Lists of Olympic medalists
Olympic Games Jeux olympiques (French)[1] |
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Games |
This article includes lists of all Olympic medalists since 1896, organized by each Olympic sport or discipline, and also by Olympiad.
Medalist with most medals by sport
Summer Olympic sports
Discipline | Contested | Number of | Medals awarded | Athlete(s) with the most medals (gold-silver-bronze) |
Athlete(s) with the most gold medals | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Olympiads (up to 2016) |
Medal events (at 2016) |
Total | |||||||
Archery | 1900–1908; 1920; since 1972 |
16 | 4 | 58 | 57 | 48 | 163 | Hubert Van Innis (BEL) (6–3–0) | Hubert Van Innis (BEL) (6–3–0) |
Athletics (men, women) |
Since 1896 | 28 | 47 | 886 | 891 | 885 | 2662 | Paavo Nurmi (FIN) (9–3–0) | Paavo Nurmi (FIN) (9–3–0) Carl Lewis (USA) (9–1–0) |
Badminton | Since 1992 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 28 | 76 | Gao Ling (CHN) (2–1–1) | Gao Ling (CHN) (2–1–1) Kim Dong-moon (KOR) (2–0–1) Lin Dan (CHN) (2–0–0) Ge Fei (CHN) (2–0–0) Gu Jun (CHN) (2–0–0) Zhang Jun (CHN) (2–0–0) Zhang Ning (CHN) (2–0–0) Zhao Yunlei (CHN) (2–0–0) |
Basketball | Since 1936 | 19 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 78 | Teresa Edwards (USA) (4–0–1) | Teresa Edwards (USA) (4–0–1) Lisa Leslie (USA) (4–0–0) |
Boxing | 1904; 1908; since 1920 |
25 | 13 | 226 | 226 | 389 | 841 | László Papp (HUN) (3–0–0) Félix Savón (CUB) (3–0–0) Teófilo Stevenson (CUB) (3–0–0) Boris Lagutin (URS) (2–0–1) Oleg Saitov (RUS) (2–0–1) Zou Shiming (CHN) (2–0–1) Zbigniew Pietrzykowski (POL) (0–1–2) Roberto Cammarelle (ITA) (1–1–1) Arnold Vanderlyde (NED) (0–0–3) |
László Papp (HUN) (3–0–0) Félix Savón (CUB) (3–0–0) Teófilo Stevenson (CUB) (3–0–0) |
Canoeing and Kayaking (men, women) |
Since 1936 | 19 | 16 | 194 | 194 | 194 | 582 | Birgit Fischer (GER) (8–4–0) | Birgit Fischer (GER) (8–4–0) |
Cycling (men, women) |
Since 1896 | 28 | 18 | 206 | 206 | 202 | 614 | Bradley Wiggins (GBR) (4–1–2) Chris Hoy (GBR) (6–1–0) |
Chris Hoy (GBR) (6–1–0) |
Diving | Since 1904 | 26 | 8 | 106 | 106 | 108 | 320 | Dmitri Sautin (RUS) (2–2–4) | Guo Jingjing (CHN) (4–2–0) Wu Minxia (CHN) (4–1–1) Fu Mingxia (CHN) (4–1–0) Greg Louganis (USA) (4–1–0) Chen Ruolin (CHN) (4–0–0) Pat McCormick (USA) (4–0–0) |
Equestrian | 1900; since 1912 |
25 | 6 | 135 | 133 | 133 | 401 | Anky van Grunsven (NED) (3–5–1) | Reiner Klimke (FRG) (6–0–2) |
Fencing (men, women) |
Since 1896 | 28 | 10 | 191 | 191 | 190 | 572 | Edoardo Mangiarotti (ITA) (6–5–2) | Aladár Gerevich (HUN) (7–1–2) |
Field hockey | 1908; 1920; since 1928 |
23 | 2 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 86 | Leslie Claudius (IND) (3–1–0) Udham Singh (IND) (3–1–0) Teun de Nooijer (NED) (2–2–0) Luciana Aymar (ARG) (0–2–2) |
Leslie Claudius (IND) (3–1–0) Udham Singh (IND) (3–1–0) Richard Allen (IND) (3–0–0 Dhyan Chand (IND) (3–0–0) Ranganandhan Francis (IND) (3–0–0) Randhir Singh Gentle (IND) (3–0–0) Rechelle Hawkes (AUS) (3–0–0) Balbir Singh, Sr. (IND) (3–0–0) |
Football (soccer) | 1900–1928; since 1936 |
26 | 2 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 85 | Christie Rampone (USA) (3–1–0) |
