Ralph Nader

Ralph Nader

Nader speaking at BYU's Alternate Commencement in 2007
Personal details
Born (1934-02-27) February 27, 1934
Winsted, Connecticut, U.S.
Citizenship United States[1]
Political party Democratic (1964–1991)
Green (1991–2003)
Independent (2003–present)
Other political
affiliations		 Populist of Maryland (2004)
Alma mater Princeton University (A.B.)
Harvard Law School (LL.B.)[2]
Occupation Lawyer
Political activist
Religion Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch[2][1][3]
Signature
Website nader.org
Military service
Allegiance  United States of America
Service/branch  United States Army
Years of service 1959

Ralph Nader (/ˈneɪdər/; born February 27, 1934)[4][5] is an American political activist, as well as an author, lecturer, and attorney. Areas of particular concern to Nader include consumer protection, humanitarianism, environmentalism, and democratic government.[6]

Nader came to prominence in 1965, with the publication of his book Unsafe at Any Speed, a critique of the safety record of American automobile manufacturers in general, and particularly the first-generation Chevrolet Corvair. In 1999, a New York University panel of journalists ranked Unsafe at Any Speed 38th among the top 100 pieces of journalism of the 20th century.[7]

Nader is a five-time candidate for President of the United States, having run as a write-in candidate in the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic primary, as the Green Party nominee in 1996 and 2000, and as an independent candidate in 2004 and 2008.

Early life and education

Young-looking Nader at 40+ years old gesturing as he speaks, wearing a coat and tie with unruly wavy dark hair.
Nader in 1975, approx. age 40

Ralph Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut, to Nathra and Rose (née Bouziane) Nader, immigrants from Lebanon, who were Antiochian Greek Orthodox Christians.[1][3][8] They raised the children in their homeland's culture with both their native Arabic and English, telling them proverbs and stories they felt would encourage independent thought, appreciation of things such as wildlife that cannot be "measured by the dollar," plus instill traits such as perseverance and inner strength.[8] His father initially worked in a textile mill; later, he owned a bakery and restaurant, where he discussed politics with customers,[9] which Ralph listened to along with their comments about conditions at the meat-packing plant, the chemicals they were exposed to, and similar issues that later featured in his activism. His political beliefs and interest in law were also influenced by watching town hall meetings, referendums, and listening to the lawyers argue at the courthouse near his home. His siblings followed similar paths: Laura became a professor of social and cultural anthropology at U.C. Berkeley, Claire earned a doctorate in political science then became a social scientist, and brother Shafeek had a law degree from Boston University.[8]

Nader graduated from The Gilbert School, a private post secondary school in Winsted, Connecticut, in 1951. He then was accepted at Princeton University, and the university offered him a scholarship, but his father turned it away, saying it should go to a student who could not afford tuition.[10] Nader graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs in 1955.[11] He then went on to Harvard Law School, where he obtained a Bachelor of Laws in 1958.[12]

Career

After serving six months on active duty in the United States Army in 1959, he was admitted to the bar and started practice as a lawyer in Hartford, Connecticut. He was an assistant professor of history and government at the University of Hartford from 1961 to 1963.[13]

In 1964, Nader moved to Washington, D.C., where he was appointed as a political aide to the Assistant Secretary of Labor Daniel Patrick Moynihan and also advised a United States Senate subcommittee on car safety.[13] Nader has served on the faculty at the American University Washington College of Law.[14]

Automobile safety activism

Nader began to write about consumer safety issues in articles published in the Harvard Law Record, a student publication of Harvard Law School. He first criticized the automobile industry in 1959 in an article, "The Safe Car You Can't Buy", published by The Nation.[15]

Ralph Nader lectures at Florida State University, 1980s

In 1965, Nader wrote the book Unsafe at Any Speed, in which he claimed that many American automobiles were unsafe to operate. The first chapter, "The Sporty Corvair - The One-Car Accident", pertained to the Corvair manufactured by the Chevrolet division of General Motors (GM), which had been involved in accidents involving spins and rollovers. More than 100 lawsuits were pending against GM related to accidents involving the popular compact car. Nader based his initial investigations into car safety on these lawsuits.[16]

In early March 1966, several media outlets, including The New Republic and The New York Times, reported that GM had tried to discredit Nader, hiring private detectives to tap his phones and investigate his past, and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations.[17][18] Nader sued the company for invasion of privacy and settled the case for $425,000. Nader's lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the New York Court of Appeals, whose opinion in the case expanded tort law to cover "overzealous surveillance".[19] Nader used the proceeds from the lawsuit to start the pro-consumer Center for Study of Responsive Law.

