Phenylbutazone

Phenylbutazone
Skeletal formula
Ball-and-stick model
Systematic (IUPAC) name
4-Butyl-1,2-diphenyl-pyrazolidine-3,5-dione
Clinical data
Trade names Butazolidine
Legal status
Legal status
  • ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
CAS Number 50-33-9 YesY
ATC code M01AA01 (WHO) M02AA01 (WHO)
PubChem CID 4781
IUPHAR/BPS 7270
DrugBank DB00812 YesY
ChemSpider 4617 YesY
UNII GN5P7K3T8S YesY
KEGG D00510 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:48574 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL101 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C19H20N2O2
Molar mass 308.374 g/mol
  (verify)

Phenylbutazone, often referred to as "bute",[1] is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the short-term treatment of pain and fever in animals.

In the United States and United Kingdom, it is no longer approved for human use, as it can cause severe adverse effects such as suppression of white blood cell production and aplastic anemia. This drug was implicated in the 2013 meat adulteration scandal. Positive phenylbutazone tests in horse meat were uncommon in the UK, however.[2]

Uses

In humans

Phenylbutazone was originally made available for use in humans for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and gout in 1949. However, It is no longer approved, and therefore not marketed, for any human use in the United States.[3] In the UK it is used to treat ankylosing spondylitis, but only when other therapies are unsuitable.[4]

In horses

Phenylbutazone is the most commonly used NSAID for horses in the United States.[5] It is used for the following purposes:

History of phenylbutazone in racing

In the 1968 Kentucky Derby, Dancer's Image, the winner of the race, was disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone were allegedly discovered in a post-race urinalysis. Owned by prominent Massachusetts businessman Peter Fuller and ridden by jockey Bobby Ussery, Dancer's Image remains the only horse to win the Kentucky Derby and then be disqualified. Phenylbutazone was legal on most tracks around the United States in 1968, but had not yet been approved by Churchill Downs.

Controversy and speculation still surround the incident. In the weeks prior to the race, Peter Fuller had given previous winnings to Coretta Scott King, the widow of slain civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., which brought both praise and criticism. The previous year, King held a sit-in against housing discrimination which disrupted Derby week. Forty years later, Fuller still believes Dancer's Image was disqualified due to these events.[6][7]

After many appeals, though, Forward Pass was named the winner, the Kentucky Derby official website lists both Dancer's Image and Forward Pass as the winner. The website's race video commentary states that on the winner's plaque at Churchill Downs, both Dancer's Image and Forward Pass are listed as the 1968 winner of the Kentucky Derby.[8]

In dogs

Phenylbutazone is occasionally used in dogs for the longer-term management of chronic pain, particularly due to osteoarthritis. About 20% of adult dogs are affected with osteoarthritis, which makes the management of musculoskeletal pain a major component of companion animal practice. The margin of safety for all NSAIDs is narrow in the dog, and other NSAIDs are more commonly used (etodolac, and carprofen). Gastrointestinal-protectant drugs, such as misoprostol, cimetidine, omeprazole, ranitidine, or sucralfate, are frequently included as a part of treatment with any NSAID. Dogs receiving chronic phenylbutazone therapy should be followed with regular blood work and renal monitoring.[9]

Side effects of phenylbutazone in dogs include gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration, bone marrow depression, rashes, malaise, blood dyscrasias, and diminished renal blood flow.

Dosage and administration in horses

Phenylbutazone has a plasma elimination half-life of 4-8 hours, however the inflammatory exudate half life is 24 hours,[10] so single daily dosing can be sufficient, although it is often used twice per day.[5] The drug is considered fairly non-toxic when given at appropriate doses (2.2-4.4 mg/kg/day), even when used repeatedly.[11] This dose has been doubled for diseases that cause severe pain, such as laminitis, but is toxic if repeated long-term, and exceptionally high doses (15 mg/kg/d or higher) can kill the animal in less than a week.[12]

Phenylbutazone may be administered orally (via paste, powder or feed-in) or intravenously. It should not be given intramuscularly or injected in any place other than a vein, as it can cause tissue damage. Tissue damage and edema may also occur if the drug is injected repetitively into the same vein.