Christie Rampone (USA) (3–1–0) Heather Mitts (USA) (3–0–0) Shannon Boxx (USA) (3–0–0) Heather O'Reilly (USA) (3–0–0) |
Golf | 1900–1904, since 2016 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 13 | Charles Sands (USA) (1-0) George Lyon (CAN) (1-0) Margaret Abbott (USA) (1-0) |
Charles Sands (USA) (1-0) George Lyon (CAN) (1-0) Margaret Abbott (USA) (1-0) |
Gymnastics (men, women) |
Since 1896 | 28 | 18 | 330 | 312 | 314 | 956 | Larisa Latynina (URS) (9–5–4) | Larisa Latynina (URS) (9–5–4) |
Handball (men, women) |
1936; since 1972 |
13 | 2 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 60 | Andrey Lavrov (RUS) (3–0–1) Oh Seong-ok (KOR) (1–2–1) |
Andrey Lavrov (RUS) (3–0–1) |
Judo | 1964; since 1972 |
13 | 14 | 109 | 108 | 218 | 435 | Ryoko Tani (JPN) (2–2–1) | Tadahiro Nomura (JPN) (3–0–0) |
Modern pentathlon | Since 1912 | 24 | 2 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 108 | Pavel Lednyov (URS) (2–2–3) | András Balczó (HUN) (3–2–0) |
Rowing (men, women) |
Since 1900 | 27 | 14 | 226 | 226 | 216 | 668 | Elisabeta Lipă (ROU) (5–2–1) | Elisabeta Lipă (ROU) (5–2–1) Georgeta Damian (ROU) (5–0–1) Steve Redgrave (GBR) (5–0–1) |
Rugby | 1900; 1908; 1920; 1924; (Rugby sevens from 2016) |
5 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 10 | Joseph Hunter (USA) (2-0) Charles Lee Tilden, Jr. (USA) (2-0) Colby Slater (USA) (2-0) |
Joseph Hunter (USA) (2-0) Charles Lee Tilden, Jr. (USA) (2-0) Colby Slater (USA) (2-0) |
Sailing | 1900; since 1908 |
26 | 10 | 165 | 157 | 150 | 472 | Ben Ainslie (GBR) (4–1–0) Robert Scheidt (BRA) (2–2–1) Torben Grael (BRA) (2–1–2) |
Ben Ainslie (GBR) (4–1–0) Paul Elvstrøm (DEN) (4–0–0) |
Shooting | 1896; 1900; 1908–1924; since 1932 |
26 | 15 | 242 | 243 | 242 | 727 | Carl Osburn (USA) (5–4–2) | Carl Osburn (USA) (5–4–2) Willis Augustus Lee (USA) (5–1–1) Ole Lilloe-Olsen (NOR) (5–1–0) Alfred Lane (USA) (5–0–1) |
Swimming (men, women) |
Since 1896 | 28 | 34 | 490 | 486 | 491 | 1467 | Michael Phelps (USA) (18-2–2) | Michael Phelps (USA) (18-2–2) |
Synchronized swimming | Since 1984 | 9 | 2 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 39 | Anastasia Davydova (RUS) (5–0–0) Miya Tachibana (JPN) (0–4–1) Miho Takeda (JPN) (0–4–1) |
Anastasia Davydova (RUS) (5–0–0) |
Table tennis | Since 1988 | 8 | 4 | 24 | 24 | 28 | 76 | Wang Nan (CHN) (4–1–0) Wang Hao (CHN) (2–3–0) |
Wang Nan (CHN) (4–1–0) Deng Yaping (CHN) (4–0–0) Zhang Yining (CHN) (4–0–0) |
Taekwondo | Since 2000 | 5 | 8 | 24 | 24 | 32 | 80 | Steven López (USA) (2–0–1) Hadi Saei (IRI) (2–0–1) Hwang Kyung-seon (KOR) (2–0–1) |
Steven López (USA) (2–0–1) Hadi Saei (IRI) (2–0–1) Hwang Kyung-seon (KOR) (2–0–1) Chen Zhong (CHN) (2–0–0) Wu Jingyu (CHN) (2–0–0) |
Tennis | 1896–1924; since 1988 |
15 | 5 | 56 | 56 | 71 | 183 | Kitty McKane (GBR) (1–2–2) | Venus Williams (USA) (4–0–0) Serena Williams (USA) (4–0–0) |
Triathlon | Since 2000 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 | Simon Whitfield (CAN) (1–1–0) Bevan Docherty (NZL) (0–1–1) |
8 athletes with one gold medal, the most successful: Simon Whitfield (CAN) (1–1–0) |
Volleyball | Since 1964 | 14 | 4 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 96 | Ana Fernández (CUB) (3–0–1) Inna Ryskal (URS) (2–2–0) Sergey Tetyukhin (RUS) (1–1–2) |
