Hong Kong International Airport

"HKIA" redirects here. HKIA may also refer to Hong Kong Institute of Architects.
"Hong Kong Airport" redirects here. For the old airport at Kai Tak, see Kai Tak Airport. For the only other existing airport in the territory, see Shek Kong Airfield.
Hong Kong International Airport
Chek Lap Kok Airport
香港國際機場
赤鱲角機場
IATA: HKG – ICAO: VHHH
Summary
Airport type Public
Operator Airport Authority Hong Kong
Serves Hong Kong
Location Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong
Opened 6 July 1998
Hub for
Focus city for
Elevation AMSL 28 ft / 9 m
Coordinates 22°18′32″N 113°54′52″E / 22.30889°N 113.91444°E / 22.30889; 113.91444Coordinates: 22°18′32″N 113°54′52″E / 22.30889°N 113.91444°E / 22.30889; 113.91444
Website www.hongkongairport.com
Map
HKG

Location in Hong Kong

Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
07R/25L 12,467 3,800 Asphalt
07L/25R 12,467 3,800 Asphalt
Statistics (2015)
Passengers 68,488,000
Movements 406,000
Cargo (metric tonnes) 4,380,000
Hong Kong International Airport
Traditional Chinese 香港國際機場
Simplified Chinese 香港国际机场
Chek Lap Kok Airport
Traditional Chinese 赤鱲角機場
Simplified Chinese 赤鱲角机场

Hong Kong International Airport (IATA: HKG, ICAO: VHHH) is the main airport in Hong Kong. It is located on the island of Chek Lap Kok, which largely comprises land reclaimed for the construction of the airport itself. The airport is also colloquially known as Chek Lap Kok Airport (赤鱲角機場), to distinguish it from its predecessor, the closed Kai Tak Airport.

The airport has been in commercial operation since 1998, replacing the Kai Tak Airport. It is an important regional trans-shipment centre, passenger hub and gateway for destinations in Mainland China (with 45 destinations) and the rest of Asia. The airport is the world's busiest cargo gateway and one of the world's busiest passenger airports.[3] It is also home to one of the world's largest passenger terminal buildings (the largest when opened in 1998).

The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong 24 hours a day and is the primary hub for Cathay Pacific (the flag carrier of Hong Kong), Dragonair, Hong Kong Airlines, Hong Kong Express Airways and Air Hong Kong (cargo carrier). The airport is one of the hubs of Oneworld alliance, and it is also one of the Asian-Pacific cargo hubs for UPS Airlines.[1] It is a focus city for many airlines, including China Airlines, and China Eastern Airlines. Singapore Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, and Air India to utilize Hong Kong as a stopover point for their flights.

HKIA is an important contributor to Hong Kong's economy, with approximately 65,000 employees. More than 100 airlines operate flights from the airport to over 180 cities across the globe. In 2015, HKIA handled 68.5 million passengers,[3] making it the 8th busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic.[4] Since 2010, it has also surpassed Memphis International Airport to become the world's busiest airport by cargo traffic.[5]

History

View of the airport from the Ngong Ping 360 cable car
Map showing the reclaimed land of Lantau Island, Lam Chau and Chek Lap Kok.
A front view of Hong Kong Airport
The exterior of Hong Kong International Airport at night-time

Chek Lap Kok Airport was designed as a replacement for the former Hong Kong International Airport (commonly known as Kai Tak Airport) originally built in 1925. Located in the densely built-up Kowloon City District with a single runway extending into Kowloon Bay, Kai Tak had only limited room for expansion to cope with steadily increasing air traffic. By the 1990s, Kai Tak had become one of the world's busiest airports – it far exceeded its annual passenger and cargo design capacities, and one out of every three flights experienced delays, largely due to lack of space for aircraft, gates, and a second runway.[6] In addition, noise mitigation measures restricted nighttime flights, as severe noise pollution (exceeding 105 dB(A) in Kowloon City) adversely affected an estimated total of at least 340,000 people.[7][8]

A 1974 planning study by the Civil Aviation and Public Works departments identified the small island of Chek Lap Kok, off Lantau Island, as a possible airport replacement site. Away from the congested city centre, flight paths would be routed over the South China Sea rather than populous urban areas, enabling efficient round-the-clock operation of multiple runways. The Chek Lap Kok (CLK) airport master plan and civil engineering studies were completed towards the end of 1982 and 1983 respectively. In February 1983, however, the government shelved the project for financial and economic reasons. In 1988, the Port & Airport Development Strategy (PADS) Study was undertaken by consultants, headed by Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, reporting in December 1989. This study looked at forecasts for both airport and port traffic to the year 2011 and came up with three recommended strategies for overall strategic development in Hong Kong. One of the three assumed maintaining the existing airport at Kai Tak; a second assumed a possible airport in the Western Harbour between Lantau Island and Hong Kong Island; and the third assumed a new airport at Chek Lap Kok. The consultants produced detailed analyses for each scenario, enabling Government to consider these appraisals for each of the three "Recommended Strategies". In October 1989 the Governor of Hong Kong announced to the Legislative Council that a decision had been made on the long-term port and airport development strategy for the territory. The strategy to be adopted was that which included a replacement airport at Chek Lap Kok and incorporating new container terminals 8 and 9 at Stonecutters Island and east of the island of Tsing Yi respectively.[9]

In the PADS study the consultants advised that the earliest the airport could be opened was January 1998. However, in reaching the government's decision, this date was modified to January 1997, six months prior to the handover of the territory to China. Construction of the new airport began in 1991. As construction progressed, an agreement was reached with China that as much as possible of the airport would be completed before the handover to China in July 1997. In the event, British Prime Minister John Major opened the Tsing Ma Bridge, the main access to Lantau Island and the airport and its supporting community in May 1997, prior to the transfer of sovereignty to China. The airport itself was opened in July 1998.