Phenylbutazone should be administered only under the advice of a veterinarian.

Side effects and disadvantages

Side effects of phenylbutazone are similar to those of other NSAIDs. Overdose or prolonged use can cause gastrointestinal ulcers, blood dyscrasia, kidney damage (primarily dose-dependant renal papillary necrosis), oral lesions if given by mouth, and internal hemorrhage.[12] This is especially pronounced in young, ill, or stressed horses which are less able to metabolize the drug.[13] Effects of GI damage include edema of the legs and belly secondary to leakage of blood proteins into the intestines, resulting in decreased appetite, excessive thirst, weight loss, weakness, and in advanced stages, kidney failure and death.

Phenylbutazone should not be used in combination with vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin or phenprocoumon, as it amplifies the anticoagulant effect of these drugs; with other NSAIDs; or in horses with known kidney or liver problems. Phenylbutazone displaces warfarin from plasma binding sites and toxic blood levels leading to haemorrhage can occur.

Periodic blood tests are recommended when using phenylbutazone, as agranulocytosis can occur.

Phenylbutazone should be used cautiously in pregnant or nursing mares, as it may be toxic to the embryo and can be transferred via the umbilical cord and by milk.

Phenylbutazone may be used in foals, but it should be used with particular caution. Premature foals, septicemic foals, foals with questionable kidney or liver function and foals with diarrhea require careful monitoring. Drugs to protect the GI tract such as omeprazole, cimetidine, and sucralfate are frequently used with phenylbutazone.

High doses of phenylbutazone may be considered a rules violation under some equestrian organizations, as the drug may remain in the bloodstream four to five days after administration.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer places it in Group 3; i.e., "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans".

Use in horses is limited to those not intended for food. Metabolites of phenylbutazone can cause aplastic anaemia in humans.[14][15]

Investigations into potential carcinogenicity

Opinions are conflicting regarding the carcinogenicity of phenylbutazone in animals; no evidence indicates it causes cancer in humans at therapeutic doses. Maekawa et al. (1987) found no increased cancer incidence in DONRYU rats fed a diet containing 0.125% or 0.25% phenylbutazone over two years.[16] On the other hand, Kari et al. (1995) found a rare type of kidney cancer in rats (13 of 100) and an increased rate of liver cancer in male rats fed 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight of phenylbutazone for two years.[17] Tennant (1993) listed phenylbutazone as a non-mutagenic carcinogen.[18] Kirkland and Fowler (2010) acknowledged that, while phenylbutazone is not predicted to be a mutagen by computer software that simulates the chemicals interaction with DNA,[19] one laboratory study indicated phenylbutazone subtly altered the structure of chromosomes of bone marrow cells of mice.[20] Kirkland and Fowler (2010) furthermore explained that the theoretical carcinogenic effects of phenylbutazone in humans cannot be studied because patients prescribed the drug were given doses far below the level any effect may become apparent (<1 mM).[19] The World Health Organisation's International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC) stated in 1987 that there was inadequate evidence for a carcinogenic effect in humans.[21]

Interactions

Other anti-inflammatory drugs that tend to cause GI ulcers, such as corticosteroids and other NSAIDs, can potentiate the bleeding risk. Combination with anticoagulant drugs, particularly coumarin derivatives, also increases the risk of bleeding. Avoid combining with other hepatotoxic drugs.

Phenylbutazone may affect blood levels and duration of action of phenytoin, valproic acid, sulfonamides, sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents, barbiturates, promethazine, rifampicin, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, and penicillin G.[22]

Overdose

Overdoses of phenylbutazone can cause renal failure, liver injury, bone marrow suppression, and gastric ulceration or perforation. Early signs of toxicity include loss of appetite, and depression.[22]

Chemistry

Phenylbutazone is a crystalline substance. It is obtained by condensation of diethyl n-butylmalonate with hydrazobenzene in the presence of base. In effect, this represents the formation of the heterocyclic system by simple lactamization.