Nader's advocacy of automobile safety and the publicity generated by the publication of Unsafe at Any Speed, along with concern over escalating nationwide traffic fatalities, contributed to Congress' unanimous passage of the 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act. The act established the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, marking a historic shift in responsibility for automobile safety from the consumer to the government. The legislation mandated a series of safety features for automobiles, beginning with safety belts and stronger windshields.[20][21][22] The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act was the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.[23][24][25][26] Speaker of the United States House of Representatives at the time John William McCormack said the passage of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act was due to the “crusading spirit of one individual who believed he could do something...Ralph Nader.”[27]

Several years later, in 1972 Texas A&M University conducted a safety commission report on the Corvair for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; it found that the 1960–1963 Corvairs possessed no greater potential for loss of control than its contemporaries in extreme situations.[28] According to Crash Course by Paul Ingrassia, Corvairs were environmentally friendly due to their smaller size and lighter weight.[29] In contrast, the former GM executive John DeLorean asserted in On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (1979) that Nader's criticisms were valid.[30]

On August 10, 1977, at a joint news conference of the Center for Auto Safety and Mother Jones magazine in Washington, D.C., Nader called for a recall of the Ford Pinto to address the fire hazard of design flaws.[31][32][33] Nader said "This is corporate callousness at the highest level of Ford Motor Co."[34][35]

Other activism

Hundreds of young activists, inspired by Nader's work, came to DC to help him with other projects. They came to be known as "Nader's Raiders" and, under Nader, investigated government corruption, publishing dozens of books with their results:

Nader speaks out against the Iraq War at a September 15, 2007, anti-war protest

In 1971, Nader co-founded the nongovernmental organization (NGO) Public Citizen with fellow public interest lawyer Alan Morrison as an umbrella organization for these projects. Today, Public Citizen has over 225,000 members[36] and investigates congressional, health, environmental, economic and other issues. Nader wrote, "The consumer must be protected at times from his own indiscretion and vanity."[37]

During the Watergate affair Nader challenged the dismissal by Robert Bork of Nixon's special prosecutor Cox in the aftermath of the Saturday Night Massacre.[38]

In the 1970s and 1980s, Nader was a key leader in the antinuclear power movement. "By 1976, consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who later became allied with the environmental movement, 'stood as the titular head of opposition to nuclear energy'."[39][40] The Critical Mass Energy Project was formed by Nader in 1974 as a national anti-nuclear umbrella group.[41] It was probably the largest national anti-nuclear group in the United States, with several hundred local affiliates and an estimated 200,000 supporters.[42] The organization's main efforts were directed at lobbying activities and providing local groups with scientific and other resources to campaign against nuclear power.[41][43] Nader advocates the complete elimination of nuclear energy in favor of solar, tidal, wind and geothermal, citing environmental, worker safety, migrant labor, national security, disaster preparedness, foreign policy, government accountability and democratic governance issues to bolster his position.[44]

Throughout the 1970s, Nader publicly questioned the cost effectiveness and environmental impact of water fluoridation as well as criticizing the hostile resistance of the fluoridationists towards scientific debate.[45] In 2011, Nader joined Civil Rights leaders in their concerns over the disproportionate harm caused by water fluoridation on people of color by issuing this statement, "It's way overdue for this country to have an extended and open scientific and regulatory debate on fluoridation. There should be no mandatory fluoridation without the approval of people in a public referendum preceded by full and open public debate with disclosures. There is an old Roman law adage that says, 'What touches all should be decided by all.'"[46]

Nader was also a prominent supporter of the Airline Deregulation Act.[47]

For his activism, Nader received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen in 1974, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[48]

His activism also earned him the ire of the business community, exemplified in Lewis Powell's influential memo to the US Chamber of Commerce back in the 1970s: "Perhaps the single most effective antagonist of American business is Ralph Nader, who -- thanks largely to the media -- has become a legend in his own time and an idol of millions of Americans."[49][50]

Ecology

Nader spent much of 1970 pursuing a campaign to educate the public about ecology. Nader said that the rivers and lakes in America were extremely contaminated. He joked that "Lake Erie is now so contaminated you're advised to have a typhoid inoculation before you set sail on some parts of the lake."[51]

He also added that river and lake water contamination affected humans because many residents get their water supply from these contaminated rivers and lakes. "Cleveland takes its water supply from deep in the center of Lake Erie. How much longer is it going to get away with that?"[51]

Nader told how some rivers are contaminated so badly that they can be lit on fire. "The Buffalo River is so full of petroleum residuals, it's been classified an official fire hazard by the City of Buffalo. We have the phenomenon now known as flammable water. The Cuyahoga River outside of Cleveland did catch fire last June, burning a base and some bridges. I often wonder what was in the minds of the firemen as they rushed to the scene of the action and pondered how to put this fire out. But we're heading in river after river: Connecticut River, Hudson River, Mississippi River, you name it. There's some rivers right outside of Boston, New Hampshire and Maine where if a person fell into 'em, I think he would dissolve before he drowned."[51]

Non-profit organizations

Throughout his career, Nader has started or inspired a variety of nonprofit organizations, with most of which he has maintained close associations:

  • Citizen Advocacy Center
  • Citizens Utility Boards
  • Congress Accountability Project
  • Consumer Task Force For Automotive Issues
  • Corporate Accountability Research Project
  • Equal Justice Foundation
  • Foundation for Taxpayers and Consumer Rights
  • Georgia Legal Watch
  • National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform
  • National Coalition for Universities in the Public Interest
  • Pension Rights Center
  • PROD (truck safety)
  • Retired Professionals Action Group
  • The Shafeek Nader Trust for the Community Interest
  • 1969: Center for the Study of Responsive Law
  • 1970s: Public Interest Research Groups
  • 1970: Center for Auto Safety
  • 1970: Connecticut Citizen Action Group
  • 1971: Aviation Consumer Action Project
  • 1972: Clean Water Action Project
  • 1972: Center for Women's Policy Studies
  • 1973: Capitol Hill News Service
  • 1974: Disability Rights Center (Nader cofounded it with Deborah Kaplan[52])
  • 1980: Multinational Monitor (magazine covering multinational corporations)
  • 1982: Trial Lawyers for Public Justice
  • 1982: Essential Information (encourage citizen activism and do investigative journalism)
  • 1983: Telecommunications Research and Action Center
  • 1983: National Coalition for Universities in the Public Interest
  • 1988: Taxpayer Assets Project, WFHW-LP
  • 1989: Princeton Project 55 (alumni public service)
  • 1993: Appleseed Foundation (local change)
  • 1994: Resource Consumption Alliance (conserve trees)
  • 1995: Center for Insurance Research
  • 1995: Consumer Project on Technology
  • 1997: Government Purchasing Project (encourage purchase of safe products)
  • 1998: Center for Justice & Democracy
  • 1998: Organization for Competitive Markets
  • 1998: American Antitrust Institute (ensure fair competition)
  • 1998: Commercial Alert (protect family, community, and democracy from corporations)
  • 1999: Arizona Center for Law in the Public Interest
  • 2000: Congressional Accountability Project (fight corruption in Congress)
  • 2001: Citizen Works (promote NGO cooperation, build grassroots support, and start new groups)
  • 2001: Democracy Rising (hold rallies to educate and empower citizens)

In 1980, Nader resigned as director of Public Citizen to work on other projects, lecturing on the growing "imperialism" of multinational corporations and of a dangerous convergence of corporate and government power.[53]

In 2002, Nader founded the D.C. Library Renaissance Project, which has sought to halt the development of the West End Library in Washington, D.C., alleging that it "violated affordable housing guidelines, undervalued the land, and didn't conform to the city's Comprehensive Plan."[54] The legal obstacles presented by the Library Renaissance Project have cost the D.C. government over one million dollars in legal fees.[55] Nader has opposed the privatized development of D.C. libraries despite community support, citing a lack of oversight and competitive bidding process.[56]

In 2013, Nader was active on an array of issues, including postponing the retirement of New York Yankees pitcher Mariano Rivera, opening a tort law museum in Connecticut, and protesting the all-you-can-eat food deals at certain baseball stadiums. In August 2013, he urged Stephen Harper not to allow Verizon to enter Canada's telecom market and complained to Washington, D.C. city officials about poorly positioned “No Left Turn” signs.[55]