The construction period was very rushed; specialists considered that only a 10–20-year period was sufficient for this massive project. Another cause for this rush was due to the uncertain future of the airport construction after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China. It was originally believed that Beijing preferred to keep everything basically intact and minimise financial commitments for big projects, therefore stopping all construction despite the need for the new airport. In practice, the airport did not finish in time for the handover. However, China gave an additional year's grace period to finish the project.[10][11]

Hong Kong International Airport was built on a large artificial island, formed by levelling Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau islands (3.02 square kilometres (1.17 sq mi) and 0.08 square kilometres (0.031 sq mi) respectively), and reclaiming 9.38 square kilometres (3.62 sq mi) of the adjacent seabed. The 12.48-square-kilometre (3,080-acre) airport site added nearly 1% to Hong Kong's total surface area, connecting to the north side of Lantau Island near Tung Chung new town.[12]

Construction of the new airport was only part of the Airport Core Programme, which also involved construction of new road and rail links to the airport, with associated bridges and tunnels, and major land reclamation projects on both Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon. The project is the most expensive airport project ever, according to Guinness World Records. Construction of the new airport was voted as one of the Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century at the ConExpo conference in 1999.[13]

The detailed design for the airport terminal was awarded to a consortium led by Mott Connell (the Hong Kong office of UK consultant Mott MacDonald) with British Airports Authority as specialist designers for airport related aspects, Foster and Partners as architects and Ove Arup as specialist structural designers for the roof. Mott Connell were the designers for foundations, all other structural components and the mechanical and electrical work. Project architects were Foster and Partners. The sides of the terminals, predominantly glass, were designed to break during high speed winds, relieving pressure and allowing the terminal to withstand an intense typhoon.[10]

The airport was officially opened in an opening ceremony by the then-President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin at noon Hong Kong Time on 2 July 1998. Actual operation of the airport commenced on 6 July 1998, concluding the six-year construction that cost US$20 billion. On that day at 06:25 Hong Kong Time, Cathay Pacific flight 889 became the first commercial flight to land at the airport, pipping the original CX 292 from Rome which was the scheduled first arrival.[14] However, the airport had already started to experience some technical difficulties on the first day of opening. The flight information display system (FIDS) had suddenly shut down which caused long delays. Shortly afterwards, the cargo communication link with Kai Tak, where all the data was stored, went down. In the same period of time, someone had accidentally deleted a critical database for cargo services. This meant that cargo had to be manually stored. At one point, the airport had to turn away freight headed for and exported from Hong Kong (except food and medical supplies) while it sorted out the mess. HKIA simply could not keep up without an automated computer assisting.[10] For three to five months after its opening, it suffered various severe organisational, mechanical and technical problems that almost crippled the airport. Computer glitches were to blame for the crisis. Lau Kang-way, a Hong Kong politician, was quoted saying "This was meant to be a first-class project, but it has turned into a ninth-class airport and a disgrace. Our airport has become the laughing stock of the world."[15][16] At one time, the government reopened the cargo terminal at Kai Tak Airport to handle freight traffic because of a breakdown at the new cargo terminal, named Super Terminal One (ST1).[17] However, after six months the airport started to operate normally.

On 31 July 2000, Todd Salimuchai, a regularised illegal immigrant in Hong Kong with no provable nationality, forced his way through a security checkpoint using a fake pistol, took a woman hostage, and boarded a Cathay Pacific aircraft. He demanded to be flown to Burma, which he claimed was his native country but had refused to admit him due to his lack of documents. He surrendered to police two and a half hours later.[18]

Officially opened in June 2007, the second airport terminal, called T2, (check-in facility only) is linked with the MTR Airport Express on a new platform. The terminal also features a new shopping mall, SkyPlaza, providing a large variety of shops and restaurants, together with a few entertainment facilities. T2 also houses a 36-bay coach-station for buses to and from mainland China and 56 airline check-in counters, as well as customs and immigration facilities.

Besides T2, the SkyCity Nine Eagles Golf Course has been opened in 2007 whereas the second airport hotel, the Hong Kong SkyCity Marriott Hotel; and a permanent cross-boundary ferry terminal, the Skypier, began operations in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Development around T2 also includes the AsiaWorld-Expo which has started operation in late 2005.[19] A second passenger concourse, the North Satellite Concourse (NSC), opened in 2010, followed by the Midfield Concourse in December 2015.

Composition

Layout of Hong Kong International Airport

Hong Kong International Airport covers an area of 1,255 hectares (4.85 sq mi). The airport has a total of 90 boarding gates,[20] with 78 jet bridge gates (1–4, 15–36, 40–50, 60–71, 201–219, 501–510) and 12 virtual gates (228–230, 511–513, 520–525) which are used as assembly points for passengers, who are then ferried to the aircraft by apron buses. Of the 66 jet bridges, five (Gates 15,23,60,62,64) are capable of handling the Airbus A380, the current users of which are Singapore Airlines, Emirates, Qantas, British Airways, Asiana Airlines, Thai Airways, Air France and Lufthansa. Previous users were Korean Air, Malaysia Airlines, and China Southern Airlines.

Terminal 1

Terminal 1 of the HKIA, with an area measuring 570,000 square metres (6,100,000 sq ft), is the third largest airport passenger terminal building in the world, after Dubai International Airport's Terminal 3 and Beijing Capital International Airport's Terminal 3.[21]

At its opening, Terminal 1 was the largest airport passenger terminal building, with a total gross floor area of 531,000 square metres (5,720,000 sq ft). It briefly conceded the status to Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport (563,000 m2 (6,060,000 sq ft)) when the latter opened on 15 September 2006, but reclaimed the title when the East Hall was expanded, bringing the total area to its current size of 570,000 square metres (6,100,000 sq ft). (The East Hall expansion, designed by architecture firm Aedas,[22] included a 39,000-square-metre (420,000 sq ft) expansion to SkyMart, a shopping mall). Terminal 1's title as the world's largest was surrendered to Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 on 29 February 2008.


Terminal 2

Terminal 2 with an area measuring 140,000 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft), together with the SkyPlaza, opened on 28 February 2007 along with the opening of the Airport Station's Platform 3.[23] It is only a check-in and processing facility for departing passengers with no gates or arrival facilities (passengers are transported underground to gates at Terminal 1). So far most low-cost carriers and some full-service carriers have relocated their check-in operations to T2. The SkyPlaza is situated within Terminal 2. Architecture firm Aedas and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill designed Terminal 2 and the SkyPlaza.[24][25][26]

North Satellite Concourse

In 2007, HKIA began the construction of a two-storey North Satellite Concourse (NSC), which opened in December 2009.[27] This concourse was designed for narrow-body aircraft and is equipped with 10 jet bridges. The concourse has a floor area of 20,000 square metres (220,000 sq ft) and will be able to serve more than five million passengers annually. There is a shuttle bus service between the NSC and Terminal 1 every four minutes. The North Satellite Concourse was built so the airport could accommodate at least 90 percent of its passengers by aerobridges. It has two levels (one for departures and one for arrivals). Architecture firm Aedas designed North Satellite Concourse[28]

Midfield Concourse

On 25 January 2011, Airport Authority Hong Kong (AA) unveiled phase 1 of its midfield development project which is targeted for completion by the end of 2015. The midfield area is located to the west of Terminal 1 and between the two existing runways. It is the last piece of land on the airport island available for large-scale development. This will include 20 aircraft parking stands, three of these will be wide enough to serve the Airbus A380, and cater for an additional 10 million passengers annually. Passengers will reach the concourse through an extension of the underground automated people mover.[29] Architecture firm Aedas designed the Midfield Concourse.[30] The Concourse began operations on 28 December 2015, and the first flight that used it was the HX658 operated by the Hong Kong Airlines flying from Hong Kong to Okinawa. On 31 March 2016, the Concourse was officially inaugurated in a ceremony marking its full commissioning.[31]

The current airlines using Midfield Concourse are Hong Kong Airlines, HK Express, AirAsia Group (AirAsia, Thai AirAsia and AirAsia Zest), Cebu Pacific, Peach Aviation, Vanilla Air, Jet Airways, Turkish Airlines, S7 Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, Sichuan Airlines, Juneyao Airlines, Spring Airlines, Bangkok Airways, Jetstar Group (Jetstar Japan and Jetstar Pacific), Tigerair, Royal Brunei Airlines, SriLankan Airlines, Jin Air, Royal Nepal Airlines, Aurora, Fiji Airways, Palau Pacific Airways operated by Air Explore, Lufthansa, Mega Maldives, Malindo Air, Siam Air, Myanmar National Airlines and Eastar Jet.

Other buildings

Cathay Pacific City, the head office of Cathay Pacific, is located on the airport property.[32] Dragonair House (港龍大厦), the head office of Cathay Dragon, is also on the airport property.[33] The head office of Air Hong Kong, as of 2004, is located on the fourth floor of the South Tower of Cathay Pacific City.[34]

The Civil Aviation Department has its headquarters at Hong Kong International Airport.[35]

The head office of Hong Kong Airlines was previously on Level 2 of the CNAC House (中航大廈, Cantonese: jung1 hong4 daai6 ha6, Mandarin: Zhōngháng Dàshà) at HKIA.[36][37]

Future development


In June 2010, the Airport Authority unveiled plans to develop in stages the vast midfield site of the airport island. Stage 1 will involve the construction of a new 20 gate passenger concourse to be built in 2 phases (completion 2015 and 2020) with 11 gates in phase 1 growing to 20 gates in phase 2. Configuration of the new concourse is similar to those at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Denver International Airport, Washington Dulles International Airport, Heathrow Terminal 5 and Incheon International Airport. After stage 1 of midfield development is completed in 2020, there will be sufficient lands remaining for further new concourses to be built as and when demand for them materialises.[38]

Master Plan 2030

One year after, on 2 June 2011, the Airport Authority announced and released their latest version of a 20-year blueprint for the airport's development, the Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030.[39] The study took three years and according to the authority, nine consulting organisations have been hired for the research, observation, planning and advice. The main focus is to improve the overall capacity and aircraft handling ability of the airport. Based on this, two options have been developed.

Option 1: Two-runway system

To maintain the current two-runway system, there will be enhancements to the terminal and apron facilities to increase the airport's capacity. This option will enable the airport to handle a maximum of 420,000 flight movements per year, with annual passenger and cargo throughput increased to 74 million and six million tonnes respectively. The approximate cost of this plan is $23.4 billion Hong Kong dollars in 2010 prices, or HK$42.5 billion in money-of-the-day prices. It will increase the number of direct jobs associated with HKIA to 101,000 by 2030 (from 62,000 in 2008) and generate a total of HK$432 billion (in 2009 dollars) in economic net present value (ENPV) up to 2061. However, the Airport Authority estimates that the airport will reach its maximum runway capacity sometime around 2020 if no extra runway is added.

Option 2: Three-runway system

This plan will focus on adding a third runway to the north of the Chek Lap Kok, the existing island the airport is built on, by land reclamation, using deep cement mixing, of about 650 hectares (1,600 acres). Associated facilities, additional terminals, airfield and apron facilities, will be built as well, and, combined with the new runway, it is estimated that the airport would be able to handle a maximum of 620,000 flights per year (102 per hour, or about one flight every 36 seconds), and meet forecast annual passenger and cargo throughput of about 97 million and 8.9 million tonnes by 2030 respectively.

There are possible drawbacks. Development costs are a concern: although the proposal would increase the number of direct jobs associated with HKIA to 150,000 by 2030 and generate an ENPV of HK$912 billion (in 2009 dollars), the estimated cost is approximately $86.2 billion (2010) Hong Kong Dollars, or HK$141.5 billion (at money-of-the-day prices).[40] There are also environmental and local noise pollution concerns.

On 20 March 2012, the Hong Kong Government adopted this option as the official expansion plan.[41]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Countries served by flights from Hong Kong International Airport (includes seasonal and future destinations).
United Airlines Boeing 777-200 and Boeing 737-800 taxiing.
Nonstop routes from Hong Kong to destinations in China and Taiwan.
Nonstop routes from Hong Kong to destinations in Asia and Pacific.
Nonstop routes from Hong Kong to destinations in America, Africa, and Europe.
AirlinesDestinationsTerminal
Aeroflot Moscow-Sheremetyevo 1
Aeroflot
operated by Aurora		 Vladivostok[42] 2
AirAsia Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International 2
AirAsia Zest Manila[43] 2
Air Astana Almaty 2
Air Busan Busan 2
Air Canada Toronto-Pearson, Vancouver 1
Air China Beijing-Capital, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Tianjin
Seasonal: Ordos 		1
Air France Paris-Charles de Gaulle 1
Air India Delhi, Mumbai, Osaka-Kansai, Seoul-Incheon 1
Air Leisure Charter: Cairo, Aswan 2
Air Mauritius Port Louis 1
Air New Zealand Auckland 1
Air Niugini Port Moresby 1
All Nippon Airways Nagoya-Centrair, Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Haneda 1
All Nippon Airways
operated by Air Japan		 Tokyo-Narita 1
American Airlines Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles (begins 8 September 2016)[44] 1
Asiana Airlines Seoul-Incheon 1
Austrian Airlines Vienna (resumes 5 September 2016)[45] 1
Bangkok Airways Koh Samui 2
Beijing Capital Airlines Wanzhou 1
British Airways London-Heathrow 1
Cathay Pacific Adelaide, Amsterdam, Auckland, Bahrain, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Beijing-Capital, Boston,[46] Brisbane, Cairns, Cebu, Chennai, Chicago-O'Hare, Colombo, Delhi, Denpasar/Bali, Dubai-International, Düsseldorf,[47] Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Ho Chi Minh City, Hyderabad, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur–International, London-Gatwick (resumes 2 September 2016),[48] London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Madrid (begins 2 June 2016),[49] Malé, Manchester, Manila, Melbourne, Milan-Malpensa, Mumbai, Nagoya-Centrair, New York-JFK, Newark, Osaka-Kansai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Perth, Riyadh, Rome-Fiumicino, San Francisco, Sapporo-Chitose, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapore, Surabaya, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Haneda, Tokyo-Narita, Toronto-Pearson, Vancouver, Zürich 1
Cebu Pacific Cebu, Clark, Iloilo, Kalibo, Manila 1
China Airlines Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taipei-Taoyuan
Charter: Hiroshima, Yonago		1
China Eastern AirlinesFuzhou, Hangzhou, Hefei, Jinan, Kunming, Nanchang, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shanghai-Pudong, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Wenzhou, Wuxi, Xi'an1
China Southern Airlines Beijing-Capital, Jieyang, Meixian, Shenyang, Wuhan, Yiwu, Zhengzhou 1
City Airways Chiang Mai, Bangkok-Don Mueang, Phuket 2
Delta Air Lines Seattle/Tacoma1
Dragonair Bangalore, Beijing-Capital, Busan, Changsha, Chengdu, Chiang Mai, Chongqing, Clark, Da Nang, Denpasar/Bali,[50] Dhaka, Fukuoka, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Guilin, Haikou, Hangzhou, Hanoi, Hiroshima,[51] Jeju, Kaohsiung, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Kota Kinabalu, Kunming, Naha, Nanjing, Ningbo, Penang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Qingdao, Sanya, Shanghai-Hongqiao, Shanghai-Pudong, Siem Reap, Taichung, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Haneda, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xi'an, Xiamen, Yangon, Zhengzhou 1
Eastar Jet Seoul-Incheon 2
El Al Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion 1
Emirates Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Dubai-International 1
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi 1
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa, Seoul-Incheon,[52] Tokyo-Narita[53] 1
EVA Air Taipei-Taoyuan 1
Fiji Airways Nadi 1
Finnair Helsinki 1
Garuda Indonesia Denpasar/Bali, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta 1
Hong Kong Airlines Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Beijing-Capital, Cairns, Changchun, Chengdu, Chongqing, Denpasar/Bali, Fuzhou, Gold Coast,[54] Guiyang Haikou, Hangzhou, Hanoi, Hohhot, Kagoshima, Krabi,[55] Kuching (begins 28 May 2016),[56] Kumamoto,[57] Miyazaki,[58] Naha, Nanchang,[59] Nanjing, Nanning, Okayama,[60] Phnom Penh, Sanya, Sapporo-Chitose, Shanghai-Hongqiao, Shanghai-Pudong, Taipei-Taoyuan, Taiyuan, Tianjin, Tokyo-Narita (resumes 1 July 2016),[61] Xuzhou, Yancheng 1
HK ExpressBusan,[62] Chiang Mai, Da Nang,[63] Fukuoka, Hiroshima, Ishigaki (begins 16 June 2016),[64] Jeju, Kagoshima (begins 11 July 2016),[64] Kunming, Lanzhou, Mandalay (begins 5 September 2016),[65] Nagoya-Centrair, Ningbo, Osaka-Kansai, Phuket, Seoul-Incheon, Siem Reap,[66] Taichung, Takamatsu (begins 6 July 2016),[64] Tokyo-Haneda, Tokyo-Narita, Wuxi,[67] Yangon (begins 1 September 2016)[65]
Seasonal: Dunhuang
Charter: Magong[68] 		2
Japan Airlines Tokyo-Haneda, Tokyo-Narita
Charter: Sapporo		1
Jeju Air Seoul-Incheon 2
Jet Airways Delhi, Mumbai 2
Jetstar Asia AirwaysSingapore2
Jetstar Japan Osaka-Kansai,[69] Tokyo-Narita[70] 2
Jetstar Pacific Airlines Hanoi[71]
Charter: Nha Trang[72] 		2
Jin Air Seoul-Incheon 2
Juneyao Airlines Shanghai-Pudong1
Kenya Airways Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Nairobi-Jomo Kenyatta 1
KLM Amsterdam 1
Korean Air Busan, Seoul-Incheon
Charter: Cheongju, Daegu		1
Lion AirCharter: Denpasar[73]2
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich 1
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International 1
Malindo Air Kuala Lumpur–International[74] 1
Mandarin Airlines Taichung
Seasonal charter: Taitung[75] 		1
Mega Maldives Malé 1
MIAT Mongolian Airlines Ulaanbaatar 1
Myanmar National Airlines Yangon[76] 1
Nepal Airlines Kathmandu 1
Orient Thai Airlines Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi 1
Palau Pacific Airways
operated by Air Explore		 Charter: Koror 2
Peach Naha,[77] Osaka-Kansai 2
Philippine Airlines Manila 1
Qantas Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney 1
Qatar Airways Doha 1
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan 1
Royal Jordanian Amman-Queen Alia, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi 1
S7 Airlines Vladivostok
Seasonal: Irkutsk[78] 		1
S7 Airlines
operated by Globus Airlines		 Seasonal: Novosibirsk 1
Scandinavian Airlines Stockholm-Arlanda[79] 2
Scoot Singapore 1
Shanghai Airlines Shanghai-Hongqiao 1
Shenzhen Airlines Harbin, Jinan,[80] Quanzhou, Yantai 2
Siam Air Bangkok-Don Mueang[81] 2
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu, Yichang, Zhanjiang 1
Singapore Airlines San Francisco, Singapore 1
South African Airways Johannesburg 1
Spring Airlines Shanghai-Pudong, Shijiazhuang, Luoyang[82] 2
SriLankan Airlines Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Colombo 1
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich 1
Swiss International Air Lines
operated by Swiss Global Air Lines 		Zürich 1
Thai AirAsia Bangkok-Don Mueang, Chiang Mai, Phuket 2
Thai Airways Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Phuket, Seoul-Incheon 2
Tigerair Singapore 2
Turkish Airlines Istanbul-Atatürk 1
United Airlines Chicago-O'Hare, Guam, Ho Chi Minh City, Newark, San Francisco, Singapore 1
Vanilla Air Tokyo-Narita[83] 2
Vietnam Airlines Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City 1
Virgin Atlantic London-Heathrow 1
XiamenAir Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Wuyishan, Xiamen 1

