 10. Rousseau O. Crump (R) 11. William S. Mesick (R) 12. Carlos D. Shelden (R) Minnesota 1. James A. Tawney (R) 2. James McCleary (R) 3. Joel Heatwole (R) 4. Frederick Stevens (R) 5. Loren Fletcher (R) 6. Robert P. Morris (R) 7. Frank Eddy (R) Mississippi 1. John M. Allen (D) 2. Thomas Spight (D) 3. Thomas C. Catchings (D) 4. Andrew F. Fox (D) 5. John Sharp Williams (D) 6. Frank A. McLain (D) 7. Patrick Henry (D) Missouri 1. James T. Lloyd (D) 2. William W. Rucker (D) 3. John Dougherty (D) 4. Charles F. Cochran (D) 5. William S. Cowherd (D) 6. David A. De Armond (D) 7. James Cooney (D) 8. Richard P. Bland (D), until June 15, 1899 Dorsey W. Shackleford (D), from August 29, 1899 9. James Beauchamp Clark (D) 10. Richard Bartholdt (R) 11. Charles F. Joy (R) 12. Charles E. Pearce (R) 13. Edward Robb (D) 14. Willard D. Vandiver (D) 15. Maecenas E. Benton (D) Montana At-large. Albert J. Campbell (D)

Nebraska 1. Elmer J. Burkett (R) 2. David H. Mercer (R) 3. John S. Robinson (D) 4. William L. Stark (P) 5. Roderick D. Sutherland (P) 6. William L. Greene (P), until March 11, 1899 (died) William Neville (P), from December 4, 1899 Nevada At-large. Francis G. Newlands (S) New Hampshire 1. Cyrus A. Sulloway (R) 2. Frank Gay Clarke (R) until January 9, 1901, vacant thereafter New Jersey 1. Henry C. Loudenslager (R) 2. John J. Gardner (R) 3. Benjamin F. Howell (R) 4. Joshua S. Salmon (D) 5. James F. Stewart (R) 6. Richard W. Parker (R) 7. William D. Daly (D), until July 31, 1900 (died) Allan L. McDermott (D), from December 3, 1900 8. Charles N. Fowler (R) New York 1. Townsend Scudder (D) 2. John J. Fitzgerald (D) 3. Edmund H. Driggs (D) 4. Bertram T. Clayton (D) 5. Frank E. Wilson (D) 6. Mitchell May (D) 7. Nicholas Muller (D) 8. Daniel J. Riordan (D) 9. Thomas J. Bradley (D) 10. Amos J. Cummings (D) 11. William Sulzer (D) 12. George B. McClellan, Jr. (D) 13. Jefferson M. Levy (D) 14. William A. Chanler (D) 15. Jacob Ruppert, Jr. (D) 16. John Q. Underhill (D) 17. Arthur S. Tompkins (R) 18. John H. Ketcham (R) 19. Aaron V.S. Cochrane (R) 20. Martin H. Glynn (D) 21. John Knox Stewart (R) 22. Lucius N. Littauer (R) 23. Louis W. Emerson (R) 24. Charles A. Chickering (R), until February 13, 1900 (died) Albert D. Shaw (R), November 6, 1900 – February 10, 1901 (died), vacant thereafter 25. James S. Sherman (R) 26. George W. Ray (R) 27. Michael E. Driscoll (R) 28. Sereno E. Payne (R) 29. Charles W. Gillet (R) 30. James Wolcott Wadsworth (R) 31. James M.E. O'Grady (R) 32. William H. Ryan (D) 33. De Alva S. Alexander (R) 34. Edward B. Vreeland (R), from November 7, 1899 North Carolina 1. John Humphrey Small (D) 2. George H. White (R) 3. Charles R. Thomas (D) 4. John W. Atwater (P) 5. William W. Kitchin (D) 6. John D. Bellamy (D) 7. Theodore F. Kluttz (D) 8. Romulus Z. Linney (R) 9. William T. Crawford (D), until May 10, 1900 (lost election contest) Richmond Pearson (R), from May 10, 1900 (won election contest) North Dakota At-large. Burleigh F. Spalding (R) Ohio 1. William B. Shattuc (R) 2. Jacob H. Bromwell (R) 3. John L. Brenner (D) 4. Robert B. Gordon (D) 5. David Meekison (D) 6. Seth W. Brown (R) 7. Walter L. Weaver (R) 8. Archibald Lybrand (R) 9. James H. Southard (R) 10. Stephen Morgan (R) 11. Charles H. Grosvenor (R) 12. John J. Lentz (D) 13. James A. Norton (D) 14. Winfield S. Kerr (R) 15. Henry C. Van Voorhis (R) 16. Lorenzo Danford (R), until June 19, 1899 (died) John J. Gill (R), from December 4, 1899 17. John A. McDowell (D) 18. Robert W. Tayler (R) 19. Charles W. F. Dick (R) 20. Fremont O. Phillips (R) 21. Theodore E. Burton (R) Oregon 1. Thomas H. Tongue (R) 2. Malcolm A. Moody (R) Pennsylvania 1. Henry H. Bingham (R) 2. Robert Adams, Jr. (R) 3. William McAleer (D) 4. James R. Young (R) 5. Alfred C. Harmer (R), until March 6, 1900 (died) Edward D. Morrell (R), from November 6, 1900 6. Thomas S. Butler (R) 7. Irving P. Wanger (R) 8. Laird H. Barber (D) 9. Daniel Ermentrout (D), until September 17, 1899 (died) Henry D. Green (D), from November 7, 1899 10. Marriott Brosius (R) 11. William Connell (R) 12. Stanley W. Davenport (D) 13. James W. Ryan (D) 14. Marlin E. Olmsted (R) 15. Charles F. Wright (R) 16. Horace B. Packer (R) 17. Rufus K. Polk (D) 18. Thaddeus M. Mahon (R) 19. Edward D. Ziegler (D) 20. Joseph E. Thropp (R) 21. Summers M. Jack (R) 22. John Dalzell (R) 23. William H. Graham (R) 24. Ernest F. Acheson (R) 25. Joseph B. Showalter (R) 26. Athelston Gaston (D) 27. Joseph C. Sibley (D) 28. James K.P. Hall (D) At-large. Samuel A. Davenport (R) At-large. Galusha A. Grow (R) Rhode Island 1. Melville Bull (R) 2. Adin B. Capron (R) South Carolina 1. William Elliott (D) 2. W. Jasper Talbert (D) 3. Asbury Latimer (D) 4. Stanyarne Wilson (D) 5. David E. Finley (D) 6. James Norton (D) 7. J. William Stokes (D) South Dakota At-large. Charles H. Burke (R) At-large. Robert J. Gamble (R) Tennessee 1. Walter P. Brownlow (R) 2. Henry R. Gibson (R) 3. John A. Moon (D) 4. Charles E. Snodgrass (D) 5. James D. Richardson (D) 6. John W. Gaines (D) 7. Nicholas N. Cox (D) 8. Thetus W. Sims (D) 9. Rice A. Pierce (D) 10. Edward W. Carmack (D) Texas 1. Thomas H. Ball (D) 2. Samuel B. Cooper (D) 3. Reese C. De Graffenreid (D) 4. John L. Sheppard (D) 5. Joseph W. Bailey (D) 6. Robert E. Burke (D) 7. Robert L. Henry (D) 8. Samuel W.T. Lanham (D) 9. Albert S. Burleson (D) 10. Robert B. Hawley (R) 11. Rudolph Kleberg (D) 12. James L. Slayden (D) 13. John H. Stephens (D) Utah At-large. William H. King (D), from April 2, 1900 Vermont 1. H. Henry Powers (R) 2. William W. Grout (R) Virginia 1. William A. Jones (D) 2. William A. Young (D), until March 12, 1900 (lost election contest) Richard A. Wise (R), March 12, 1900 (won election contest) – December 21, 1900 (died), vacant thereafter 3. John Lamb (D) 4. Sydney P. Epes (D), until March 3, 1900 (died) Francis R. Lassiter (D), from April 19, 1900 5. Claude A. Swanson (D) 6. Peter J. Otey (D) 7. James Hay (D) 8. John F. Rixey (D) 9. William F. Rhea (D) 10. Julian M. Quarles (D) Washington At-large. Francis W. Cushman (R) At-large. Wesley L. Jones (R) West Virginia 1. Blackburn B. Dovener (R) 2. Alston G. Dayton (R) 3. David Emmons Johnston (D) 4. Romeo H. Freer (R) Wisconsin 1. Henry Allen Cooper (R) 2. Herman B. Dahle (R) 3. Joseph W. Babcock (R) 4. Theobald Otjen (R) 5. Samuel S. Barney (R) 6. James H. Davidson (R) 7. John J. Esch (R) 8. Edward S. Minor (R) 9. Alexander Stewart (R) 10. John J. Jenkins (R) Wyoming At-large. Frank W. Mondell (R) Non-voting members Arizona Territory. John F. Wilson (D) Hawaii Territory. Robert W. Wilcox (Independent), from November 6, 1900 (new territory) New Mexico Territory. Pedro Perea (R) Oklahoma Territory. Dennis T. Flynn (R)

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• replacements: 4
  • Democratic: 1 seat gain
  • Republican: 1 seat loss
• deaths: 3
• resignations: 1
• vacancy: 5
• interim appointments: 3
• Total seats with changes: 9

House of Representatives

• replacements: 18
  • Democratic: 2 seat loss
  • Republican: 2 seat gain
• deaths: 15
• resignations: 8
• contested election: 4
• Total seats with changes: 25

Employees

• Architect of the Capitol: Edward Clark

Senate

• Chaplain: William H. Millburn (Methodist)
• Secretary: William Ruffin Cox
  • Charles G. Bennett, elected February 1, 1900
• Sergeant at Arms: Richard J. Bright
  • Daniel M. Ransdell, elected February 1, 1900

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: Henry N. Couden (Universalist)
• Clerk: Alexander McDowell
• Clerk at the Speaker’s Table: Asher C. Hinds
• Doorkeeper: William J. Glenn
• Postmaster: Joseph C. McElroy
• Sergeant at Arms: Henry Casson

References

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists