Jersey City, New Jersey

Jersey City, New Jersey
City
City of Jersey City

Jersey City in late-April 2012

Seal
Nickname(s): "Wall Street West",[1] "J.C.", "Chilltown"[2]
Motto: "Let Jersey Prosper"[3]

Location of Jersey City within Hudson County and the state of New Jersey

Census Bureau map of Jersey City, New Jersey
Coordinates: 40°42′50″N 74°04′16″W / 40.714°N 74.071°W / 40.714; -74.071Coordinates: 40°42′50″N 74°04′16″W / 40.714°N 74.071°W / 40.714; -74.071[4][5]
Country  United States
State  New Jersey
County Hudson
Incorporated February 22, 1838
Government[6]
 • Type Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council)
 • Body City Council
 • Mayor Steven Fulop (term ends June 30, 2017)[7][8]
 • Deputy Mayor Vivian Brady-Phillips[9]
 • Business Administrator Robert Kakoleski[10]
 • Clerk Robert Byrne[11]
Area[4]
 • Total 21.080 sq mi (54.596 km2)
 • Land 14.794 sq mi (38.316 km2)
 • Water 6.286 sq mi (16.281 km2)  29.82%
Area rank 133rd of 566 in state
1st of 12 in county[4]
Elevation[12] 20 ft (6 m)
Population (2010 Census)[13][14][15]
 • Total 247,597 (75th)
 • Estimate (2014)[16] 262,146
 • Rank 2nd of 566 in state
1st of 12 in county
 • Density 16,736.6/sq mi (6,462.0/km2)
 • Density rank 10th of 566 in state
6th of 12 in county
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) Eastern (EDT) (UTC-4)
ZIP codes 07097, 07302-07308, 07310-07311[17]
Area code(s) 201[18]
FIPS code 3401736000[4][19][20]
GNIS feature ID 0885264[4][21]
Website www.cityofjerseycity.com

Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey,[22] after Newark. It is the seat[23][24] of Hudson County, as well as the county's largest city. As of 2014, Jersey City's Census-estimated population was 262,146,[16] with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010,[25]showed an increase of about 5.9% from the 2010 United States Census,the city's population was at 247,597.[15][26]

Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. A port of entry, with 11 miles (18 km) of waterfront and significant rail connections, the city is an important transportation terminus and distribution and manufacturing center for the Port of New York and New Jersey. Financial and service industries as well as direct rapid transit access to Manhattan in New York City have played a prominent role in the redevelopment of the Jersey City waterfront and the creation of one of the nation's largest downtown central business districts.

After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the city's population saw a half-century-long decline to a low of 223,532 in the 1980 Census, but since then the city's population has grown, with the 2010 population reflecting an increase of 7,542 (+3.1%) from the 240,055 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 11,518 (+5.0%) from the 228,537 counted in the 1990 Census.[27][28]

History

Lenape and New Netherland

The land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes (later called Delaware Indian). In 1609, Henry Hudson, seeking an alternate route to East Asia, anchored his small vessel Halve Maen (English: Half Moon) at Sandy Hook, Harsimus Cove and Weehawken Cove, and elsewhere along what was later named the North River. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, he sailed as far north as Albany. By 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a land grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River (Hudson River) and purchased the land from the Lenape. This grant is dated November 22, 1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was an absentee landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633.[29] That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, which had been named Pavonia (the Latinized form of Pauw's name, which means peacock).[30] Shortly after, another house was built at Harsimus Cove and became the home of Cornelius Van Vorst, who had succeeded Bout as superintendent, and whose family would become influential in the development of the city. Relations with the Lenape deteriorated, in part because of the colonialist's mismanagement and misunderstanding of the indigenous people, and led to series of raids and reprisals and the virtual destruction of the settlement on the west bank. During Kieft's War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25, 1643.[31]

Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia: Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands "behind Kil van Kull". The first village (located inside a palisaded garrison) established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, and is considered to be the oldest town in what would become the state of New Jersey.[32]

Early America

Jersey City at the end of the 19th century

Among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House (1690),[33] the Van Vorst Farmhouse (1740),[34][35][36] and the Van Wagenen House (1742). During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York. In the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19, 1779. After this war, Alexander Hamilton and other prominent New Yorkers and New Jerseyeans attempted to develop the area that would become historic downtown Jersey City and laid out the city squares and streets that still characterize the neighborhood, giving them names also seen in Lower Manhattan or after war heroes (Grove, Varick, Mercer, Wayne, Monmouth, and Montgomery among them). During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city.[37]

The ferry docks at the Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park in 1893

The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28, 1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23, 1829, and again on February 22, 1838, at which time it became completely independent of North Bergen and was given its present name. On February 22, 1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County.[38]

Jersey City and Hoboken in 1886

Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the state legislature on April 2, 1869, with a special election to be held October 5, 1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated. While a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City.[39] The consolidation began on March 17, 1870, taking effect on May 3, 1870.[40] Three years later the present outline of Jersey City was completed when Greenville agreed to merge into the Greater Jersey City.[38][41]

1853 to 1859; New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company original Jersey City terminal: Job Male, six year Superintendent of Construction of the NJRR, 1853–1859, built this complete terminal in Jersey City. He was designer and builder of terminal, docks, ferry houses, and piers, and possibly the Maintenance facility between Washington and Green streets built during his term as Superintendent. Reclaiming the natural river front, which included all that section of Hudson Street lying between Essex and Wayne Streets. He planned and built for the company the old circular-roofed depot, which was 500' in length and 100' wide, and which was situated on Montgomery street where the 1858 Pennsylvania Railroad depot was built.[42]

In the late 1880s three passenger railroad terminals opened in Jersey City next to the Hudson River (Pavonia Terminal,[43] Exchange Place[44] and Communipaw[45]). Tens of millions of immigrants passed through these stations as they made their way westward from Ellis Island into the United States.[45] The railroads transformed the geography of the city by building the Erie Cut as well as several large freight rail yards.[46][47] The railroads became and would remain the largest employers in Jersey City into and during the early 20th century.

20th and 21st centuries

Jersey City was a dock and manufacturing town for much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Much like New York City, Jersey City has always been a destination for new immigrants to the United States. In its heyday before World War II, German, Irish, and Italian immigrants found work at Colgate, Chloro or Dixon Ticonderoga. In 1908, the first permanent, drinking water disinfection system in the U.S. was installed on the water supply for the City by John L. Leal.[48] The Hudson Tubes opened in 1911, allowing passengers to take the train to Manhattan as an alternative to the extensive ferry system. The Black Tom explosion occurred on July 30, 1916, as an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German agents to prevent the materials from being used by the Allies in World War I.[49]

From 1917 to 1947, Jersey City was governed by Mayor Frank Hague. Originally elected as a candidate supporting reform in governance, the Jersey City History Web Site says his name is "synonymous with the early twentieth century urban American blend of political favoritism and social welfare known as bossism." Hague ran the city with an iron fist while, at the same time, molding governors, United States senators, and judges to his whims. Boss Hague was known to be loud and vulgar, but dressed in a stylish manner earning him the nickname "King Hanky-Panky".[50] In his later years in office, Hague would often dismiss his enemies as "reds" or "commies". Hague lived like a millionaire, despite having an annual salary that never exceeded $8,500. He was able to maintain a fourteen-room duplex apartment in Jersey City, a suite at the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, and a palatial summer home in Deal, and travel to Europe yearly in the royal suites of the best ocean liners.[51]

After Hague's retirement from politics, a series of mayors including John V. Kenny, Thomas J. Whelan and Thomas F. X. Smith attempted to take control of Hague's organization, usually under the mantle of political reform. None were able to duplicate the level of power held by Hague,[52] but the city and the county remained notorious for political corruption for years.[53][54][55] By the 1970s, the city experienced a period of urban decline that saw many of its wealthy residents leave for the suburbs, rising crime, civil unrest, political corruption, and economic hardship. From 1950 to 1980, Jersey City lost 75,000 residents, and from 1975 to 1982, it lost 5,000 jobs, or 9% of its workforce.[56]

Beginning in the 1980s, development of the waterfront in an area previously occupied by rail yards and factories helped to stir the beginnings of a renaissance for Jersey City. The rapid construction of numerous high-rise buildings increased the population and led to the development of the Exchange Place financial district, also known as 'Wall Street West', one of the largest banking centers in the United States. Large financial institutions such as UBS, Goldman Sachs, Chase Bank, Citibank, and Merrill Lynch occupy prominent buildings on the Jersey City waterfront, some of which are among the tallest buildings in New Jersey. Simultaneous to this building boom, the light-rail network was developed.[57] With 18,000,000 square feet (1,700,000 m2) of office space, it has the nation's 12th largest downtown.[58]

City Ordinance 13.097, passed in October 2013, requires employers with ten or more employees to offer up to five paid sick days a year. The bill impacts all businesses employing workers who work at least 80 hours a calendar year in Jersey City.[59]

Liberty Island and Liberty State Park

Geography

As seen from Manhattan

Jersey City is the seat of Hudson County, New Jersey, and the second-largest city in New Jersey.[22] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 21.080 square miles (54.596 km2), including 14.794 square miles (38.316 km2) of land and 6.286 square miles (16.281 km2) of water (29.82%).[4][5] As of the 1990 Census, it had the smallest land area of the 100 most populous cities in America.[60]

Jersey City is bordered to the east by the Hudson River, to the north by Secaucus, North Bergen, Union City and Hoboken, to the west, across the Hackensack, by Kearny and Newark, and to the south by Bayonne. Given their proximity and accessibility by rapid transit to Manhattan, Jersey City and Hudson County are sometimes referred to as New York City's Sixth Borough.[61][62][63]

Image of Jersey City taken by NASA (red line demarcates the municipal boundaries of Jersey City)

Neighborhoods

Newport
Journal Square

Jersey City (and most of Hudson County) is located on the peninsula known as Bergen Neck, with a waterfront on the east at the Hudson River and New York Bay and on the west at the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. Its north-south axis corresponds with the ridge of Bergen Hill, the emergence of the Hudson Palisades.[64] The city is the site of some of the earliest European settlements in North America, which grew into each other rather expanding from a central point.[65][66] This growth and the topography greatly influenced the development of the sections of the city[67][68] and the neighborhoods within them.[52] The city is divided into six wards.[69]

Downtown Jersey City

Main article: Downtown Jersey City

Downtown Jersey City is the area from the Hudson River westward to the Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 78) and the New Jersey Palisades; it is also bounded by Hoboken to the north and Liberty State Park to the south.