Oxyphenbutazone, the major metabolite of phenylbutazone, differs only in the para location of one of its phenyl groups, where a hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydroxyl group (making it 4-butyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione).

References

  1. ↑ "Death and Disarray at America's Racetracks". New York Times. 24 March 2012.
  2. ↑ "Horse meat investigation. Advice for consumers". Enforcement and regulation. Food Standards Agency. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  3. ↑ "FDA Order Prohibits Extralabel Use of Phenylbutazone in Certain Dairy Cattle". Food and Drug Administration. 28 February 2003.
  4. ↑ NHS: Drugs used in Rheumatic Diseases and Gout
  5. 1 2 McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Proc. AAEP 2001 (47): 182-187.
  6. ↑ Boston Globe article about the 40th Anniversary of the Race
  7. ↑ "Sports: Dancer's tainted image". Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  8. ↑ "Kentucky Derby 132". 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  9. ↑ "Wedgewood Pharmaceuticals-Phenylbutazol".
  10. ↑ Lees P, Taylor KBO, Higgins AJ, Sharma SC. Phenylbuta- zone and oxyphenbutazone distribution into tissue fluids in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1986;9:204–212.
  11. ↑ Collins LG, Tyler DE. Phenylbutazone toxicosis in the horse: A clinical study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984;184: 699 –703.
  12. 1 2 MacKay RJ, French TW, Nguyen HT, Mayhew IG. Effects of large doses of phenylbutazone administration in horse. Am J Vet Res 1983;44:774–780.
  13. ↑ Lees P, Higgins AJ. Clinical pharmacology in therapeutic uses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the horse. Equine Vet J 1985;17:83–96.
  14. ↑ Peadar Ó Scanaill. "Phenylbutazone and its availability in ireland – prudent prescribing and dispensing" (PDF). Irish Veterinary Journal 63 (12): 766–8.
  15. ↑ "Ante and Post-mortem Procedures, Dispositions, Monitoring and Controls - Red Meat Species, Ostriches, Rheas and Emus". Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
  16. ↑ Maekawa, Akihiko; Hiroshi Onodera; Hiroyuki Tanigawa; Kyoko Furuta; Jun Kanno; Chiaki Matsuoka; Toshiaki Ogiu; Yuzo Hayashi (1987-01-09). "Long-Term Studies on Carcinogenicity and Promoting Effect of Phenylbutazone in DONRYU Rats". Journal of the National Cancer Institute 79 (3): 577–584. doi:10.1093/jnci/79.3.577. ISSN 0027-8874. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  17. ↑ Kari, Frank; John Bucher; Joseph Haseman; Scot Eustis; James Huff (1995). "Long-term Exposure to the Anti-inflammatory Agent Phenylbutazone Induces Kidney Tumors in Rats and Liver Tumors in Mice". Cancer Science 86 (3): 252–263. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb03048.x. ISSN 1349-7006. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  18. ↑ Tennant, R W (October 1993). "A perspective on nonmutagenic mechanisms in carcinogenesis.". Environmental Health Perspectives 101 (Suppl 3): 231–236. doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s3231. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1521175. PMID 8143623.
  19. 1 2 Kirkland, David; Paul Fowler (2010-01-11). "Further analysis of Ames-negative rodent carcinogens that are only genotoxic in mammalian cells in vitro at concentrations exceeding 1 mM, including retesting of compounds of concern". Mutagenesis 25 (6): 539–553. doi:10.1093/mutage/geq041. ISSN 0267-8357. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  20. ↑ Giri, A.K.; A. Mukhopadhyay (1998-12-03). "Mutagenicity assay in Salmonella and in vivo sister chromatid exchange in bone marrow cells of mice for four pyrazolone derivatives". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 420 (1–3): 15–25. doi:10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00138-7. ISSN 1383-5718. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  21. ↑ IARC (1987). IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. International Agency for Research on Cancer. p. 316.
  22. 1 2 "Phenylbutazol for veterinary use". Wedgewood Pharmacy.
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