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
AeroLogicAshgabat, Frankfurt, Milan-Malpensa
Air France CargoBahrain, Dammam, Dubai-International, Jeddah, Kuwait, Paris-Charles de Gaulle
Air Hong KongBangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Beijing-Capital, Ho Chi Minh City, Manila, Nagoya-Centrair, Osaka-Kansai, Penang, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapore, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita
AirBridgeCargo AirlinesAlmaty, Amsterdam, Clark, Frankfurt, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow-Domodedovo, Moscow-Sheremetyevo, Moscow-Vnukovo, Singapore, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg
ANA CargoNagoya-Centrair, Naha, Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita
Asiana CargoSeoul-Incheon
CargoluxAbu Dhabi, Almaty, Amman-Queen Alia, Baku, Barcelona, Beirut, Budapest, Chicago-O'Hare,[84] Dammam, Doha, Dubai-International, Helsinki, Ho Chi Minh City, Karaganda, Komatsu, London-Stansted, Los Angeles, Luxembourg, New York-JFK, Nuremberg, Rickenbacker, Riyadh, Singapore, Taipei-Taoyuan, Upington, Vienna
Cargolux ItaliaAlmaty, Dubai-International, Milan-Malpensa, Osaka-Kansai
Cathay Pacific CargoAnchorage, Bangalore, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Beijing-Capital, Calgary, Chengdu, Chennai, Chongqing, Delhi, Dhaka, Dubai-Al Maktoum, Guadalajara, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta, Manchester, Melbourne, Mexico City, Milan-Malpensa, Mumbai, Osaka-Kansai, Penang, Rickenbacker, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita, Xiamen, Zhengzhou
China Airlines CargoManila, Taipei-Taoyuan
China Cargo AirlinesQingdao, Shanghai-Pudong
DHL Aviation
operated by AeroLogic		Leipzig/Halle[85]
DHL Aviation
operated by Atlas Air		Abu Dhabi, Adana, Anchorage, Ault Field, Austin, Bagram, Baku, Chicago-O'Hare, Cincinnati, Ciudad del Este, Dover, Dubai-International, Eielson AFB, Guam, Hahn, Huntsville, Iwakuni, Kadena, Kagoshima, Kandahar, Karaganda, Kuwait, Lagos, Luxembourg, Mazar-i-Sharif, Melbourne, Miami, New York-JFK, Osaka-Kansai, Osan, Sapporo-Chitose, Seoul-Incheon, Sharjah, Sydney, Toledo, Yerevan
DHL Aviation
operated by DHL Air UK		Delhi, Leipzig/Halle
DHL Aviation
operated by Kalitta Air		Anchorage, Astana, Bagram, Bahrain, Brussels, Chicago-O'Hare, Cincinnati, Dallas/Fort Worth, Delhi, Dubai-Al Maktoum, Kabul, Kadena, Karachi, Khabarovsk, Los Angeles, Nagoya-Centrair, New York-JFK, Newark, Rickenbacker, Rio de Janeiro-Galeão, Seoul-Incheon
DHL Aviation
operated by Polar Air Cargo		Anchorage, Bahrain, Campinas, Chicago-O'Hare, Cincinnati, Leipzig/Halle, Los Angeles, New York-JFK, Seoul-Incheon
DHL Aviation
operated by Southern Air		Anchorage, Cincinnati, Leipzig/Halle, Los Angeles, Sharjah
Donghai AirlinesChengdu, Shenzhen
Emirates SkyCargoDubai-Al Maktoum, Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram
Ethiopian Airlines Cargo[86]Addis Ababa, Chennai, Maastricht/Aachen[87]
Etihad CargoAbu Dhabi, Amsterdam, Anchorage, Campinas—Viracopos, Chicago-O'Hare, Chittagong, Delhi, Dhaka, Kabul, Lima, Miami, Quito, Sharjah
EVA Air CargoChongqing, Shanghai-Pudong, Taipei-Taoyuan[88]
FedEx ExpressAlmaty, Anchorage, Delhi, Manila, Memphis, Osaka-Kansai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Seoul-Incheon, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita
Hong Kong Airlines CargoBangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Dhaka, Hanoi, Osaka-Kansai, Nanning, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapore, Taipei-Taoyuan, Xiamen, Zhengzhou[89]
IAG Cargo
operated by Qatar Airways Cargo		London-Stansted[90]
Korean Air CargoSeoul-Incheon
Lufthansa CargoAlmaty, Bahrain, Frankfurt, Leipzig/Halle
Martinair Cargo
operated by KLM Cargo		Amsterdam, Chennai, Dubai-Al Maktoum, Kuwait, Mumbai
MASkargoKuala Lumpur–International, Manila, Penang
Nippon Cargo AirlinesOsaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita
Qantas Freight[91]Auckland, Cairns, Sydney
Qatar Airways CargoDoha
Saudia CargoDammam, Jeddah, Riyadh, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi
SF AirlinesNingbo, Xiamen[92]
Silk Way AirlinesBaku
Singapore Airlines Cargo[93]Anchorage, Seattle/Tacoma, Sharjah, Singapore
TNT AirwaysDubai-International, Liège
Transmile Air ServicesAnchorage, Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur–International, Riverside, Subang
Tri-MG Intra Asia Airlines Cebu, Clark
Turkish Airlines CargoAlmaty, Bishkek, Delhi, Istanbul-Atatürk[94]
ULS CargoBangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Beijing-Capital, Manila, Nagoya-Centrair, Osaka-Kansai, Penang, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapore, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita
UPS AirlinesAnchorage, Clark, Cologne/Bonn, Dubai-International, Honolulu, Louisville, Mumbai, Ontario, Osaka-Kansai, Philadelphia, Sapporo-Chitose, Seoul-Incheon, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan
Yangtze River ExpressChengdu, Hangzhou, Qingdao, Shanghai-Pudong, Tianjin, Zhengzhou