Historic Downtown is an area of mostly low-rise buildings to the west of the waterfront that is highly desirable due to its proximity to local amenities and Manhattan. It includes the neighborhoods of Van Vorst Park and Hamilton Park, which are both square parks surrounded by brownstones. This historic downtown also includes Paulus Hook, the Village and Harsimus Cove neighborhoods. Grove Street, a main thoroughfare in Downtown Jersey City, has seen a lot of development and the surrounding neighborhoods are rich with stores and restaurants[70] that cater to the diverse backgrounds of Jersey City's inhabitants. The Grove Street PATH station is in the process of being renovated[71] and a number of new residential buildings are being built around the stop, including a proposed 50-story building at 90 Columbus.[72] Historic Downtown is home to many cultural attractions including the Jersey City Museum, the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Powerhouse (planned to become a museum and artist housing) and the Harsimus Stem Embankment along Sixth Street, which a citizens' movement is working to turn into public parkland that would be modeled after the High Line in Manhattan.[73]

Newport and Exchange Place are redeveloped waterfront areas consisting mostly of residential towers, hotels and office buildings. Newport is a planned mixed-use community, built on the old Erie Lackawanna Railway yards, made up of residential rental towers, condominiums, office buildings, a marina, schools, restaurants, hotels, Newport Centre Mall, a waterfront walkway, transportation facilities, and on-site parking for more than 15,000 vehicles. Newport had a hand in the renaissance of Jersey City although, before ground was broken, much of the downtown area had already begun a steady climb (much like Hoboken). In recent years, this area of Jersey City has undergone gentrification that has seen the improvement in neighborhoods. This has also caused a rise of the standard of living throughout the city. Downtown also includes the Newport Centre area, which is also home of the Westin Hotel.[74] Prior to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks Jersey City had three office towers over 100 meters. Since then, three more office towers and 10 residential buildings over 100 meters have been completed.[75] In January 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration gave navigational clearance for construction of a 79-story, 900-foot (270 m) residential and commercial tower planned by the Chinese Overseas America Corporation, which would succeed the Goldman Sachs Tower, also in Downtown Jersey City, as the tallest skyscraper in New Jersey.[76]

Bergen-Lafayette

Bergen-Lafayette, formerly Bergen City, New Jersey, lies between Greenville to the south and McGinley Square to the north, while bordering Liberty State Park and Downtown to the east and the West Side neighborhood to the west. This area is commonly called "The Hill" by the natives of the city. Communipaw Avenue, Bergen Avenue, Martin Luther King Drive, and Ocean Avenue are main thoroughfares. The former Jersey City Medical Center complex, a cluster of Art Deco buildings on a rise in the center of the city, has been converted into residential complexes called The Beacon.[77] Berry Lane Park, which will be the largest municipal park in Jersey City, is currently under construction along Garfield Avenue in the northern section of Bergen-Lafayette.

The Heights

The Heights or Jersey City Heights is a district in the north end of Jersey City atop the New Jersey Palisades overlooking Hoboken to the east and Croxton in the Meadowlands to the west. Previously the city of Hudson City, The Heights was incorporated into Jersey City in 1869.[39] The southern border of The Heights is generally considered to be north of Bergen Arches and The Divided Highway, while Paterson Plank Road in Washington Park is its main northern boundary. Transfer Station is just over the city line. Its postal area ZIP Code is 07307. The Heights mostly contains two- and three-family houses and low rise apartment buildings, and is similar to North Hudson architectural style and neighborhood character.[78]

View of Jersey City from the northwest. Lower Manhattan is in the background

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Jersey City has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[79] Jersey City is within USDA hardiness zone 7a on the West side of the city and hardiness zone 7b on the East side.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18403,072—
18506,856123.2%
186029,226326.3%
187082,546*182.4%
1880120,722*46.2%
1890163,00335.0%
1900206,43326.6%
1910267,77929.7%
1920298,10311.3%
1930316,7156.2%
1940301,173−4.9%
1950299,017−0.7%
1960276,101−7.7%
1970260,350−5.7%
1980223,532−14.1%
1990228,5372.2%
2000240,0555.0%
2010247,5973.1%
Est. 2014262,146[16][80][81]5.9%
Population sources:
1840–1920[82] 1840[83] 1850–1870[84]
1850[85] 1870[86] 1880–1890[87]
1890–1910[88] 1840–1930[89]
1930–1990[90] 2000[91][92] 2010[13][14][15]
* = Gained territory in previous decade.[38]
Racial composition 2010[26] 1990[93] 1970[93] 1940[93]
White 32.7% 48.2% 77.8% 95.5%
—Non-Hispanic 21.5% 36.6% 69.5%[94] n/a
Black or African American 25.8% 29.7% 21.0% 4.5%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 27.6% 24.2% 9.1%[94] n/a
Asian 23.7% 11.4% 0.5% −

2010 Census

India Square, known as Little Bombay,[95] has the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere.[96]

At the 2010 United States Census, there were 247,597 people, 96,859 households, and 57,631 families residing in the city. The population density was 16,736.6 per square mile (6,462.0/km2). There were 108,720 housing units at an average density of 7,349.1 per square mile (2,837.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 32.67% (80,885) White, 25.85% (64,002) Black or African American, 0.51% (1,272) Native American, 23.67% (58,595) Asian, 0.07% (161) Pacific Islander, 12.81% (31,726) from other races, and 4.42% (10,956) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 27.57% (68,256) of the population.[13]

There were 96,859 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.5% were married couples living together, 18.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.5% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.20.[13]

In the city, 21.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 37.6% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.2 years. For every 100 females there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males.[13]

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $54,280 (with a margin of error of +/- $1,460) and the median family income was $58,533 (+/- $2,116). Males had a median income of $49,582 (+/- $1,968) versus $43,458 (+/- $1,837) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $30,490 (+/- $668). About 15.1% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.1% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over.[97]

As of the 2010 Census, Jersey City experienced an increase of 7,542 residents (3.1%) from its 2000 Census population of 240,055.[13][22] Since it was believed the earlier population was under documented, the 2010 census was anticipated with the possibility that Jersey City might become the state's most populated city, surpassing Newark.[98] The city hired an outside firm to contest the results, citing the fact that development in the city between 2000 and 2010 substantially increased the number of housing units and that new populations may have been undercounted by as many as 30,000 residents based on the city's calculations.[99][100] Preliminary findings indicated that 19,000 housing units went uncounted.[101]

2000 Census

View of Jersey City from space

As of the 2000 United States Census, the population was 240,055 making Jersey City the 72nd most populous city in the U.S.[102] Among cities with a population higher than 100,000 ranked in the 2000 Census, Jersey City was the fourth most densely populated large city in the United States, behind New York City; Paterson, New Jersey; and San Francisco.[103] There were 88,632 households, and 55,660 families residing in the city. The population density was 16,093.7/mi2 (6,212.2/km2). There were 93,648 housing units at an average density of 6,278.3 per square mile (2,423.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 34.01% White, 28.32% African American, 0.45% Native American, 16.20% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 15.11% from other races, and 5.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 28.31% of the population.[91][92]

As of the 2000 Census, the most common reported ancestries were Italian (6.6%), Irish (5.6%), Polish (3.0%), Arab (2.8%), and German (2.7%).[104]

Of all 88,632 households, 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living there, 36.4% were married couples living together, 20.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.37.[91][92]

In the city the population was spread out with 24.7% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 35.1% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.[91][92]

The median income of its households was $37,862, and the median income of its families was $41,639. Males had a median income of $35,119 versus $30,494 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,410. About 16.4% of families and 18.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.0% of those under age 18 and 17.5% of those age 65 or over.[91][92]

Community diversity

Jersey City is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world.[105][106] The city is a major port of entry for immigration to the United States and a major employment center at the approximate core of the New York City metropolitan region; and given its proximity to Manhattan, Jersey City has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership.[105]

Latin American

There were an estimated 68,857 Hispanic Americans in Jersey City, 27.4% of the population, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[107] representing a 0.9% increase from 68,256 Hispanic Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.[108] Immigrants from South America, led by Ecuador, are a growing component of Jersey City's population/[105] Puerto Rican Americans constitute the largest Hispanic group in Jersey City.[107] While Cuban Americans are not as highly concentrated in Jersey City as they are in northern Hudson County, Jersey City has hosted the annual Cuban Parade and Festival of New Jersey at Exchange Place on its downtown waterfront since it was established in 2001.[109]

Puerto Rican American

There were an estimated 27,108 Puerto Rican Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[107] representing a 5.6% increase from 25,677 Puerto Rican Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.[108]

Asian American

There were an estimated 60,922 Asian Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[107] representing a 4.0% increase from 58,595 Asian Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.[108]

Indian American

India Square, also known as "Little India" or "Little Bombay",[95] home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere,[96] is a rapidly growing Indian American ethnic enclave in Jersey City. Indian Americans constituted 10.9% of the overall population of Jersey City in 2010,[13] the highest proportion of any major U.S. city. India Square has been home to the largest outdoor Navratri festivities in New Jersey as well as several Hindu temples;[110] while an annual, color-filled spring Holi festival has taken place in Jersey City since 1992, centered upon India Square and attracting significant participation and international media attention.[111][112] There were an estimated 27,603 Indian Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[107] representing a 1.8% increase from 27,111 Indian Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.[108]

Filipino American

Seven per cent (7%) of Jersey City's population is Filipino.[113] The Five Corners district is home to a thriving Filipino community and Jersey City's Little Manila, which is the second largest Asian American subgroup in the city. A variety of Filipino restaurants, shippers and freighters, doctors' officers, bakeries, stores, and an office of The Filipino Channel have made Newark Avenue their home. The largest Filipino-owned grocery store on the East Coast of the United States, Phil-Am Food, has been there since 1973. An array of Filipino-owned businesses can also be found at the section of West Side of Jersey City, where many of its residents are of Filipino descent. In 2006, a Red Ribbon pastry shop, one of the Philippines' most famous food chains, opened its first branch on the East Coast in the Garden State.[114] Manila Avenue in Downtown Jersey City was named for the Philippine capital city because of the many Filipinos who built their homes on this street during the 1970s. A memorial, dedicated to the Filipino American veterans of the Vietnam War, was built in a small square on Manila Avenue. A park and statue dedicated to Jose P. Rizal, a national hero of the Philippines, exists in downtown Jersey City.[115] Jersey City is the host of the annual Philippine-American Friendship Day Parade, an event that occurs yearly in June, on its last Sunday. The City Hall of Jersey City raises the Philippine flag in correlation to this event and as a tribute to the contributions of the Filipino community. The Santacruzan Procession along Manila Avenue has taken place since 1977.[116] There were an estimated 16,974 Filipino Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[107] representing a 4.7% increase from 16,213 Filipino Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.[108]

Chinese American

Jersey City, highly accessible to Lower Manhattan in New York City and its Chinatown by rapid transit, was home to an estimated 7,437 Chinese Americans, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[107] representing a notably rapid growth of 31.8% from the 5,643 Chinese Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.[108]

Vietnamese American

New Jersey's largest Vietnamese American population resides in Jersey City. There were an estimated 1,947 Vietnamese Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[107] representing a robust 21.1% increase from 1,607 Vietnamese Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.[108]

European American

There were an estimated 54,626 non-Hispanic whites in Jersey City, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[107] representing a 2.6% increase from 53,236 non-Hispanic whites enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.[108] Many non-Hispanic whites have settled in the newer developments in the Newport and Exchange Place neighborhoods along the Jersey City waterfront.

Western European American

Ever since the settling of New Netherland in the 1600s, comprising what is now the Gateway Region of northeastern New Jersey as well as portions of Downstate New York in the New York City metropolitan area, the Dutch and British, along with German and Irish Americans, have established an integral role in the subsequent long-term development of Jersey City over the centuries.

African American

There were an estimated 65,604 African Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[107] representing a 2.5% increase from 64,002 African Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States Census.[108] This is in contrast with Hudson County overall, where there were an estimated 83,576 African Americans, according to the 2013 American Community Survey,[117] representing a 0.4% decrease from 83,925 African Americans enumerated in the county in the 2010 United States Census.[118] However, modest growth in the African immigrant population, most notably the growing Nigerian American and Kenyan American populations[119][120] in Jersey City, is partially offsetting the decline in the city's American-born black population, which as a whole has been experiencing an exodus from northern New Jersey to the Southern United States.[121]

Arab American

Arab Americans numbered an estimated 14,518 individuals in Hudson County as per the 2012 American Community Survey, representing 2.3% of the county's total population.[122] the second highest percentage in New Jersey after Passaic County.[123] Arab Americans are most concentrated in Jersey City, led by Egyptian Americans, including the largest population of Coptic Christians in the United States.[105][106] There is a notable Moroccan American population in Jersey City.

Muslim American

Muslims constitute 4.2% of religious adherents in Jersey City.[124] The growing Muslim American population in Jersey City and Hudson County includes a significant Latino contingent comprising adherents converting from other religious affiliations.[125] Pakistani Americans, Bangladeshi Americans, and Arab Americans compose a significant proportion of Jersey City's Muslim population.

In November 2015, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump made the claim that "thousands and thousands" of Muslims in Jersey City cheered as they watched the twin towers burn after their collapse during the September 11 terrorist attacks, and used the unsubstantiated allegation as justification for his proposal that certain mosques in the United States should be monitored by authorities.[126]

Jewish American

Main article: Jews in New York City

A growing Jewish American population has been noted in Jersey City,[127] including 3.3% of religious adherents.[124]

Same-sex couples

There were 2,726 same-sex couples in Hudson County in 2010, with Jersey City being the hub,[128] prior to the commencement of same-sex marriages in New Jersey on October 21, 2013.[129]

Artists-in-residence

A 2011 survey of census data shows Jersey City to have one the nation's highest percentages of artists-in-residence, leading The Atlantic magazine to call it the 10th most artistic city in the USA.[130][131][132]

Economy

Jersey City has several shopping districts, some of which are traditional main streets for their respective neighborhoods, such as Central, Danforth, and West Side Avenues. Journal Square is a major commercial district. Newport Mall is a regional shopping area.[133] Portions of the city are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3½% sales tax rate (versus the 7% rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.[134] In February 2014, New Jersey State Senate President Stephen Sweeney argued that Jersey City, among other distressed cities, could benefit from a casino—were construction of one outside of Atlantic City eventually permitted by New Jersey.[135]

Jersey City is home to the headquarters of Verisk Analytics[136] and Lord Abbett, a privately held money management firm.[137] Companies such as Computershare, ICAP, ADP, and Fidelity Investments also conduct operations in the city.[138] Goya Foods, which had been headquartered in adjacent Secaucus, opened a new headquarters including a 600,000-square-foot warehouse and distribution center in Jersey City in April 2015.[139]

In 2014, Paul Fireman proposed a 95-story tower for Jersey City that would include a casino. The project, which endorsed by Mayor Steve Fulop, would cost an estimated $4.6 billion.[140]

Also in 2014, Forbes magazine moved its headquarters to Jersey City, having been awarded a $27 million tax grant in exchange for bringing 350 jobs to the city over a ten-year period.[141]

Art and culture

Notable landmarks

Museums and libraries

The Jersey City Free Public Library has five regional branches, some of which have permanent collections and host exhibitions. At the Main Library, the New Jersey Room contains historical archives and photos. The Greenville Branch is home to the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Society Museum. The Five Corners Branch specializes in works related to music and the fine arts, and is a gallery space. The library system also supports a bookmobile and five neighborhood libraries.[146]

Liberty State Park is home to Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, the Interpretive Center, and Liberty Science Center, an interactive science and learning center. The center, which first opened in 1993 as New Jersey's first major state science museum, has science exhibits, the world's largest IMAX Dome theater, numerous educational resources, and the original Hoberman sphere.[147] From the park, ferries travel to both Ellis Island and the Immigration Museum and Liberty Island, site of the Statue of Liberty.[148]

The Jersey City Museum, Mana Contemporary, and the Museum of Russian Art, which specializes in Soviet Nonconformist Art,[149] include permanent collections and special exhibits.

Some stations of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail feature public art exhibitions, including those at Exchange Place, Danforth Avenue[150] and Martin Luther King Drive station.[151][152]

Hudson County Shakespeare Festival

Since 1992, the Hudson Shakespeare Company has been the resident Shakespeare festival of Hudson County performing a free Shakespeare production for each month of the summer throughout various parks in the city. The group regularly performs at Hamilton Park (9th Street & Jersey Avenue), Van Vorst Park (Jersey Avenue & Montgomery Street), and The Historic Jersey City and Harsimus Cemetery (435 Newark Avenue).[153]

In literature

The American poet Wallace Stevens described the city as a place where "the deer and the dachshund are one."[154]

Government

City Hall, on Grove Street

Local government

Jersey City is governed under the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council) form of municipal government by a mayor and a nine-member city council. The city council consists of six members elected from wards[155] and three elected at large, all elected to four-year terms on a concurrent basis in non-partisan elections.[6][69]

The mayor is Steven Fulop, who won the mayoral election in 2013.[7] The Business Administrator is Robert Kakoleski.[156] The City Clerk is Robert Byrne.[11] As of 2015, members of the City Council are Council President Rolando R. Lavarro, Jr., Daniel Rivera (at Large), Joyce Watterman (at Large), Frank Gajewski (Ward A – Greenville), Khemraj "Chico" Ramchal (Ward B – West Side), Richard Boggiano (Ward C – Journal Square), Michael Yun (Ward D – The Heights), Candice Osborne (Ward E – Downtown) and Diane Coleman (Ward F – Bergen/Lafayette), all of whom are serving concurrent terms of office running from July 1, 2013 until June 30, 2017.[157]