Presidential campaigns

Ralph Nader was a frequent contender in U.S. presidential elections in the period 1996 to 2008, always as an independent or third-party candidate. (His activism on behalf of third parties goes back to 1958, when he wrote an article for the Harvard Law Record critiquing U.S. electoral law's systemic discrimination against them.)[57]

Nader was a write-in candidate in 1992. He was nominated for president four times:

Year Votes % Vote Electoral Votes Party Running mate(s)
1996 685,297[58] 0.71% 0 Green Party Bill Boteler, Anne Goeke, Deborah Howes, Madelyn Hoffman, Krista Paradise, Muriel Tillinghast, Winona LaDuke
2000 2,882,955[59] 2.74% 0 Green Party Winona LaDuke
2004 465,151[60] 0.38% 0 Independent, Reform Party, Independence Party Peter Camejo
2008 739,034[61] 0.56% 0 Independent, Independent-Ecology Party, Natural Law Party, Peace and Freedom Party Matt Gonzalez

Presidential campaign history

1972

Ralph Nader's name appeared in the press as a potential candidate for president for the first time in 1971, when he was offered the opportunity to run as the presidential candidate for the New Party, a progressive split-off from the Democratic Party in 1972. Chief among his advocates was author Gore Vidal, who touted a 1972 Nader presidential campaign in a front-page article in Esquire magazine in 1971.[62] Psychologist Alan Rockway organized a "draft Ralph Nader for President" campaign in Florida on the New Party's behalf.[63] Nader declined their offer to run that year; the New Party ultimately joined with the People's Party in running Benjamin Spock in the 1972 presidential election.[64][65][66] Spock had hoped Nader in particular would run, getting "some of the loudest applause of the evening" when mentioning him at the University of Alabama.[67] Spock went on to try to recruit Nader for the party among over 100 others, and indicated he would be "delighted" to be replaced by any of them even after he accepted the nomination himself.[68] Nader received one vote for the vice-presidential nomination at the 1972 Democratic National Convention.

1992

Nader stood in as a write-in for "none of the above" in both the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic and Republican Primaries[69] and received 3,054 of the 170,333 Democratic votes and 3,258 of the 177,970 Republican votes cast.[70] He was also a candidate in the 1992 Massachusetts Democratic Primary, where he appeared at the top of the ballot (in some areas, he appeared on the ballot as an independent).

1996

Nader was drafted as a candidate for President of the United States on the Green Party ticket during the 1996 presidential election. He was not formally nominated by the Green Party USA, which was, at the time, the largest national Green group; instead he was nominated independently by various state Green parties (in some states, he appeared on the ballot as an independent). However, many activists in the Green Party USA worked actively to campaign for Nader that year. Nader qualified for ballot status in 22 states,[71] garnering 685,297 votes or 0.71% of the popular vote (fourth place overall),[72] although the effort did make significant organizational gains for the party. He refused to raise or spend more than $5,000 on his campaign, presumably to avoid meeting the threshold for Federal Elections Commission reporting requirements; the unofficial Draft Nader committee could (and did) spend more than that, but the committee was legally prevented from coordinating in any way with Nader himself.

Nader received some criticism from gay rights supporters for calling gay rights "gonad politics" and stating that he was not interested in dealing with such matters.[73] However, more recently, Nader has come out in support of same-sex marriage.[74]

His 1996 running mates included: Anne Goeke (nine states), Deborah Howes (Oregon), Muriel Tillinghast (New York), Krista Paradise (Colorado), Madelyn Hoffman (New Jersey), Bill Boteler (Washington, D.C.), and Winona LaDuke (California and Texas).[75]

2000

In the 2006 documentary An Unreasonable Man, Nader describes how he was unable to get the views of his public interest groups heard in Washington, even by the Clinton Administration. Nader cites this as one of the primary reasons that he decided to actively run in the 2000 election as candidate of the Green Party, which had been formed in the wake of his 1996 campaign.