Ana Fernández (CUB) (3–0–1) Regla Bell (CUB) (3–0–0) Marlenis Costa (CUB) (3–0–0) Mireya Luis (CUB) (3–0–0) Regla Torres (CUB) (3–0–0) Misty May-Treanor (USA) (3–0–0) Kerri Walsh Jennings (USA) (3–0–0) |
Water polo | 1900; since 1908 |
26 | 2 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 85 | Dezső Gyarmati (HUN) (3–1–1) | 11 athletes with 3 gold medals, the most successful: Dezső Gyarmati (HUN) (3–1–1) |
Weightlifting | 1896; 1904; since 1920 |
25 | 15 | 185 | 181 | 182 | 548 | Pyrros Dimas (GRE) (3–0–1) Ronny Weller (GER) (1–2–1) Nikolaj Pešalov (BUL, CRO) (1–1–2) Norbert Schemansky (USA) (1–1–2) |
Pyrros Dimas (GRE) (3–0–1) Kakhi Kakhiashvili (GRE) (3–0–0) Halil Mutlu (TUR) (3–0–0) Naim Süleymanoğlu (TUR) (3–0–0) |
Wrestling (freestyle, Greco-Roman) |
1896; since 1904 |
27 | 18 | 373 | 375 | 392 | 1140 | Wilfried Dietrich (FRG) (1–2–2) | Aleksandr Karelin (RUS) (3–1–0) Ivar Johansson (SWE) (3–0–0) Aleksandr Medved (URS) (3–0–0) Buvaisar Saitiev (RUS) (3–0–0) Artur Taymazov (UZB) (3–1–0) Carl Westergren (SWE) (3–0–0) Saori Yoshida (JPN) (3–0–0) Kaori Icho (JPN) (3–0–0) |
Winter Olympic sports
Discipline | Contested | Number of | Medals awarded | Athlete(s) with the most medals (gold-silver-bronze) |
Athlete(s) with the most gold medals | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Olympiads (up to 2014) |
Medal events (at 2014) |
Total | |||||||
Alpine skiing | Since 1936 | 19 | 10 | 132 | 135 | 130 | 397 | Kjetil André Aamodt (NOR) (4–2–2) | Kjetil André Aamodt (NOR) (4–2–2) Janica Kostelić (CRO) (4–2–0) |
Biathlon | 1924[A], Since 1960 | 16 | 11 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 162 | Ole Einar Bjørndalen (NOR) (8–4–1) | Ole Einar Bjørndalen (NOR) (8–4–1) |
Bobsleigh | 1924–1956; since 1964 |
21 | 3 | 39 | 37 | 39 | 115 | Bogdan Musiol (GDR) (1–5–1) | Kevin Kuske (GER) (4–1–0) André Lange (GER) (4–1–0) |
Cross-country skiing | Since 1924 | 22 | 12 | 134 | 132 | 133 | 399 | Bjørn Dæhlie (NOR) (8–4–0) | Bjørn Dæhlie (NOR) (8–4–0) |
Curling | 1924; since 1998 |
6 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 21 | Anna Le Moine (SWE) (2–0–0) Cathrine Lindahl (SWE) (2–0–0) Eva Lund (SWE) (2–0–0) Anette Norberg (SWE) (2–0–0) Kevin Martin (CAN) (1–1–0) Torger Nergård (NOR) (1–1–0) Mirjam Ott (SUI) (0–2–0) |
Anna Le Moine (SWE) (2–0–0) Cathrine Lindahl (SWE) (2–0–0) Eva Lund (SWE) (2–0–0) Anette Norberg (SWE) (2–0–0) |
Figure skating | Summer: 1908; 1920 Winter: since 1924[B] |
24 | 5 | 77 | 75 | 76 | 228 | Gillis Grafström (SWE) (3–1–0) Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) (2–2–0) |
Gillis Grafström (SWE) (3–1–0) Sonja Henie (NOR) (3–0–0) Irina Rodnina (URS) (3–0–0) |
Freestyle skiing | Since 1992 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 54 | Kari Traa (NOR) (1–1–1) | Alexandre Bilodeau (CAN) (2–0–0) |
Ice hockey | Summer: 1920 Winter: since 1924[C] |
23 | 2 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 72 | Jayna Hefford (CAN) (4–1–0) Hayley Wickenheiser (CAN) (4–1–0) |
Jayna Hefford (CAN) (4–1–0) Hayley Wickenheiser (CAN) (4–1–0) |
Luge | Since 1964 | 14 | 4 | 37 | 35 | 36 | 108 | Armin Zöggeler (ITA) (2–1–3) | Georg Hackl (GER) (3–2–0) Felix Loch (GER) (3-0-0) |