Federal, state and county representation

Jersey City is split between the 8th and 10th Congressional Districts[158] and is part of New Jersey's 31st and 33rd state legislative districts.[14][159][160] Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Jersey City had been in the 31st, 32nd and the 33rd state legislative districts.[161] Prior to the 2010 Census, Jersey City had been split between the 9th Congressional District, 10th Congressional District and the 13th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.[161] The split that went into effect in 2013 placed 111,678 residents living in the city's north and east in the 8th District, while 139,519 residents in the southwest portion of the city were placed in the 10th District.[158][162]

New Jersey's Eighth Congressional District is represented by Albio Sires (D, West New York).[163] New Jersey's Tenth Congressional District is represented by Donald Payne, Jr. (D, Newark).[164] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Cory Booker (D, Newark, term ends 2021)[165] and Bob Menendez (D, Paramus, 2019).[166][167]

For the 2016–2017 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 31st Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Sandra Bolden Cunningham (D, Jersey City) and in the General Assembly by Nicholas Chiaravalloti (D, Bayonne) and Angela V. McKnight (D, Jersey City).[168] For the 2016–2017 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 33rd Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Brian P. Stack (D, Union City) and in the General Assembly by Raj Mukherji (D, Jersey City) and Annette Chaparro (D, Hoboken).[169] The Governor of New Jersey is Chris Christie (R, Mendham Township).[170] The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Kim Guadagno (R, Monmouth Beach).[171]

The city encompasses three Hudson County freeholder districts in their entirety, while three others are shared with adjacent municipalities. The Hudson County Executive, elected at-large, is Thomas A. DeGise.[172] Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders Districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 are located partially or entirely in Jersey City. District 1 comprises neighboring Bayonne and a small part of Jersey City, Country Village,[173] and is represented by Doreen McAndrew DiDomenico.[174][175] District 2 includes the West Side and parts of the Marion Section and Journal Square[176] and is represented by William O'Dea.[174][175] District 3, which stretches from Paulus Hook through Bergen Hill to the east side of Greenville[177] is represented by Jeffrey Dublin.[174][175] District 4 includes Harsimus, Hamilton Park, and portions of Journal Square and the Heights [178] and is represented by Eliu Rivera.[174][175] District 5, comprising portions of the Heights and all of neighboring Hoboken,[179] is represented by Anthony Romano.[174][175] District 8 compromises all of North Bergen, the North End of Secaucus and the northern tip of the city near Transfer Station.[180] It is represented by Thomas Liggio.[174]

Politics

As of March 23, 2011, there was a total of 120,229 registered voters in Jersey City, of whom 58,194 (48.4%) were registered as Democrats, 7,655 (6.4%) were registered as Republicans, and 54,293 (45.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 87 voters registered to other parties.[181]

In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 85.5% of the vote (64,052 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 13.5% (10,120 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (751 votes), among the 75,506 ballots cast by the city's 133,197 registered voters (583 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 56.7%.[182][183] In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 81.8% of the vote (65,780 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 16.8% (13,529 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (584 votes), among the 80,381 ballots cast by the city's 139,158 registered voters, for a turnout of 57.8%.[184] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 74.5% of the vote (52,979 ballots cast), out polling Republican George W. Bush with 22.8% (16,216 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (559 votes), among the 71,130 ballots cast by the city's 119,723 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 59.4.[185]

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 66.5% of the vote (20,421 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 31.8% (9,784 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (514 votes), among the 32,347 ballots cast by the city's 139,265 registered voters (1,628 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 23.2%.[186][187] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 76.2% of the vote (29,817 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 18.7% (7,336 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 3.2% (1,263 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (371 votes), among the 39,143 ballots cast by the city's 120,269 registered voters, yielding a 32.5% turnout.[188]

Emergency services

Education

Colleges and universities

The Yanitelli Center on the campus of Saint Peter's University.

Jersey City is home to the New Jersey City University (NJCU) and Saint Peter's University, both of which are located in the city's West Side district. It is also home to Hudson County Community College, which is located in Journal Square. The University of Phoenix has a small location at Newport, and Rutgers University offers MBA classes at Harborside Center. Hudson County Community College, a junior college located in the Journal Square area offering courses to help the transition into a larger university, is praised for the culinary department and program.[189]

Public schools

Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School

The Jersey City Public Schools serve students three years and older from Pre-K 3 through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide,[190] which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.[191][192]

Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School was the second-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 322 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked second in 2008 out of 316 schools.[193] and was selected as 41st best high school in the United States in Newsweek magazine's national 2011 survey.[194] William L. Dickinson High School is the oldest high school in the city and one of the largest schools in Hudson County in terms of student population. Opened in 1906 as the Jersey City High School it is one of the oldest school sites in the city, it is a four-story Beaux-Arts building located on a hilltop facing the Hudson River.[195] Liberty High School is also one of the top schools in the Heights and the only high school that focuses on all academics. Other public high schools in Jersey City are James J. Ferris High School, Lincoln High School, and Henry Snyder High School. The Hudson County Schools of Technology (which also has campuses in North Bergen and Secaucus) has a campus in Jersey City, which includes County Prep High School.[196]

Among Jersey City's elementary and middle schools is Academy I Middle School and Frank R. Conwell Middle School #4, which is part of the Academic Enrichment Program for Gifted Students. Another school is Alexander D. Sullivan P.S. #30, an ESL magnet school in the Greenville district, which services nearly 800 Pre-k through 5th grade students.[197]

Jersey City also has 12 charter schools, which are run under a special charter granted by the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Education, including the Mathematics, Engineering, Technology and Science Charter School (for grades 6 – 12) and the Dr. Lena Edwards Charter School (for K-8), which were approved in January 2011.[198] A Jersey City charter school has purchased a half-acre parcel of land on Grand Street to make room for its new $12 million middle school. The new school building will serve 240 students in sixth through ninth grades, according to Bret Schundler, a former Jersey City mayor and the Commissioner of Education for New Jersey.

Private schools

Catholic schools

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark maintains a network of elementary and secondary Catholic schools serve every area of Jersey City. High schools administered by the Archdiocese are Hudson Catholic Regional High School, St. Anthony High School, Saint Dominic Academy and St. Peter's Preparatory School.[199] St. Mary High School closed in June 2011 due to declining enrollment.[200]

Catholic grade schools include Our Lady of Mercy Academy, Our Lady of Czestochowa School, Resurrection School, Sacred Heart School,[201] St. Aloysius Elementary Academy, St. Anne School, St. Joseph School and St. Nicholas School.[202]

Other private schools

Other private high schools in Jersey City include First Christian Pentecostal Academy[203] and Stevens Cooperative School.[204] Kenmare High School is operated through the York Street Project as part of an effort to reduce rates of poverty in households headed by women, through a program that offers small class sizes, individualized learning and development of life skills.[205]

A number of other charter and private schools are also available. Genesis Educational Center[206] is a private Christian school located in downtown Jersey City for ages newborn through 8th grade. The Jersey City Art School is a private art school located in downtown Jersey City for all ages.[207]

Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal

Media

Jersey City is located within the New York media market, and most of its daily papers are available for sale or delivery. The daily newspaper The Jersey Journal, located at its namesake Journal Square, covers Hudson County, its morning daily, Hudson Dispatch now defunct.[208] The Jersey City Reporter is part of the Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies. The Jersey City Independent is a web-only news outlet that covers politics and culture in the city.[209] The River View Observer is another weekly published in the city and distributed throughout the county. Another countywide weekly, El Especialito, also serves the city.[210] The Jersey City Independent is an online newspaper covering Jersey City and surrounding municipalities. It also publishes JCI Magazine, a print quarterly magazine.[211] The Daily News maintains extensive publishing and distribution facilities at Liberty Industrial Park.[212]

WFMU 91.1FM (WMFU 90.1FM in the Hudson Valley), the longest running freeform radio station in the US, moved to Jersey City in 1998.[213] WSNR-620 AM is also licensed in the city.

Jersey City is the filming location for the 2012 reality television series Snooki & JWoww, a spinoff of Jersey Shore that stars Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi and Jennifer "JWoww" Farley living at a former firehouse at 38 Mercer Street at Grove Street in Downtown Jersey City.[214]

Transportation

In the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, many people were evacuated from Lower Manhattan across the Hudson River by ferry to Jersey City
Hudson-Bergen Light Rail

Of all Jersey City commuters, 8.17% walk to work, and 46.62% take public transit.[215] This is the second highest percentage of public transit riders of any city with a population of 100,000+ in the United States, behind only New York City and ahead of Washington, D.C. 40.67% of Jersey City households do not own an automobile, the second-highest of all cities in the United States with 50,000 to 250,000 residents.[215]

Rail

Water

Bus

The Journal Square Transportation Center, Exchange Place, and Hoboken Terminal (just over the city line's northeast corner) are major origination/destination points for buses. Service is available to numerous points within Jersey City, Hudson County, and some suburban areas as well as to Newark on the 1, 2, 6, 10, 22, 64, 67, 68, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 123, 125, 305, 319 lines.[224] Also serving Jersey City are various lines operated by Academy Bus and A&C Bus. Increased use of jitneys, locally known as dollar vans, have greatly affected travel patterns in Hudson County, leading to decreased bus ridership on traditional bus lines. After studies examining existing systems and changes in public transportation usage patterns it was determined that a Journal Square-Bayonne bus rapid transit system should be investigated. In 2012 the Board of Chosen Freeholders authorized the identification of possible BRT corridors.[225][226][227][228][229]

As of 2016 two Taiwanese airlines, China Airlines and EVA Air, provide private bus services to and from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City for customers based in New Jersey. These bus services stop in Jersey City.[230][231]

Entrance to the Holland Tunnel which carries high amounts of vehicular traffic from New Jersey to Lower Manhattan.