Nader's supporters, with Christopher Hitchens speaking, protest his exclusion from the televised debates in 2000

In June 2000, The Association of State Green Parties (ASGP) organized the national nominating convention that took place in Denver, Colorado, at which Green party delegates nominated Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke to be their party's candidates for president and vice president.[76][77]

On July 9, the Vermont Progressive Party nominated Nader, giving him ballot access in the state.[78] On August 12, the United Citizens Party of South Carolina chose Ralph Nader as its presidential nominee, giving him a ballot line in the state.[79]

In October 2000, at the largest Super Rally of his campaign,[80] held in New York City's Madison Square Garden, 15,000 people paid $20 each[81] to hear Mr. Nader speak. Nader's campaign rejected both parties as institutions dominated by corporate interests, stating that Al Gore and George W. Bush were "Tweedledee and Tweedledum". A long list of notable celebrities spoke and performed at the event including Susan Sarandon, Ani DiFranco, Ben Harper, Tim Robbins, Michael Moore, Eddie Vedder and Patti Smith. The campaign also had some prominent union help: The California Nurses Association and the United Electrical Workers endorsed his candidacy and campaigned for him.[82]

In 2000, Nader and his running mate Winona LaDuke received 2,883,105 votes, for 2.74 percent of the popular vote (third place overall),[83] missing the 5 percent needed to qualify the Green Party for federally distributed public funding in the next election, yet qualifying the Greens for ballot status in many states. A common claim is that Nader's candidacy acted as a spoiler in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, in which 537 votes gave George W. Bush a crucial and controversial victory in Florida (Nader received almost 100,000 votes in Florida, from which a slight decrease in favour of Gore would have altered the outcome). Others, including Nader, dispute this claim.[84][85][86]

The spoiler controversy

In the 2000 presidential election in Florida, George W. Bush defeated Al Gore by 537 votes. Nader received 97,421 votes, which led to claims that he was responsible for Gore's defeat. Nader, both in his book Crashing the Party and on his website, states: "In the year 2000, exit polls reported that 25% of my voters would have voted for Bush, 38% would have voted for Gore and the rest would not have voted at all."[87] Michael Moore at first argued that Florida was so close that votes for any of seven other candidates could also have switched the results,[88] but in 2004 joined the view that Nader had helped make Bush president.[89][90] When asked about claims of being a spoiler, Nader typically points to the controversial Supreme Court ruling that halted a Florida recount, Gore's loss in his home state of Tennessee, and the "quarter million Democrats who voted for Bush in Florida."[91][92]

A study in 2002 by the Progressive Review, found no correlation in pre-election polling numbers for Nader when compared to those for Gore. In other words, most of the changes in pre-election polling reflect movement between Bush and Gore rather than Gore and Nader, and they conclude from this that Nader was not responsible for Gore's loss.[93]

An analysis conducted by Harvard Professor B.C. Burden in 2005 showed Nader did "play a pivotal role in determining who would become president following the 2000 election", but that:

Contrary to Democrats’ complaints, Nader was not intentionally trying to throw the election. A spoiler strategy would have caused him to focus disproportionately on the most competitive states and markets with the hopes of being a key player in the outcome. There is no evidence that his appearances responded to closeness. He did, apparently, pursue voter support, however, in a quest to receive 5% of the popular vote.[84]

However, Jonathan Chait of The American Prospect and The New Republic notes that Nader did indeed focus on swing states disproportionately during the waning days of the campaign, and by doing so jeopardized his own chances of achieving the 5% of the vote he was aiming for.

Then there was the debate within the Nader campaign over where to travel in the waning days of the campaign. Some Nader advisers urged him to spend his time in uncontested states such as New York and California. These states – where liberals and leftists could entertain the thought of voting Nader without fear of aiding Bush – offered the richest harvest of potential votes. But, Martin writes, Nader – who emerges from this account as the house radical of his own campaign – insisted on spending the final days of the campaign on a whirlwind tour of battleground states such as Pennsylvania and Florida. In other words, he chose to go where the votes were scarcest, jeopardizing his own chances of winning 5 percent of the vote, which he needed to gain federal funds in 2004.[94]

When Nader, in a letter to environmentalists, attacked Gore for "his role as broker of environmental voters for corporate cash," and "the prototype for the bankable, Green corporate politician," and what he called a string of broken promises to the environmental movement, Sierra Club president Carl Pope sent an open letter to Nader, dated 27 October 2000, defending Al Gore's environmental record and calling Nader's strategy "irresponsible."[95] He wrote:

You have also broken your word to your followers who signed the petitions that got you on the ballot in many states. You pledged you would not campaign as a spoiler and would avoid the swing states. Your recent campaign rhetoric and campaign schedule make it clear that you have broken this pledge... Please accept that I, and the overwhelming majority of the environmental movement in this country, genuinely believe that your strategy is flawed, dangerous and reckless.[96]

2004

Nader announced on December 24, 2003, that he would not seek the Green Party's nomination for president in 2004, but did not rule out running as an independent candidate.