Nordic combined | Since 1924 | 22 | 3 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 84 | Felix Gottwald (AUT) (3–1–3) | Samppa Lajunen (FIN) (3–2–0) Felix Gottwald (AUT) (3–1–3) Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR) (3–1–2) Thorleif Haug (NOR) (3–0–0) Ulrich Wehling (GDR) (3–0–0) |
Short track speed skating | Since 1992 | 7 | 8 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 96 | Viktor Ahn (RUS) / Ahn Hyun-soo (KOR) (6–0–2) Apolo Anton Ohno (USA) (2–2–4) |
Viktor Ahn (RUS) / Ahn Hyun-soo (KOR) (6–0–2) |
Skeleton | 1924; 1948; Since 2002 |
6 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 | Alexander Tretiakov (RUS) (1-0-1) Martins Dukurs (LAT) (0-2-0) John Heaton (USA) (0–2–0) Gregor Stähli (SUI) (0–0–2) |
Alexander Tretiakov (RUS) (1-0-1) Nino Bibbia (ITA) (1–0–0) Tristan Gale (USA) (1–0–0) Duff Gibson (CAN) (1–0–0) Jennison Heaton (USA) (1–0–0) Jon Montgomery (CAN) (1–0–0) Maya Pedersen (SUI) (1–0–0) Jimmy Shea (USA) (1–0–0) Amy Williams (GBR) (1–0–0) Lizzy Yarnold (GBR) (1-0-0) |
Ski jumping | Since 1924 | 22 | 4 | 38 | 39 | 37 | 114 | Matti Nykänen (FIN) (4–1–0) | Matti Nykänen (FIN) (4–1–0) Simon Ammann (SUI) (4–0–0) |
Snowboarding | Since 1998 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 42 | Kelly Clark (USA) (1-0-2) | Philipp Schoch (SUI) (2–0–0) Seth Wescott (USA) (2–0–0) Shaun White (USA) (2–0–0) Vic Wild (RUS) (2-0-0) |
Speed skating | Since 1924 | 22 | 12 | 152 | 155 | 148 | 455 | Claudia Pechstein (GER) (5–2–2) | Lidiya Skoblikova (URS) (6–0–0) |
^ A. Including military patrol event at 1924 Games, which IOC now refers to biathlon.
^ B. Figure skating was held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympic games prior to the establishment of the Winter Olympics. 21 medals (seven of each color) were awarded in seven events.
^ C. A men's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and then added as a Winter Olympics event. Three medals were awarded.
Discontinued summer sports
Discipline | Contested | Number of Olympiads |
Medals awarded | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | ||||||
Baseball | 1992–2008 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 15 |
Basque pelota | 1900 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Cricket | 1900 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Croquet | 1900 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
Jeu de paume | 1908 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Lacrosse | 1904–1908 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Polo | 1900; 1908; 1920; 1924; 1936 |
5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 16 |
Rackets | 1908 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
Roque | 1904 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Softball | 1996–2008 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
Tug of war | 1900–1920 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 13 |
Water motorsports | 1908 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Medalist with most medals by Olympiad
Summer Olympic Games
^ D. The IOC site for the 1900 Olympic Games gives erroneous figure of 95 events, while the IOC database for the 1900 Olympic Games lists 85 ones.