Air

Road

As of May 2010, the city had a total of 218.57 miles (351.75 km) of roadways, of which 189.88 miles (305.58 km) were maintained by the municipality, 10.34 miles (16.64 km) by Hudson County and 12.23 miles (19.68 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 6.12 miles (9.85 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.[233]

East Coast Greenway dedication ceremony

Bike

A part of the East Coast Greenway, a planned unbroken bike route from Maine to the Florida Keys, will travel through the city. In June 2012, part of the route was officially designated in Lincoln Park and over the Lincoln Highway Hackensack River Bridge.[234][235] Both the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway and Hackensack RiverWalk are bicycle friendly.[236] In April 2012, the city initiated the Morris Canal Greenway Plan to investigate the establishment of a greenway, including a bicycle path, that would follow the route of the Morris Canal to the greatest extent possible.[237][238][239] in the same month, the city established bikes lanes along the length Grove Street, originally meant to temporary. In December 2012, the city announced that Grove Street lanes would become permanent and that it would add an additional 54 miles (87 km) of both dedicated and shared bike lanes.[240] The Harbor Ring is an initiative to create a 50-mile bike route along the Lower Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, and Kill van Kull that would incorporate bike paths in the city.[241][242][243] In 2013, the city simplified the application and reduced the cost for business and residences to install bike racks as well as making them obligatory for certain new construction projects.[244] Hudson County has initiated exploration of a bike-share program.[245] Jersey City, Hoboken and Weehawken intended to operate the program starting 2014[246] but delayed the launch due to lack of sponsorship. The revamped program officially launched on September 21, 2015 as Citi Bike with membership working in New York City.[247]