Meeting with John Kerry

Ralph Nader and Democratic candidate John Kerry held a widely publicized meeting early in the 2004 presidential campaign, which Nader described in An Unreasonable Man. Nader said that John Kerry wanted to work to win Nader's support and the support of Nader's voters. Nader then provided more than 20 pages of issues that he felt were important and he "put them on the table" for John Kerry. According to Nader the issues covered topics ranging from environmental, labor, healthcare, tax reform, corporate crime, campaign finance reform and various consumer protection issues. Nader reported that he asked John Kerry to choose any three of the issues and highlight them in his campaign and if Kerry would do this, he would refrain from the race. For example, Nader recommended taking up corporate welfare, corporate crime—which could attract many Republican voters, and labor law reform—which was felt Bush could never support given the corporate funding of his campaign.[97] Several days passed and Kerry failed to adopt any of Nader's issues as benchmarks of his campaign, so on February 22, 2004, Nader announced on NBC that he would indeed run for president as an independent, saying, "There's too much power and wealth in too few hands."

A Kerry aide who had attended the meeting had a different recollection. "He made more the point that he had the ability to go after Bush in ways that we could not, He did not at all say to Kerry, 'I'm here to make you better on things.' That was not his tone at all."

The New York Times quoted Nader saying after the meeting "Gore was petrified wood, He was stiff as a board, he didn't want to have these kinds of meetings. He didn't want to have meetings like this when he was vice president three years before the election. Kerry is much more open." Nader himself said he had deliberately steered clear of disagreement, telling the Times, "When you go in looking for common ground, it takes up most of the time, doesn't it?"[98]

Campaign

Nader's 2004 campaign, ran on a platform consistent with the Green Party's positions on major issues, such as opposition to the war in Iraq. He has detailed the legal reasons George W. Bush and Dick Cheney fit the criteria for war criminals, and why they should have been immediately impeached.[99]

Due to concerns about a possible spoiler effect as in 2000, many Democrats urged Nader to abandon his 2004 candidacy. The Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, Terry McAuliffe, stated that Nader had a "distinguished career, fighting for working families," and that McAuliffe "would hate to see part of his legacy being that he got us eight years of George Bush." Nader replied to this, in filmed interviews for An Unreasonable Man, by arguing that, "Voting for a candidate of one's choice is a Constitutional right, and the Democrats who are asking me not to run are, without question, seeking to deny the Constitutional rights of voters who are, by law, otherwise free to choose to vote for me." Nader's 2004 campaign theme song was "If You Gotta Ask" by Liquid Blue.

In May 2009, in a new book, Grand Illusion: The Myth of Voter Choice in a Two-Party Tyranny, Theresa Amato, who was Nader's national campaign manager in 2000 and 2004, alleged that McAuliffe offered to pay off Nader to stop campaigning in certain states in 2004. This was confirmed by Nader, and neither McAuliffe nor his spokeswoman disputed the claim.[100]

In the 2004 campaign, Democrats such as Howard Dean and Terry McAuliffe asked that Nader return money donated to his campaign by Republicans who were well-known Bush supporters, such as billionaire Richard Egan.[101][102] Nader's reaction to the request was to refuse to return any donations and he charged that the Democrats were attempting to smear him.[101] Nader's vice-presidential running mate, Peter Camejo, supported the return of the money if it could be proved that "the aim of the wealthy GOP donors was to peel votes from Kerry."[101] According to the San Francisco Chronicle, Nader defended his keeping of the donations by saying that wealthy contributors "are human beings too."[101]

Nader received 463,655 votes, for 0.38 percent of the popular vote, placing him in third place overall.[103]

2008

Nader campaigning in October 2008
Wikinews has related news:

In February 2007, Nader criticized Democratic front-runner Hillary Clinton as "a panderer and a flatterer."[104] Asked on CNN Late Edition news program if he would run in 2008, Nader replied, "It's really too early to say...."[105] Asked during a radio appearance to describe the former First Lady, Nader said, "Flatters, panders, coasting, front-runner, looking for a coronation ... She has no political fortitude."[106] Some Greens started a campaign to draft Nader as their party's 2008 presidential candidate.[107]