Operations

The airport control tower and a taxiing China Airlines Airbus A330-300
Operations and Statistics[95][96][97]
year Passenger
movements		 Airfreight
movements
(tonnes)		 Aircraft
movement
1998 28,631,000 1,628,700 163,200
1999 30,394,000 1,974,300 167,400
2000 33,374,000 2,240,600 181,900
2001 33,065,000 2,074,300 196,800
2002 34,313,000 1,637,797 206,700
2003 27,433,000 2,642,100 187,500
2004 37,142,000 3,093,900 237,300
2005 40,740,000 3,402,000 263,500
2006 44,443,000 3,580,000 280,000
2007 47,783,000 3,742,000 295,580
2008 48,582,000 3,627,000 301,000
2009 45,499,604 3,440,581 273,505
2010 50,410,819 4,112,416 306,535
2011 53,909,000 3,939,000 333,760
2012 56,057,751 4,062,261 352,000
2013 59,913,000 4,122,000 372,040
2014 63,367,000 4,376,000 390,955
2015 68,488,000 4,380,000 406,000
Capacity
Passenger (current) 68,488,000
Passenger (ultimate) 70,000,000
Cargo (current) 4.4m tons
Cargo (ultimate) 7.4m tons
Apron (current) 96
Number of destinations
International (air) 154
International (water) 6
The view of the airport from the control tower, with an EVA Air Boeing 747 on a nearby taxiway
The interior of the airport control tower

The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong, a statutory body wholly owned by the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[98]

The airport has two parallel runways, both of which are 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) in length and 60 metres (200 ft) wide. The south runway has a Category II Precision Approach, while the north runway has the higher Category IIIA rating, which allows pilots to land in only 200-metre (660 ft) visibility. The two runways have a capacity of over 60 aircraft movements an hour. The Airport is upgrading ATC and runways so that they can handle 68 movements per hour. Normally, the north runway (07L/25R) is used for landing passenger planes. The south runway (07R/25L) is used for passenger planes taking off and cargo flights due to its proximity to the cargo terminal.[95]

There are 49 frontal stands at the main passenger concourse, 28 remote stands and 25 cargo stands. There are also five parking bays at the Northwest Concourse. A satellite concourse with 10 frontal stands for narrow body aircraft has been commissioned to the north of the main concourse at the end of 2009, bringing the total number of frontal stands at the airport to 59.

The airport was the third busiest for passenger traffic in Asia in 2010, and the world's busiest airport for cargo traffic in 2010. In terms of international traffic, the airport is the third busiest for passenger traffic and the busiest for cargo since its operation in 1998. There are over 95 international airlines providing about 900 scheduled passenger and all-cargo flights each day between Hong Kong and some 160 destinations worldwide. About 76 percent of these flights are operated with wide-body jets. There are also an average of approximately 31 non-scheduled passenger and cargo flights each week.[99]

The operation of scheduled air services to and from Hong Kong is facilitated by air services agreements between Hong Kong and other countries. Since the opening of HKIA, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has implemented a policy of progressive liberalisation of air services. Many low-cost airlines have started various regional routes to compete head-on with full-service carriers on trunk routes.[100]

The airport's long term expansion opportunities are subject to variables. An HKD 80 billion proposal to build a third runway has been under feasibility study and consultation but would be very expensive as it would involve additional reclamation from deep waters, and the building cost of the third runway may be as high as the building cost of the entire airport. On the other hand, there exists only one airway between Hong Kong and mainland China, and this single route is often and easily backed up causing delays on both sides. In addition, China requires that aircraft flying the single air route between Hong Kong and the mainland must be at an altitude of at least 15,000 feet. Talks are underway to persuade the Chinese military to relax its airspace restriction in view of worsening air traffic congestion at the airport. Other than that, Hong Kong Airport Authority is co-operating with other airports in the area to relieve air traffic and in the future, Shenzhen may act as a regional airport while Hong Kong receives all the international flights.[101]

Air traffic

The Government Flying Service provides short and long range search and rescue services, police support, medical evacuation and general purpose flights for the Government.