Notable people

Sister cities

Jersey City has participated in the sister city program since establishing a relationship with Cusco, Peru in 1988. Currently they have relationships with 12 international cities, showing a spirit of economic and cultural exchange and mutual friendship.[248]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Speiser, Matthew. "NJCU business school plans to turn 'Wall Street West' into learning environment', The Jersey Journal, February 10, 2015. Accessed June 1, 2015. "Downtown Jersey City, also known as "Wall Street West," will now serve as more than just a financial hub for New Jersey."
  2. ↑ Kaulessar, Ricardo. "Why do people call Jersey City 'Chilltown'?", The Hudson Reporter, April 19, 2005. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  3. ↑ Staff. "Topics of the Week", The New York Times, August 7, 1909. Accessed December 21, 2011. "The seal of the city with the popular motto, 'Let Jersey Prosper,' appears on the cover."
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2010 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey County Subdivisions, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2015.
  5. 1 2 US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  6. 1 2 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, March 2013, p. 139.
  7. 1 2 Office of the Mayor, City of Jersey City. Accessed August 1, 2013.
  8. ↑ 2015 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs, as of October 20, 2015. Accessed November 12, 2015.
  9. ↑ McDonald, Terrence T. "Former Wall Street executive, NYC nonprofit official named Jersey City deputy mayors", The Jersey Journal, July 16, 2013. Accessed August 1, 2013. "John Thieroff, 47, formerly a senior vice president at GE Capital and the mastermind behind Fulop’s decisive win in May’s mayoral contest, will handle financial issues, while Vivian Brady-Phillips, executive vice president at NYC Leadership Academy, will concentrate on social services, according to Mayor Steve Fulop."
  10. ↑ Department of Business Administration, City of Jersey City. Accessed April 14, 2014.
  11. 1 2 Office of the City Clerk, City of Jersey City. Accessed November 12, 2012.
  12. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: City of Jersey City, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed March 6, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DP-1 – Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Jersey City city, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 21, 2011.
  14. 1 2 3 Municipalities Grouped by 2011–2020 Legislative Districts, New Jersey Department of State, p. 13,14. Accessed January 6, 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Jersey City, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed December 21, 2011.
  16. 1 2 3 PEPANNRES – Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 – 2014 Population Estimates for New Jersey municipalities, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2015.
  17. ↑ Look Up a ZIP Code for Jersey City, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed September 5, 2011.
  18. ↑ Area Code Lookup – NPA NXX for Jersey City, NJ, Area-Codes.com. Accessed April 1, 2015.
  19. ↑ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  20. ↑ A Cure for the Common Codes: New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed August 14, 2012.
  21. ↑ US Board on Geographic Names, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  22. 1 2 3 The Counties and Most Populous Cities and Townships in 2010 in New Jersey: 2000 and 2010, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 7, 2011.
  23. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  24. ↑ Hudson County, NJ, National Association of Counties. Accessed January 20, 2013.
  25. ↑ Stirling, Stephen. "What are N.J.'s fastest growing and shrinking towns?", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, May 21, 2015. Accessed June 1, 2015. "Jersey City has gained nearly 15,000 residents since 2010, making it the fastest growing municipality in the state and a symbol of the Garden State's reinvigorated urban core."
  26. 1 2 State & County QuickFacts – Jersey City (city), New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  27. ↑ Staff. Population and Housing, Jersey City Economic Development Corporation. Accessed November 12, 2012. "Although the 5% population growth in Jersey City during the 1990s was below growth in the rest of Hudson County, the state and the nation, it was a reversal of five decades of population decline. Between 1930 and 1980, the number of Jersey City residents had dropped by almost 30% from a peak of 316,715 persons in 1930 to 223,532 persons in 1980."
  28. ↑ Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed November 12, 2012.
  29. ↑ Jersey City Past and Present: Pavonia, New Jersey City University. Accessed May 10, 2006.
  30. ↑ A Virtual Tour of New Netherland, New Netherland Institute. Accessed May 10, 2006.
  31. ↑ Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City, p. 38. Old Town Books, 1966. ISBN 9780786714360.
  32. ↑ Jersey City's Oldest House, Jersey City History. Accessed September 11, 2007.
  33. ↑ Karnoutsos, Carmela. Summit House/Newkirk House, Jersey City Past and Present, New Jersey City University. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  34. ↑ Karnoutsos, Carmela. Van Vorst House 531 Palisade Avenue, Jersey City Past and Present, New Jersey City University. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  35. ↑ Jersey City Heights/Van Vorst House, Forgotten New York, February 28, 2008. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  36. ↑ Olszewski, Anthony. From Before the Revolutionary War! Jersey City's Oldest House, Jersey City History, 2002. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  37. ↑ Zinsli, Christopher. "Jersey City's Underground Railroad history: Thousands of former slaves sought freedom by passing through Jersey City", Hudson Reporter, March 23, 2007. Accessed April 1, 2015. "New Jersey alone had as many as four main routes, all of which converged in Jersey City.... As the last stop in New Jersey before fugitive slaves reached New York, Jersey City played an integral role – by some estimates, more than 60,000 escaped slaves traveled through Jersey City."
  38. 1 2 3 Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. pp. 146–147. Accessed July 27, 2013.
  39. 1 2 Winfield, Charles Hardenburg. "History of the County of Hudson, New Jersey, from Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time", p. 289. Kennard & Hay Stationery M'fg and Print. Co., 1874. Accessed December 21, 2011.
  40. ↑ Staff. "The New Government of Jersey City – The Subordinate Offices", The New York Times, April 25, 1870. Accessed December 21, 2011. "The new City Government of Jersey City goes into operation on the first Tuesday in May."
  41. ↑ "Municipal Incorporations of the State of New Jersey (according to Counties)" prepared by the Division of Local Government, Department of the Treasury (New Jersey); December 1, 1958, p. 78 – Extinct List.
  42. ↑ from epitaph of Job Mail, in Plainfield Daily Press, 1-30-1891.
  43. ↑ "A Handsome Building: The Erie Railway's New Station at Jersey City." New York Times 4 December 1887.
  44. ↑ Condit, Carl (1980). The Port of New York. A History of the Rail and Terminal System from the Beginnings to Pennsylvania Station (Volume 1). University of Chicago Press. pp. 46–52,152–168. ISBN 978-0-226-11460-6.
  45. 1 2 Liberty State Park: CRRNJ, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  46. ↑ "Finish Erie Tunnel in Jersey Heights", The New York Times, June 13, 1910. Accessed April 1, 2015.
  47. ↑ The Bergen Arches of the Erie Railroad , Jersey City Landmarks Conservancy. Accessed April 1, 2015.
  48. ↑ Leal, John L. (1909). "The Sterilization Plant of the Jersey City Water Supply Company at Boonton, N.J." Proceedings American Water Works Association. pp. 100–9.
  49. ↑ "A Byte Out of FBI History; 1916 'Black Tom' Bombing Propels Bureau Into National Security Arena", Federal Bureau of Investigation, July 30, 2004. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  50. ↑ Alexander, Jack. "Boss Hague:King Hanky-Panky of Jersey", copy of article from The Saturday Evening Post, October 26, 1940, available at the City of Jersey City website. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  51. ↑ Staff. "Hague's End", Time (magazine), May 23, 1949. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  52. 1 2 Grundy, J. Owen (1975). The History of Jersey City (1609–1976). Jersey City: Walter E. Knight, Progress Printing Company. p. 5.
  53. ↑ "Hudson County's Degradation. Where Official Corruption Runs Riot is Not Concealed." The New York Times, October 22, 1893
  54. ↑ Strum, Charles. "Another Milepost on the Long Trail of Corruption in Hudson County", The New York Times, December 19, 1991. Accessed April 1, 2015.
  55. ↑ Strunsky, Steve. "Why Can't Hudson County Get Any Respect?; Despite Soaring Towers, Rising Property Values and Even a Light Rail, the Region Struggles to Polish Its Image", The New York Times, January 14, 2001. Accessed April 1, 2015.
  56. ↑ Jacobs, Andrew. "A City Whose Time Has Come Again; After Years of Deprivation, Jersey City, an Old Industrial Powerhouse, Is Remaking Itself", The New York Times, April 30, 2000. Accessed April 1, 2015.
  57. ↑ Hudson-Bergen Light Rail schedule (PDF)
  58. ↑ Healy, Jerramiah. "Renaissance on the Waterfront and Beyond: Jersey City's Reach for the Stars". New Jersey State League of Municipalities.
  59. ↑ Murphy, Meredith R. "Jersey City Passes Paid Sick Leave Law", The National Law Review, October 16, 2013. Accessed April 1, 2015.
  60. ↑ Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1990, United States Census Bureau, June 15, 1998. Accessed November 27, 2011.
  61. ↑ Strunsky, Steve. "CITIES; Bright Lights, Big Retail", The New York Times, December 9, 2001. Accessed April 1, 2015. "Macy's has arrived on this former industrial shoreline. And with it, at least in retail terms, so has Jersey City.... While hardly Saks Fifth Avenue or even Neiman Marcus, Macy's is certainly the most upscale department store in this city, whose status as virtually a sixth borough of New York has become increasingly obvious as jobs jump across the Hudson, rents rise like skyscrapers and trendier residents look around for places to lighten their wallets."
  62. ↑ Holusha, John. "Commercial Property / The Jersey Riverfront; On the Hudson's West Bank, Optimistic Developers", The New York Times, October 11, 1998. Accessed May 25, 2007. "'That simply is out of the question in midtown,' he said, adding that some formerly fringe areas in Midtown South that had previously been available were filled up as well. Given that the buildings on the New Jersey waterfront are new and equipped with the latest technology and just a few stops on the PATH trains from Manhattan, they become an attractive alternative. 'It's the sixth borough', he said."
  63. ↑ Belson, Ken. "In Stamford, a Plan to Rebuild an Area and Build an Advantage", The New York Times, May 21, 2007. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  64. ↑ Hudson County New Jersey Street Map. Hagstrom Map Company, Inc. 2008. ISBN 0-88097-763-9.
  65. ↑ Lynch, Kevin. Images of the City, p. 26. MIT Press, 1960. ISBN 978-0-262-62001-7.
  66. ↑ Gabrielan, Randall (1999). Jersey City in Vintage Postcards. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-4954-5
  67. ↑ Lagorio, Christine. "Close-Up on the Jersey City Waterfront", The Village Voice, January 11, 2005. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  68. ↑ Staff. "The New Jersey Suburbs How New York is Extending on the West Side of the Hudson", The New York Times, April 22, 1872. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  69. 1 2 "JC Ward map". Jerseycityindependent.com. January 6, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  70. ↑ http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/firstatfour/story?section=firstatfour&id=8452406
  71. ↑ McDonald, Terrence T. "Construction to begin on $4M Grove Street PATH station elevator", The Jersey Journal, April 21, 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016. "JERSEY CITY — Construction is set to begin on a $4.04 million project to add a handicapped-accessible entrance to the Grove Street PATH station."
  72. ↑ McDonald, Terrence T. "Jersey City development boom reaching new heights", The Jersey Journal, March 13, 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016. "Later in the year, 70 Columbus -- which features 545 rental units, 20,000 square feet of commercial space adjacent to the Grove Street PATH station -- is expected to be completed, while construction on its sister tower, 90 Columbus, which will have 630 units in 50 stories, should begin by December."
  73. ↑ Haddon, Heather. "Embankment Deal Stalls", The Wall Street Journal, September 11, 2012. Accessed March 16, 2016. "A deal to turn an abandoned elevated railway in Jersey City into a park in the spirit of Manhattan's High Line has hit a roadblock, with one of the parties involved balking on a settlement proposed to resolve the decadelong dispute."
  74. ↑ Goldberger, Paul. "Shanghai on the Hudson; Jersey City wants to be like lower Manhattan, only neat and clean.", The New Yorker, August 2, 2004. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  75. ↑ Jersey City Facts, The Skyscraper Center. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  76. ↑ McDonald, Terrence T. "Plans for N.J.'s new tallest tower get federal OK", The Jersey Journal, January 12, 2016. Accessed January 14, 2016. "China Oversea America is behind the project, which is set to include 781 condo units. Originally planned to rise 950 feet and include 95 stories, the newest plans have it topping out at 900 feet and 79 stories."