After some consideration, Nader announced on February 24, 2008, that he would run for president as an independent. His vice-presidential candidate was Matt Gonzalez.[108]

Nader received 738,475 votes, for 0.56 percent of the popular vote, earning him a third-place position in the overall election results.[109]

Involvement in 2012 presidential race

In December, 2010, Ralph Nader said in an interview that while he had not ruled out the possibility of running for president in 2012, he was encouraging people to identify and help another progressive willing to challenge President Barack Obama in the Democratic Party primaries.[110] As the 2012 presidential race evolved, Nader continued to express hope that "outside Democrats" would assert themselves to influence it.[111] Meanwhile, he continued his customary writing and lecturing on a prodigious range of political and timely topics.[112] In August 2012, Nader suggested to vote for Jill Stein or Rocky Anderson.[113]

2016 presidential race

Nader has encouraged "modestly enlightened rich people" to run in 2016, arguing "only very rich modestly enlightened people could have a chance to break this introverting cycle of political oligarchy, which unenlightened rich people generally approve of, that sets its own rules, makes its own laws, appoints its own judges and even brazenly forces taxpayers to finance its quadrennial political conventions." [114] The candidates he has suggested include Bill Gates, Ted Turner and Oprah Winfrey. In February, he expressed support for Donald Trump making a third-party run, saying that such a move might help break up the two party system.[115]

Personal life

Nader was raised in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[3] He has never married. Karen Croft, a writer who worked for Nader in the late 1970s at the Center for Study of Responsive Law, once asked him if he had ever considered getting married. She reports: "He said that at a certain point he had to decide whether to have a family or to have a career, that he couldn't have both. That's the kind of person he is. He couldn't have a wife—he's up all night reading the Congressional Record."[116]

While Nader believes that technology has no "moral imperative," he personally eschews using computers in favor of writing with his trusted typewriter.[117]

Nader has lived in Washington, DC for nearly 50 years and has a residence near Dupont Circle. He is domiciled in Connecticut, where he votes.[55]

Personal finances

According to the mandatory fiscal disclosure report that he filed with the Federal Election Commission in 2000, Nader owned more than $3 million worth of stocks and mutual fund shares; his single largest holding was more than $1 million worth of stock in Cisco Systems, Inc. He also held between $100,000 and $250,000 worth of shares in the Magellan Fund.[118] Nader said he owned no car and owned no real estate directly in 2000, and said that he lived on $25,000 a year, giving most of his stock earnings to many of the over four dozen non-profit organizations he had founded.[119][120]

Television appearances

In 1988, Nader appeared on Sesame Street as "a person in your neighborhood." The verse of the song began "A consumer advocate is a person in your neighborhood." Nader's appearance on the show was memorable because it was the only time that the grammar of the last line of the song – "A person who you meet each day" – was questioned and changed in the show. Nader refused to sing a line which he deemed grammatically improper, so a compromise was reached such that Nader sang the last line solo, with the modified words: "A person whom you meet each day."[121] In the same episode, Nader tests "Bob"'s sweater, with permission, and destroys it, telling Bob "Your aunt . . . knitted you a lemon!"

In 2003, Nader appeared on Da Ali G Show, where host Ali G persuaded Nader to try his hand at rapping.[122]

During his 2008 presidential campaign, Nader appeared on NBC's Meet The Press, CNBC with John Harwood, CNN with Rick Sanchez, PBS's The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, and Fox News Channel with Shepard Smith.[123] He was interviewed by Triumph the Insult Comic Dog on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in 2008. Also that year he appeared on Real Time with Bill Maher.

Works

In popular culture

References to Nader in popular culture include the song "Fast Cars" on the Buzzcocks' 1978 album Another Music in a Different Kitchen. A line in the lyrics states, "Sooner or later, you're gonna listen to Ralph Nader",[124] referring to his efforts to raise awareness of lackluster vehicular safety standards.