Passenger facilities

Despite its size, the passenger terminal was designed for convenience. The layout and signage, moving walkways and the automated people mover help passengers move through the building. The HKIA Automated People Mover, a driverless people mover system with 3 stations transports passengers between the check-in area and the gates. The trains travel at 62 kilometres per hour (39 mph). The airport also boasts an IMAX theatre that has the largest screen in Hong Kong. The theatre is located in Terminal 2, level 6 and can seat 350 persons at a time.[102]

Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre

Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre

The Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre (BAC) is located within the airport and has its own terminal and facilities separate from the public terminal. It provides services for executive aircraft and passengers, including a passenger lounge, private rooms and showers, business centre facilities, ground handling, baggage handling, fuelling, security, customs and flight planning. Designated spaces and hangars are also provided at the BAC for private aircraft.

Intermodal transportation hub

To sustain the growth of passengers, the Airport Authority formulated a "push and pull through" strategy to expand its connections to new sources of passengers and cargo. This means adapting the network to the rapidly growing markets in China and in particular to the Pearl River Delta region (PRD). In 2003, a new Airport-Mainland Coach Station opened. The coach station has a 230-square-metre (2,500 sq ft) waiting lounge and sheltered bays for ten coaches. Many buses operate each day to transport passengers between HKIA and major cities in the Mainland.[103]

The Coach Station was relocated to the ground floor (level 3) of Terminal 2 in 2007. The 36 bays at the new Coach Station allow cross-border coaches to make 320 trips a day carrying passengers between the airport and 90 cities and towns in the PRD. Local tour and hotel coaches also operate from T2. The coach station at T2 has shops and waiting lounges as well as a mainland coach service centre which gathers all operators together.[104]

In late September 2003, the SkyPier high-speed ferry terminal opened. Passengers arriving at the SkyPier board buses to the terminal and arriving air passengers board ferries at the pier for their ride back to the PRD. Passengers travelling both directions can bypass custom and immigration formalities, which reduces transit time. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen, Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served. As of August 2007, SkyPier serves Shenzhen's Shekou and Fuyong, Dongguan's Humen, Macau, Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Passengers travelling from Shekou and Macau can complete airline check-in procedures with participating airlines before boarding the ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for the flight at HKIA.

In 2009, the permanent SkyPier Terminal opened. The permanent ferry terminal is equipped with four berths, but the terminal is designed to accommodate eight berths. Transfer desks and baggage handling facilities are included, and the terminal is directly connected to the airport automatic people mover system.

Terminal 1.
Baggage Claim Area

Baggage and cargo facilities

SuperTerminal 1
Asia Airfreight Terminal
DHL Central Asia Hub

Ramp handling services are provided by Hong Kong Airport Services Limited (HAS), Jardine Air Terminal Services Limited and SATS HK Limited. Their services include the handling of mail and passenger baggage, transportation of cargo, aerobridge operations and the operation of passenger stairways. The airport has an advanced baggage handling system (BHS), the main section of which is located in the basement level of the passenger terminal, and a separate remote transfer facility at the western end of the main concourse for handling of tight connection transfer bags.

HKIA handles over three million tonnes of cargo annually.[105] Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited operates one of the two air cargo terminals at the airport. Its headquarters, the 328,000-square-metre (3,530,000 sq ft) SuperTerminal 1,[106] is the world's second largest stand-alone air cargo handling facility, after the opening of the West Cargo Handling Area of the Shanghai Pudong International Airport on 26 March 2008. The designed capacity is 2.6 million tonnes of freight a year. The second air cargo terminal is operated by Asia Airfreight Terminal Company Limited, and has a capacity of 1.5 million tonnes a year.[107] DHL operates the DHL Central Asia Hub cargo facility which handles 35,000 parcels and 40,000 packages per hour. Hongkong Post operates the Air Mail Centre (AMC) and processes 700,000 packages per day. It is envisaged that HKIA's total air cargo capacity per annum will reach nine million tonnes ultimately.[108]

Aircraft maintenance services

Both line and base maintenance services are undertaken by Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company (HAECO), while China Aircraft Services Limited (CASL) and Pan Asia Pacific Aviation Services Limited carry out line maintenance. Line maintenance services include routine servicing of aircraft performed during normal turnaround periods and regularly scheduled layover periods. Base maintenance covers all airframe maintenance services and for this HAECO has a three-bay hangar, which can accommodate up to three Boeing 747-400 aircraft and two Airbus A320 aircraft, and an adjoining support workshop. HAECO also has the world's largest mobile hangar, weighing over 400 tons. It can be used to enclose half of a wide-body aeroplane, so that the whole facility can fully enclose four 747s when the mobile hangar is used.

On 29 May 2009, CASL opened its first aircraft maintenance hangar in the maintenance area of the airport. The new hangar occupies an area of about 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) and can accommodate one wide-body and one narrow-body aircraft at the same time; the hangar also has an about 10,000-square-metre (110,000 sq ft) area in its annexe building. CASL specialises in Airbus A320 family and Boeing 737 Next Generation series heavy maintenance.[109]

Airport based ground services

The Air Traffic Control Complex (ATCX), located at the centre of the airfield, is the nerve centre of the entire air traffic control system. Some 370 air traffic controllers and supporting staff work around the clock to provide air traffic control services for the Hong Kong Flight Information Region (FIR). At the Air Traffic Control Tower, controllers provide 24-hour aerodrome control services to aircraft operating at the airport. A backup Air Traffic Control Centre/Tower constructed to the north of the ATCX is available for operational use in the event normal services provided in the ATCX are disrupted by unforeseen circumstances. Apart from serving as an operational backup, the facilities are also used for air traffic control training.

The Airport Meteorological Office (AMO) of the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) provides weather services for the aviation community. The AMO makes routine and special weather observations and provides fixed-time aerodrome forecasts and landing forecasts for the HKIA. It issues aerodrome warnings on adverse weather for protection of aerodrome facilities and aircraft on the ground. It also issues significant weather information on thunderstorms, tropical cyclones, turbulence, icing and other hazardous weather. The AMO issues alerts of low-level windshear and turbulence. Windshear detection is made using traditional doppler weather radars as well as the more effective doppler LIDAR, of which Hong Kong International Airport was the first to introduce. Doppler LIDAR systems use lasers to detect windshear and wind direction even when atmospheric conditions are too dry for Doppler radar to work.