  77. ↑ Hampson, Rick. "Model of urban future: Jersey City?", USA Today, April 16, 2007. Accessed December 21, 2011. "This was the former Jersey City Medical Center, a cluster of Art Deco buildings on a rise in the center of the city, far from the booming waterfront. Now the medical center was becoming The Beacon condominium complex, one of the nation's largest historic renovation projects."
  78. ↑ The Heights, Jersey City Redevelopment Agency. Accessed December 21, 2011.
  79. ↑ Jersey City, New Jersey Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase), Weatherbase. Accessed March 16, 2016.
  80. ↑ Census Estimates for New Jersey April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2015.
  81. ↑ – Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 – 2014 Population Estimates – Jersey City city, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 22, 2015.
  82. ↑ Compendium of censuses 1726–1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905, New Jersey Department of State, 1906. Accessed July 27, 2013.
  83. ↑ Bowen, Francis. American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1843, p. 231, David H. Williams, 1842. Accessed July 27, 2013. Population on 1840 of 3,033 is listed, 39 less than shown in other sources.
  84. ↑ Raum, John O. The History of New Jersey: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Volume 1, p. 278, J. E. Potter and company, 1877. Accessed July 27, 2013. "Jersey City is divided into sixteen wards and contained in 1850 a population of 6,856; in 1860, 29,226; and in 1870, 82,546. The population of this city has increased with wonderful rapidity having more than trebled within the last decade."
  85. ↑ Debow, James Dunwoody Brownson. The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850, p. 139. R. Armstrong, 1853. Accessed July 27, 2013.
  86. ↑ Staff. A compendium of the ninth census, 1870, p. 259. United States Census Bureau, 1872. Accessed July 27, 2013.
  87. ↑ Porter, Robert Percival. Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins: Volume III – 51 to 75, p. 98. United States Census Bureau, 1890. Accessed July 27, 2013.
  88. ↑ Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890, United States Census Bureau, p. 337. Accessed July 27, 2013.
  89. ↑ Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 – Population Volume I, United States Census Bureau, p. 714. Accessed December 21, 2011.
  90. ↑ Table 6. New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930 – 1990, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed June 28, 2015.
  91. 1 2 3 4 5 Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Jersey City city, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 27, 2013.
  92. 1 2 3 4 5 DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 – Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for Jersey City city, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 27, 2013.
  93. 1 2 3 Gibson, Campbell; and Jung, Kay. "Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States", United States Census Bureau, February 2005. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  94. 1 2 From 15% sample
  95. 1 2 Kiniry, Laura. Moon Handbooks New Jersey, Avalon Travel Publishing, 2006. pg. 34 ISBN 1-56691-949-5
  96. 1 2 Wirstiuk, Laryssa. "Neighborhood Spotlight: Journal Square", Jersey City Independent, April 21, 2014. Accessed July 8, 2015. "India Square, for example, is situated between John F. Kennedy Boulevard and Tonnelle Avenue on Newark Ave., and is home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere."
  97. ↑ DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Jersey City city, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 27, 2013.
  98. ↑ Hayes, Melissa. "2010 Census road tour stops in Jersey City", The Jersey Journal, January 5, 2010. Accessed July 8, 2015.
  99. ↑ Hunger, Matt. "Jersey City Hires Outside Firm to Help Challenge 2010 Census Count", Jersey City Independent, June 16, 2011. Accessed July 8, 2015.
  100. ↑ McDonald, Terrence T. "Jersey City paying consultant $25,000 to challenge Census count", The Jersey Journal, June 16, 2011. Accessed July 8, 2015. "Jersey City is spending $25,000 to hire an outside consultant to help it challenge recent U.S. Census figures that city officials believe underestimate the city's total population.... The city feels it has been undercounted by as many as 30,000 residents, said city spokeswoman Jennifer Morrill."
  101. ↑ Hunger, Matt. "Firm’s Preliminary Findings Say 2010 Census Count Missed 19,000 Housing Units in Jersey City", Jersey City Independent, September 1, 2011. Accessed July 8, 2015.
  102. ↑ Cities with 100,000 or More Population in 2000 ranked by Population, 2000 in Rank Order, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 5, 2011.
  103. ↑ Cities with 100,000 or More Population in 2000 ranked by Population per Square Mile, 2000 in Rank Order, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 5, 2011.
  104. ↑ Jersey City, New Jersey, City-Data. Accessed January 24, 2008.
  105. 1 2 3 4 Hortillosa, Summer Dawn. "Jersey City named most diverse city in America: report", The Jersey Journal, February 17, 2015. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  106. 1 2 McKee, Spencer. "53 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About Jersey City", Movoto. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  107. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DP05: ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Jersey City city, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 16, 2016.
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DP-1: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 – Demographic Profile Data – Jersey City city, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 16, 2016.
  109. ↑ Speiser, Matthew. "Cuban festival takes over Exchange Place on Jersey City waterfront", The Jersey Journal, May 31, 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016. "The salsa music was so loud they probably could have heard it across the river in Manhattan. Such was the atmosphere at the 15th annual Cuban festival at Exchange Place this afternoon on the Jersey City waterfront."
  110. ↑ "India Square", accessed July 26, 2006
  111. ↑ Rogoza, Rafal. "Thousands of colorful revelers partake in 21st Annual Phagwah Parade in Jersey City", The Jersey Journal, March 30, 2013, updated March 31, 2013. Accessed July 6, 2015. "The 29-year-old Princeton Avenue resident was one of the thousands of people who descended on Lincoln Park in Jersey City this afternoon for the 21st Annual Phagwah Parade and Holi Hai Day festivities, a colorful Hindu spring harvest tradition that is celebrated by revelers who playfully shower each other with various colors of organic powder."
  112. ↑ Matthew Speiser (March 29, 2015). "Colorful Holi Hai festival in Jersey City celebrates rites of spring". The Jersey Journal. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  113. ↑ "The History of Filipino-Americans in Jersey City". filipinohome.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  114. ↑ "The Standard – Latest News in the Philippines". manilastandardtoday.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  115. ↑ "rizal statue jersey city – Search results from HighBeam Research". highbeam.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  116. ↑ Kowsh, Kate. "Amid Delays, 33rd Annual Santacruzan procession circles downtown neighborhood", The Jersey Journal, May 29, 2011. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  117. ↑ ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 14, 2016.
  118. ↑ DP-1 – Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 from 2010 Demographic Profile Data, United States Census Bureau. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  119. ↑ Schmidt, Margaret. "Kenyan immigrants in Jersey City celebrate Obama", The Jersey Journal, February 15, 2009. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  120. ↑ Duffy, Peter. "Kenyan Unrest, Jersey Style", The Village Voice, February 5, 2008. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  121. ↑ Sheingold, Dave. "North Jersey black families leaving for lure of new South", The Record (Bergen County), February 20, 2011. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  122. ↑ "Hudson County Population and Races". World Media Group. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  123. ↑ New Jersey Arab as First Ancestry Population Percentage County Rank Based on ACS 2008–2012 data, USA.com. Accessed July 8, 2015.
  124. 1 2 "http://www.city-data.com/city/Jersey-City-New-Jersey.html". City-Data. Retrieved May 16, 2015. External link in |title= (help)
  125. ↑ Carmen Cusido (February 8, 2010). "Embracing Islam – Why Latinos are drawn to Muslim beliefs, culture". New Jersey Monthly. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  126. ↑ Johnson, Brent. "Trump: 'Thousands' in Jersey City cheered on 9/11", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, November 22, 2015. Accessed March 16, 2015. "Republican presidential front-runner Donald Trump on Saturday continued his call for surveillance of 'certain' U.S. mosques — and at one point supported his case by claiming he witnessed 'thousands and thousands of people' cheering in Jersey City as the Twin Towers fell on Sept. 11, 2001."
  127. ↑ Matthew Speiser (September 23, 2014). "With growing Jewish community, Hudson County synagogues prepare for Rosh Hashanah". The Jersey Journal. Retrieved May 16, 2015. 'We are so excited because of the influx of people,' said Rabbi Deborah Hachen of Temple Beth-El in Jersey City. 'We have 20-plus new households joining us for our service this year.'
  128. ↑ Peter Frycki (April 1, 2011). "Where do gay couples live in New Jersey?". Out in New Jersey. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  129. ↑ MELISSA HAYES, KIBRET MARKOS, CHRIS HARRIS AND SCOTT FALLON (October 21, 2013). "Christie drops appeal of ruling allowing gay marriage in NJ". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  130. ↑ Carrol, Brendon (December 21, 2011). "Artists React to Jersey City's Designation as 10th Most Artistic US City". Jersey City Independent. Retrieved December 21, 2011
  131. ↑ "Jersey City #10 on 'The Atlantic' list of most artistic U.S. cities". The Jersey Journal. November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2011
  132. ↑ Florida, Richard (November 30, 2011). "The Most Artistic Cities in America". The Atlantic Cities. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
  133. ↑ "JC Shopping Districts". Jerseycityonline.com. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  134. ↑ Geographic & Urban Redevelopment Tax Credit Programs: Urban Enterprise Zone Employee Tax Credit, State of New Jersey, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 25, 2009. Accessed September 5, 2011.
  135. ↑ Associated Press (February 7, 2014). "Sweeney Floats Idea of Casinos in Newark, Camden or Jersey City". NJ.com (powered by Independent Press).
  136. ↑ Todd, Susan. "Verisk Analytics of Jersey City raises $1.9B in stock offering", The Star-Ledger, October 8, 2009. Accessed October 8, 2009.
  137. ↑ Lord Abbett: Contact Us, accessed April 2, 2011.
  138. ↑ Major Employer's List, Hudson County Economic Development Corporation, accessed March 18, 2011.
  139. ↑ Hugh R. Morley (April 29, 2015). "Goya Foods opens new HQ-warehouse in Jersey City". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  140. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. "Reebok Founder Proposes 95-Story Tower With Casino for Jersey City", The New York Times, July 10, 2014. Accessed June 1, 2015. "Mr. Fireman, the founder and former chairman of Reebok International, is proposing a $4.6 billion project, including a 95-story skyscraper, adjoining his 160-acre golf course on the Hudson River, at the south end of Jersey City."
  141. ↑ Staff. 'Forbes moving into Jersey City offices on Monday, report says", The Jersey Journal, December 12, 2014. Accessed June 1, 2015. "Forbes has committed to spending 10 years in Jersey City, for which it will receive a $27 million Grow New Jersey tax grant because of its pledge to bring at least 350 jobs to the state."
  142. ↑ Stoltzfus, Duane (June 6, 1991). "Statue Erected as Memorial to Victims of Katyn Massacre". The Record.
  143. ↑ Lyons, Richard (July 9, 1989). "Jersey City Landmark; Now It's Time to Move the Colgate Clock". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  144. ↑ Staff. "Grant to restore Loew's balcony", The Jersey Journal, July 6, 2009. Accessed February 11, 2012. "The Landmark Loew's Jersey Theatre in Jersey City is taking another step toward returning to its former glory, thanks to a grant from The Provident Bank Foundation.... The historic theater is only one of five 'Wonder Theatres' built by movie baron Marcus Lewis outside New York City."
  145. ↑ Staff, Village Voice (October 20, 2010). "BEST OF NYC®: Landmark Loews Jersey Theater, Best Movie Theater". Village Voice. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
  146. ↑ Net Ops. "JC Free Public Library". Jclibrary.org. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  147. ↑ Liberty State Park, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Accessed August 1, 2013.
  148. ↑ Home Page, Statue Cruises. Accessed August 1, 2013.
  149. ↑ Staff. "Unofficial Soviet Art On View in Jersey City", The New York Times, October 27, 1981. Accessed April 1, 2015. "The 25th anniversary of nonconformist art in the Soviet Union is being observed by the Museum of Soviet Unofficial Art in Jersey City with an exhibition of 200 works by 70 artists."
  150. ↑ "Hudson Bergen Light Rail (HBLR)". Station Reporter. Accessed January 3, 2012.
  151. ↑ "MLK Station". Subwaynut.com. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  152. ↑ Hudson-Bergen Light Rail. world.nycsubway.org. Accessed January 3, 2012.
  153. ↑ Ciccarelli, Jon. "Hudson Shakespeare Company venues".
  154. ↑ "Ellen Cantor and Joseph Grigley". Frieze magazine. Jan–Feb 2004.
  155. ↑ "Jersey City Ward Map (2012)". google.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  156. ↑ Department of Business Administration, City of Jersey City. Accessed April 1, 2015.