^ E. The IOC site for the 1904 Olympic Games gives erroneous figure of 91 events, while the IOC database for the 1904 Olympic Games lists 94 ones.
^ F. The IOC site for the 1920 Olympic Games gives erroneous figure of 154 events, while the IOC database for the 1920 Olympic Games lists 156 ones.
^ G. Due to Australian quarantine laws, 6 equestrian events were held in Stockholm several months before the rest of the 1956 Games in Melbourne.
^ H. The IOC site for the 1956 Olympic Games gives figure of 145 events, however actually there was 151 (145 events in Melbourne and 6 equestrian events in Stockholm).
Winter Olympic Games
Medalists by age
Title | Age | Medalist | Details | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oldest Winter medalist (in an individual event) |
42 | Albert Demchenko | ||
Oldest Winter gold medalist (in an individual event) |
40 | Ole Einar Bjørndalen | [3] | |
Oldest male Winter medalist | 42 | Albert Demchenko | At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Albert Demchenko won the silver medal in the luge, becoming the oldest individual athlete ever to win a medal (42 years 72 days). Demchenko has competed in seven Olympics during his career. | [4] |
Oldest male Winter gold medalist | 40 | Ole Einar Bjørndalen | At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Ole Einar Bjørndalen won gold at the 10 km sprint biathlon event, tying the record number of total medals in the Winter Olympics at 12, along with Bjørn Dæhlie, and becoming the oldest Winter Olympics gold medalist at age 40. | [3] |
Oldest female Winter medalist | 49 years 147 days | Cheryl Noble | Bronze medallist in the curling tournament in 2002 | [2] |
Oldest female Winter medalist (in individual event) |
41 years 189 days | Hilde Pedersen | Bronze medallist in the 10 km cross-country skiing, at the 2006 Games | [2] |
Oldest female Winter gold medalist | ||||
Youngest gold medalist | Toni Nieminen | 16 years | Gold medalist in ski jumping, in the 1992 Games | [5] |
Youngest Winter medalist | 13 years and 85 days | Kim Yun-mi | Gold medalist in the short track speed skating 3000 m relay final at the 1994 Winter Olympics | [6] |
By sport
Title | Age | Medalist | Details | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Freestyle skiing | ||||
Youngest freestyle skiing medalist | 19 years 321 days | Justine Dufour-Lapointe | [7] | |
Youngest freestyle skiing gold medalist | 19 years 321 days | Justine Dufour-Lapointe | [7] | |
Youngest female freestyle skiing medalist | 19 years 321 days | Justine Dufour-Lapointe | [7] | |
Youngest female freestyle skiing gold medalist | 19 years 321 days | Justine Dufour-Lapointe | At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Justine Dufour-Lapointe became the youngest freestyle skiing gold medalist. In the women's moguls, she finished just ahead of her older sister, Chloé, who took the silver medal; her eldest sister, Maxime, finished 12th. They became the third pair of sisters to finish 1-2 in an event at the Winter Games. It was the fifth time three siblings have competed at the same event at the Winter Games. | |
Biathlon | ||||
Oldest biathlon medalist | 40 | Ole Einar Bjørndalen | [3] | |
Oldest biathlon gold medalist | 40 | Ole Einar Bjørndalen | [3] | |
Oldest male biathlon medalist | 40 | Ole Einar Bjørndalen | [3] | |
Oldest male biathlon gold medalist | 40 | Ole Einar Bjørndalen | At 2014 Winter Olympics, Ole Einar Bjørndalen won gold at the 10 km sprint biathlon event, tying the record number of total medals in the Winter Olympis at 12, along with Bjørn Dæhlie, and becoming the oldest Winter Olympics medalist at age 40. | [3] |
Skeleton | ||||
Oldest skeleton gold medalist | 39 | Duff Gibson | [9] | |
Oldest male skeleton gold medalist | 39 | Duff Gibson | At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Duff Gibson became the oldest Winter Games gold medalist by winning gold in skeleton. He has subsequently been eclipsed as the oldest gold medalist at the Winter Games. | [9] |
Luge | ||||
Youngest luge gold medalist | 20 | Felix Loch | [10] | |
Youngest male luge gold medalist | 20 | Felix Loch | At the 2010 Winter Olympics, he became the youngest ever Olympic luge gold meadlist | [10] |
Cycling | ||||
Oldest cycling gold medalist | 38 | Ana Karen | [11] | |