Fire and rescue services

Rescue and fire fighting services within the airport are covered by the Airport Fire Contingent of the Hong Kong Fire Services Department. The contingent has 282 members, operating two fire stations and two rescue berths for 24-hour emergency calls. It is equipped with 14 fire appliances which can respond to incidents within two minutes in optimum conditions of visibility and surface conditions, satisfying the relevant recommendation of the International Civil Aviation Organisation. Two high capacity rescue boats, supported by eight speed boats, form the core of sea rescue operations. Two ambulances are also assigned at each of the airport fire stations.

Ground transport

The airport is connected to inner Hong Kong by the North Lantau Highway on Lantau Island.

There is an automated people mover, operated by the Airport Authority and maintained by MTR Corporation, connecting the East Hall to the West Hall and Terminal 2. It was extended to SkyPier in late 2009.

Bus

Cross-boundary coach bus terminal located in terminal 2
Main article: Buses in Hong Kong

Citybus, New Lantao Bus, Long Win Bus and Discovery Bay Transit Services operate 25 bus routes to the airport from various parts of Hong Kong, available at the Airport Ground Transportation Centre and Cheong Tat Road. The bus companies also offer 10 overnight "N" services.[110]

Passengers can also take the S1 Citybus[111] to the Tung Chung MTR Station. From there they can board the MTR Tung Chung line which follows the same route as the MTR Airport Express to Central with cheaper fare but longer journey time.

Coach services are available to major cities and towns in Guangdong Province, such as Dongguan, Guangzhou and Shenzhen.

Ferry

Skypier

Direct ferry services are available from the airport to various destinations throughout the Pearl River Delta via Skypier. Passengers using these services are treated as transit passengers and are not considered to have entered Hong Kong for immigration purposes. For this reason, access to the ferry terminal is before immigration in the airport for arriving passengers. Check-in services are available at these piers. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen Airport (Fuyong), Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served, extending to Guangzhou and Zhongshan at the end of 2003. The Zhuhai service began on 10 July 2007 while a Nansha service started on 14 July 2009.[112]

Rail

Airport Express connecting between the airport and the central business district of Central.
Airport Express – Airport Station

The fastest service from the city to the airport is the Airport Express, a dedicated high-speed rail link operated by MTR Corporation as part of the MTR rapid transit network. The line makes intermediate stops at Tsing Yi Island, West Kowloon Cultural District, and terminates at Hong Kong Station at the northern coast of Central and Western District on Hong Kong Island. It takes just 24 minutes to reach the airport from Hong Kong station.[113] MTR offers free shuttle bus services between Airport Express stations and hotels in the area, and free transfers are available to and from other MTR lines. In addition, both Hong Kong and Kowloon stations provide in-town check-in services for major airlines. There are also discount promotions for group tickets annually.

The Airport Express line originally terminated at Airport Station, where trains open doors on both sides, allowing direct access to either Terminal 1 or Terminal 2. It was later extended to AsiaWorld–Expo on 20 December 2005 to facilitate the opening of the nearby AsiaWorld-Expo. During events at the station some Tung Chung Line services, which largely share the same route and track as the Airport Express, serve this station instead of Tung Chung, but these trains do not stop at the airport itself.

Taxi

Main article: Taxicabs of Hong Kong

The airport is served by all three different types of taxi, distinguished by their colour:

Airport hotels

There are 3 hotels located in the nearby area, which are the Hong Kong Skycity Marriott Hotel (connected to AsiaWorld Expo),[114] Novotel Hong Kong Citygate (Tung Chung)[115] and Regal Airport Hotel.[116] In 2013, the Regal Airport Hotel was named by Skytrax as the best airport hotel in the world.[117]

Accidents and incidents

The following are events at the current HKIA (see accidents and incidents at the former HKIA at Kai Tak):

Accolades

Year Award Category Results Ref
2008 Airport Service Quality Awards
by Airports Council International 		Best Airport Worldwide 3rd [119]
2009 [120]
Best Airport in Asia-Pacific
Best Airport by Size (over 40 million passenger) Won
2010 Best Airport Worldwide 3rd [121]
2011 4th [122]

See also

References

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  104. ↑ "Our Business – The Airport – Welcome to HKIA – Hong Kong International Airport". Hongkongairport.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  105. ↑ Air Cargo – HKIA Archived 18 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  106. ↑ "SuperTerminal 1". Hactl.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  107. ↑ "Asia Airfreight Terminal – Our Terminal". Aat.com.hk. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  108. ↑ "Hong Kong Fact Sheets – Civil Aviation" (PDF). Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  109. ↑ "CASL". Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  110. ↑ "Public Buses". Airport Authority Hong Kong. 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2009. Note that I have included Discovery Bay services as per the schedule at
  111. ↑ "S1 Bus". Chow Tai Fook Enterprises. 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  112. ↑ "New Ferry Service between HKIA and Nansha Port Commences". Hongkongairport.com. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  113. ↑ "Hong Kong Airport Transportation Information". Discoverhongkong.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  114. ↑ Hong Kong SkyCity Marriott Hotel. "Hong Kong Skycity Marriott Hotel". Marriott.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  115. ↑ "Novotel Hong Kong Citygate". Accorhotels.com. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  116. ↑ "Regal Airport Hotel Hong Kong". regalhotel.com.
  117. ↑ "World's Best Airport Hotels 2013".
  118. ↑ "Pilots reveal death-defying ordeal as engines failed on approach to Chek Lap Kok". South China Morning Post. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  119. ↑ "ASQ Award for winners for 2008" Airports Council International. Retrieved 13 April 2012
  120. ↑ "ACI Airport Service Quality Awards 2009, Asia Pacific airports sweep top places in worldwide awards" Airports Council International. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2012
  121. ↑ "ASQ Award for winners for 2010" Airports Council International. Retrieved 13 April 2012
  122. ↑ "World's best airports announced – Asia dominates" CNN Go. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hong Kong International Airport.
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