  157. ↑ City Council, City of Jersey City. Accessed April 1, 2015.
  158. 1 2 Plan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed January 6, 2013.
  159. ↑ 2015 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, p. 59, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed May 22, 2015.
  160. ↑ Districts by Number for 2011–2020, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 6, 2013.
  161. 1 2 2011 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, p. 59, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed May 22, 2015.
  162. ↑ New Jersey Congressional Districts 2012–2021: Jersey City Map, New Jersey Department of State. Accessed January 6, 2013.
  163. ↑ Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 5, 2012.
  164. ↑ Directory of Representatives: New Jersey, United States House of Representatives. Accessed January 5, 2012.
  165. ↑ About Cory Booker, United States Senate. Accessed January 26, 2015. "He now owns a home and lives in Newark's Central Ward community."
  166. ↑ Biography of Bob Menendez, United States Senate, January 26, 2015. "He currently lives in Paramus and has two children, Alicia and Robert."
  167. ↑ Senators of the 114th Congress from New Jersey. United States Senate. Accessed January 26, 2015. "Booker, Cory A. - (D - NJ) Class II; Menendez, Robert - (D - NJ) Class I"
  168. ↑ Legislative Roster 2016-2017 Session, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 17, 2016.
  169. ↑ Legislative Roster 2016-2017 Session, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 17, 2016.
  170. ↑ "About the Governor". State of New Jersey. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  171. ↑ "About the Lieutenant Governor". State of New Jersey. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  172. ↑ Thomas A. Degise, Hudson County Executive, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed January 5, 2011.
  173. ↑ Freeholder District 1, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed January 15, 2011.
  174. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bichao, Sergio (June 3, 2008). "Hudson County results". nj.com. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
  175. 1 2 3 4 5 Freeholder Biographies, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed January 15, 2011.
  176. ↑ Freeholder District 2, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed January 15, 2011.
  177. ↑ Freeholder District 3, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed January 15, 2011.
  178. ↑ Freeholder District 4, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed January 15, 2011.
  179. ↑ Freeholder District 5, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed January 15, 2011.
  180. ↑ Freeholder District 8, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed January 15, 2011.
  181. ↑ Voter Registration Summary – Hudson, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed November 13, 2012.
  182. ↑ "Presidential General Election Results – November 6, 2012 – Hudson County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  183. ↑ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast – November 6, 2012 – General Election Results – Hudson County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  184. ↑ 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Hudson County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed November 13, 2012.
  185. ↑ 2004 Presidential Election: Hudson County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed November 13, 2012.
  186. ↑ "Governor – Hudson County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  187. ↑ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast – November 5, 2013 – General Election Results – Hudson County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  188. ↑ 2009 Governor: Hudson County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed November 13, 2012.
  189. ↑ College Directions & Map, Hudson County Community College. Accessed December 21, 2011.
  190. ↑ Abbott Districts, New Jersey Department of Education, backed up by the Internet Archiveas of May 15, 2009. Accessed August 14, 2012.
  191. ↑ What are SDA Districts?, New Jersey Schools Development Authority. Accessed August 14, 2012. "SDA Districts are 31 special-needs school districts throughout New Jersey. They were formerly known as Abbott Districts, based on the Abbott v. Burke case in which the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that the State must provide 100 percent funding for all school renovation and construction projects in special-needs school districts.... The districts were renamed after the elimination of the Abbott designation through passage of the state’s new School Funding Formula in January 2008."
  192. ↑ SDA Districts, New Jersey Schools Development Authority. Accessed August 14, 2012.
  193. ↑ Staff. "2010 Top High Schools", New Jersey Monthly, August 16, 2010. Accessed December 21, 2011.
  194. ↑ Staff. "36 N.J. high schools named among Newsweek's top 1000 in America", The Star-Ledger, June 21, 2011. Accessed December 21, 2011.
  195. ↑ Goodnough, Abby. "Once Upon a Time, When High Schools Were Palaces", The New York Times, October 6, 1996. Accessed December 21, 2011. "NINETY years ago, an enormous Beaux Arts building went up on a hill overlooking the Hudson River. It had Corinthian columns, terrazzo floors and a vestibule lined with English marble. It could have passed for a palace, or at least a palatial estate. But it was neither. It was, in fact, William L. Dickinson High School, the first public secondary school in Jersey City.... When it opened in 1906, Dickinson had a 2,000-seat auditorium used not just for school functions but for political debates, plays and concerts."
  196. ↑ High Schools, Hudson County Schools of Technology. Accessed November 16, 2011.
  197. ↑ "Alexander D. Sullivan School at Jersey City Board of Education". Jcboe.org. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  198. ↑ Staff. "State approves 2 New Jersey City charter schools", The Jersey Journal, January 19, 2011. Accessed November 16, 2011.
  199. ↑ Hudson County High Schools, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Accessed September 2, 2011.
  200. ↑ Persaud, Vishal. "Announcement St. Mary High School in Jersey City will close in June has some parents, students and staff stunned", The Jersey Journal, February 9, 2011. Accessed September 2, 2011. "Parents, students and staff at St. Mary High School in Jersey City remained stunned yesterday by Monday's news that the school is closing at the end of June.... St. Mary will graduate 72 seniors in June, which would have put the school's enrollment at 93 among the remaining classes. Ten years ago, St. Mary had 381 students, Lalicato said. At its peak in the mid-1980s, the school had more than 450 students."
  201. ↑ Thorbourne, Ken. "Amid economic challenges, Jersey City's Sacred Heart School continues mission", The Jersey Journal, June 26, 2014. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  202. ↑ Hudson County Catholic Elementary Schools, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  203. ↑ Our History, First Pentecostal Church of God. Accessed January 3, 2012. "First Christian Pentecostal Academy spans from grades K4 through 8th. It is a ministry that God has used and continues to use to serve children and their families."
  204. ↑ About Us, Stevens Cooperative School. Accessed January 3, 2012. Welcome to Stevens Cooperative School, a school for children age two through 8th grade that has since 1949 been a beacon of progressive education in Hudson County.
  205. ↑ Who We Are: Kenmare High School, The York Street Project. Accessed September 2, 2011.
  206. ↑ "Genesis Educational Center". Riversidecares.org. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  207. ↑ "The Jersey City Art School". Jcartschool.com. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  208. ↑ Staff. "Owners Warn That Hudson County Newspaper Could Be Closed", The New York Times, January 3, 2002. Accessed September 5, 2011.
  209. ↑ "Jersey City Independent".
  210. ↑ "El Especial". El Especial. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  211. ↑ Germano, Sara (May 18, 2011). "Jersey City Independent". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  212. ↑ "City data Jersey City Economy". City-data.com. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  213. ↑ WFMU. "About WFMU FAQ". Wfmu.org. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  214. ↑ "PHOTOS: Snooki, JWoww move into old Jersey City firehouse for 'Jersey Shore' spinoff". NJ.com. February 26, 2012.
  215. 1 2 Most Public Transit Commuters in Cities with 50,000 to 250,000 Residents, Cars At Work, backed up by the Internet Archive as of October 13, 2007. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  216. ↑ Hudson-Bergen Light Rail System Map, New Jersey Transit. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  217. ↑ Maps & Schedule, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  218. ↑ Hoboken, New Jersey Transit. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  219. ↑ Fares, Routes & Schedules, NY Waterway. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  220. ↑ "Ferry System Map". nps.gov. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  221. ↑ Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island information at Star Cruises; Accessed August 31, 2010
  222. ↑ "Hornblower Cruises". Statuecruises.com. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  223. ↑ "Jersey City Public Transportation Information". Jctransit.com. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  224. ↑ Hudson County Bus / Rail Connections. New Jersey Transit, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 25, 2009. Accessed September 5, 2011.
  225. ↑ "Hudson County Jitney Study". North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority. July 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  226. ↑ Urbitran Associates (November 2007). "Final Report" (PDF). Hudson County Bus Circulation and Infrastructure Study. NJTPA. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  227. ↑ New Jersey Transit; et al. (November 2009). "Executive Summary" (PDF). Final Report Jersey City Local Bus Study. NJT. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  228. ↑ "Jersey City/Journal Square/Bayonne Bus Rapid Transit Study" (PDF). NJTPA FY 2012–2013 Subregional Studies Program Proposal. NJTPA. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  229. ↑ Hack, Charles (January 25, 2012). "Hudson freeholders to study express bus service between Jersey City and Bayonne". The Jersey Journal. Retrieved April 20, 2012
  230. ↑ "Service to Connect PA & NJ." EVA Air. Retrieved on February 29, 2016.
  231. ↑ "Free Shuttle Service To/From JFK Airport." China Airlines. September 15, 2015. Retrieved on February 29, 2016.
  232. ↑ Newport Helistop Heliport , SkyVector. Accessed June 1, 2015.
  233. ↑ Hudson County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed July 18, 2014.
  234. ↑ Haddon, Heather (May 12, 2012). "Greenway Clears Gritty Hurdle". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
  235. ↑ Reyes, Daniel (June 25, 2012). "New Bike Path Connects Jersey City and Newark". The Jersey Journal. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  236. ↑ "Easy Riders JC". Easy Riders JC. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  237. ↑ Wright, E. Assata (May 28, 2013). "Advancing the Morris Canal Greenway". Hudson Reporter. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
  238. ↑ "Morris Canal Greenway Plan". Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  239. ↑ "Technical Memorandum 1: Data Findings, Opportunities & Constraints Mapping" (PDF). City of Jersey City Morris Canal Greenway Plan. RBA Group. July 16, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  240. ↑ Nathan, Sarah (December 7, 2012). "Move over, drivers: Jersey City plans to add 54 miles of bike lanes". The Jersey Journal. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  241. ↑ Cruz, Vera (February 24, 2013). "New York Harbor and New Jersey meet Bike and pedestrian route planned to encourage recreation and transportation". Hudson Reporter. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  242. ↑ "The Harbor Ring". Transportation Alternatives. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  243. ↑ Goodyear, Sarah (October 12, 2012). "Could You One Day Ride Your Bike All the Way Around New York Harbor?". Atlantic Cities. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  244. ↑ Copeland, Dennis (March 18, 2013). "Two major new bike initiatives to enhance Jersey City's bike infrastructure". The Jersey Journal. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  245. ↑ "Exploration of Public Bike Share Program in Hudson County". Together North Jersey. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  246. ↑ Benazil, Kathryn (December 17, 2013). "Ready to roll: Hoboken, Jersey City and Weehawken plan regional bike-sharing program". The Jersey Journal. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  247. ↑ Tangel, Andrew. "North Jersey Bike-Sharing Program Faces Delays; Program Won't Roll Out for at Least Several Months in Jersey City, Hoboken and Weehawken", The Wall Street Journal, June 20, 2014. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  248. ↑ Sister Cities, Destination Jersey City. Accessed August 30, 2015.
  249. ↑ "Position Paper on Sister State and Sister City Relations Between Australia and China", Australia-China Chamber of Commerce and Industry of New South Wales, dated November 14, 2001. Accessed August 30, 2015.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jersey City, New Jersey.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Jersey City.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, May 07, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.