Dolma
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Grape leaf dolma (yaprak sarma) from Turkish cuisine | |
| Course | Meze or main dish |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | Ottoman Empire |
| Region or state | Countries of the former Ottoman Empire, Balkans, Middle East, Caucasus and Central Asia |
| Serving temperature | Cold or hot |
| Main ingredients | Stuffed peppers, Vine leaf, Rice |
| Variations | Partial |
 Cookbook: Dolma  Media: Dolma | |
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Dolma (Ottoman Turkish: طولمه) is a family of stuffed vegetable dishes common in the Middle East and surrounding regions including the Balkans, the Caucasus, Russia and Central Asia. Common vegetables to stuff include tomato, pepper, onion, zucchini, eggplant, and garlic. The stuffing may or may not include meat. Meat dolmas are generally served warm, often with tahini, egg-lemon or garlic yogurt sauce; meatless ones are generally served cold. Stuffed vegetables are also common in Italian cuisine, where they are named ripieni ("stuffed").[1]
Dishes of grape or cabbage leaves wrapped around a filling are also called dolma or yaprak dolma ('leaf dolma') in many cuisines, or may be distinguished as sarma.
Names and etymology
Dolma (Ottoman Turkish طولمه,) is a verbal noun of the Turkish verb dolmak, "to be stuffed," and means "stuffed (thing)."[2][3][4][5] Dolma is a stuffed vegetable, that is, a vegetable that is hollowed out and filled with stuffing. This applies to zucchini, tomato, pepper, eggplant, and the like; stuffed mackerel, squid, and mussel are also called dolma.
Dishes involving wrapping leaves such as vine leaves or cabbage leaves around a filling are called sarma, though in many languages the distinction is usually not made.
Dolma without meat is sometimes called yalancı dolma 'fake dolma' in Turkish.[6][7]
In some countries, the usual name for the dish is a borrowing of dolma, e.g. Armenian տոլմա [tolˈmɑ] or դոլմա [dolˈmɑ],[8] or of yaprak (Turkish 'leaf'), in others it is a calque, and sometimes the two coexist with distinct meanings: Albanian: japrak; Arabic: محشي maḥshi ('stuffed'), محشي ورق عنب (maḥshī waraq 'inab, 'stuffed grape leaf'); Persian: دلمه,"dolme", برگ "barg"; Greek: ντολμάς dolmas (for the leaf-wrapped kind) and γεμιστά yemista 'stuffed'; Kurdish: dolma دۆلمە, yaprakh, یاپراخ. In Aleppo, the word يبرق yabraq refers to stuffed vine leaves, while محشي maḥshī refers to stuffed cabbage leaves and stuffed vegetables.
Filling
The filling generally consists of rice, minced meat or grains. In either case, the filling includes onion, herbs like dill, mint or parsley and spices. Meatless fillings are cooked with olive oil and include raisins or currants, onion, nuts or pulses.
Armenian lenten vegan variant
In addition to the traditional dolmas, Armenia has a giant vegan variant called Lenten Dolma ("Pasus Tolma" or "պասուս տոլմա"). It is wrapped with cabbage leaves, and stuffed with red beans, garbanzo beans, lentils, cracked wheat, tomato paste, onion and many spices and flavorings.[9] Keeping with the Armenian lenten rules, it is vegan, but despite its name of Lenten Tolma, it is commonly prepared year round.
Israeli variant
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In Israel, vine leaves, Swiss chard, artichoke bottoms, mallow, cabbage, potatoes, eggplants, onions, dates, zucchini, bell peppers, beets, hot chili peppers, dried dates, dried figs and dried apricots are commonly stuffed with a combination of meat and rice, although other fillings, such as bulgur, lentils and ptitim, have evolved among the various Jewish, Arab and Armenian communities.[10]
See also
- Sarma
- Cabbage roll (stuffed cabbage)
- Sogan-dolma
References
- ↑ Gosetti (1967), passim
- ↑ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dolma
- ↑ Merriam-Webster Online - Dolma
- ↑ Encyclopedia Iranica. Dolma.
- ↑ Official Turkish Dictionary. Dolma.
- ↑ yalancı literally means 'liar'; "dolma.". Online English-Turkish-German Dictionary. Seslisozluk.com v4.1. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ↑ Selvili, Elif. "Cooking Fresh: Turkish Summer". Edible Austin. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ↑ “դօլմա” in Stepʿan Malxaseancʿ, Hayerēn bacʿatrakan baṙaran (Armenian Explanatory Dictionary), in 4 vols, Yerevan: State Publishing House of the Armenian SSR, 1944-45
- ↑ http://heghineh.com/stuffed-cabbage-leaves/
- ↑ Ansky, Sherry, and Sheffer, Nelli, The Food of Israel: Authentic Recipes from the Land of Milk and Honey, pg. 76, Hong Kong, Periplus Editions (2000) ISBN 962-593-268-2
Sources
- Alan Davidson, The Oxford Companion to Food. ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
- Gosetti Della Salda, Anna (1967). Le ricette regionali italiane (in Italian). Milano: Solares.
External links
Media related to Dolma at Wikimedia Commons
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