Oldest female cycling gold medalist | 38 | Kristin Armstrong | At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she became the oldest cycling gold medalist, when she won the women's road time trial race, defending her gold medal from Beijing 2008. | [11] |
Athletics | ||||
Oldest athletics medalist | 48 | Terence Lloyd Johnson | [12] | |
Oldest athletics gold medalist | 42 | Pat McDonald | [12] | |
Oldest male athletics medalist | 48 | Terence Lloyd Johnson | At the 1948 Summer Olympics, he won bronze in the men's 50 km walk | [12] |
Oldest male athletics gold medalist | 42 | Pat McDonald | At the 1920 Summer Olympics, he won the men's 56 lbs toss | [12] |
Oldest female athletics medalist | 40 | Merlene Ottey | At the 2000 Summer Olympics, she won bronze in the women's 100m dash | [12] |
Oldest female athletics gold medalist | 39 | Ellina Zvereva | At the 2000 Summer Olympics, she won gold for the discus throw | [12] |
Swimming | ||||
Oldest swimming medalist | 41 | Dara Torres | She was part of a team | [13] |
Oldest male swimming medalist | 38 | William Robinson | Robinson won silver for the men's 200m breaststroke at the 1908 Summer Olympics | [13] |
Oldest female swimming medalist | 41 | Dara Torres | Torres won silver for the women's 4x100 freestyle team relay as anchor at the 2008 Summer Olympics | [13] |
See also
- List of prizes, medals, and awards
- List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
- List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
- List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
- List of multiple Olympic medalists
- List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games
- List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event
- List of Olympians who won medals in the Summer and Winter Games
- List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
- Lists of Paralympic medalists
- List of Olympic medalists in art competitions
References
- General
- "Factsheet: Records and medals Games of the Olympiad" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. January 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- "Factsheet: Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. February 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- "Results database". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- "Olympic sports index". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- "Summer games index". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- "Winter games index". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- Specific
- ↑ "Jeux Olympiques - Sports, Athlètes, Médailles, Rio 2016". olympic.org.
- 1 2 3 title=FACTSHEET: RECORDS AND MEDALS OF THE OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES UPDATE-JANUARY 2013|URL=http://www.olympic.org/documents/reference_documents_factsheets/records_and_medals_at_the_olympic_winter_games.pdf|dateaccessed=02-23-14
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric Williamsen (8 February 2014). "Ole Einar Bjoerndalen Becomes Oldest Winter Olympic Gold Medalist In 10-Kilometer Sprint". Huffington Post.
- ↑ "Russian luger Albert Demchenko oldest Winter Olympic medalist". ITAR-TASS. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ↑ Dameron, Charles (9 January 2016). "Lovely Weather for a Sleigh Ride - WSJ". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
- ↑ "FACTSHEET RECORD OF MEDALS AT THE OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES" (PDF). IOC.
- 1 2 3 4 The Canadian Press (8 February 2014). "Dufour-Lapointe sisters win gold and silver in Olympic moguls". CTV News.
- ↑ Rod Perry (8 February 2014). "Dufour-Lapointe sisters could make history in women's moguls final". CBC News.
- 1 2 Rob Gloster (9 February 2014). "All the winners on day two at Sochi". Sidney Morning Herald.
- 1 2 Justin Palmer (8 February 2014). "Germany's Loch in pole position to win second gold". Reuters.
- 1 2 Associated Press (1 August 2012). "Armstrong becomes road cycling's oldest Olympic gold medalist". Sports Illustrated.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Steven Lynch (14 September 2013). "The oldest Olympic medalist". Ask Steven. ESPN.
- 1 2 3 Emily Brandon (13 August 2008). "Dara Torres: The Oldest Olympic Swimming Medalist in History". US News and World Report.
External links
- Olympic Review and Revue Olympique. LA84 Foundation
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