Ralph Nader is mentioned in season 2, episode 23, "Semi-Friendly Persuasion" of the TV series, The A-Team. Templeton Peck ("Face") impersonates a government agent from the Bureau of Weights and Measures who is investigating a crooked hardware store owner because of complaints he is selling substandard building supplies and engaging in price gouging. During his conversation with the store owner, "Face" begins, "We love guys like you. Ralph eats them for breakfast." "Ralph?" "Nader! You're his kinda guy! Crooked, and proud of it! Yeah, old Ralph, he'd, uh, chew you up, and, uh, blow a bubble with ya."[125]

See also

Notes

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Nader a Winner This Day – Ralph Nader". Washington Times, March 18, 2002.
  2. 1 2 "2004 Election: Ralph Nader". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  3. 1 2 3 Graham, Kevin, Ralph Nader : Battling for Democracy, Denver, Colorado: Windom Publishing Company, ISBN 0-9700323-0-7
  4. ↑ "Ralph Nader Biography – Academy of Achievement". Achievement.org. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  5. ↑ "Ralph Nader Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  6. ↑ "Seth Gitell "The Green Party gets serious" The Providence Phoenix June 29, 2000". Providencephoenix.com. 2000-07-06. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  7. ↑ Barringer, Felicity (1999-03-01). "MEDIA; Journalism's Greatest Hits: Two Lists of a Century's Top Stories". NY Times. p. 2.
  8. 1 2 3 Annie Birdsong (Aug 13, 2000). "Ralph Nader’s Childhood Roots". Green Party of Ohio (official website). Green Party of Ohio. Archived from the original on Aug 16, 2000. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  9. ↑ Mantel, Henriette (Director) (2006). An Unreasonable Man (DVD). IFC Films.
  10. ↑ Nancy Bowen (April 1, 2002). Ralph Nader: Man With a Mission. Millbrook Press.
  11. ↑ The Nader Team. "Biography of Ralph Nader - Learn More About Ralph Nader". Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  12. ↑ "2004 Presidential Candidates — Ralph Nader". CNN.com Specials.
  13. 1 2 "Ralph Nader Fast Facts". CNN. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  14. ↑ "Washington College of Law Faculty". Archived from the original on July 22, 2015.
  15. ↑ Mickey Z. 50 American Revolutions You're Not Supposed To Know. New York: The Disinformation Company, 2005. p. 87 ISBN 1-932857-18-4
  16. ↑ Diana T. Kurylko. "Nader Damned Chevy's Corvair and Sparked a Safety Revolution," Automotive News (v. 70, 1996).
  17. ↑ "Ralph Nader's museum of tort law will include relics from famous lawsuits—if it ever gets built". LegalAffairs.org. December 2005.
  18. ↑ "President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Federal Role in Highway Safety: Epilogue — The Changing Federal Role". Federal Highway Administration. 2005-05-07.
  19. ↑ Nader v. General Motors Corp., 307 N.Y.S.2d 647 (N.Y. 1970)
  20. ↑ Brent Fisse and John Braithwaite. The Impact of Publicity on Corporate Offenders. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1983.
  21. ↑ Robert Barry Carson, Wade L. Thomas, Jason Hecht. Economic Issues Today: Alternative Approaches. M.E. Sharpe, 2005.
  22. ↑ Stan Luger. Corporate Power, American Democracy, and the Automobile Industry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  23. ↑ Jensen, Christopher (November 26, 2015). "50 Years Ago, ‘Unsafe at Any Speed’ Shook the Auto World". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2016. Few drivers could imagine owning a car these days that did not come with airbags, antilock brakes and seatbelts. But 50 years ago motorists went without such basic safety features. That was before a young lawyer named Ralph Nader came along with a book, “Unsafe at Any Speed,” that would change the auto industry. It accused automakers of failing to make cars as safe as possible. Less than a year after the book was published, a balky Congress created the federal safety agency that became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — an agency whose stated mission is to save lives, prevent injuries and reduce crashes...By the spring of 1966, “Unsafe at Any Speed” was a best seller for nonfiction...In September 1966 — about 10 months after the book was published — President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the adoption of new or upgraded vehicle safety standards, and creating an agency to enforce them and supervise safety recalls.
  24. ↑ Hendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003). "National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act". In Kutler, Stanley I. Dictionary of American History 5 (3rd ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 561–562. Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.
  25. ↑ Brumagen, Regan. "Unsafe at Any Speed, Work by Nader". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 27, 2016. Unsafe at Any Speed, investigative report on U.S. automobile safety published in 1965 by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who was then a 31-year-old attorney. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile excoriated the American automotive industry, based in Detroit, for its prioritization of style and design over consumer safety. Nader’s book eventually became a best seller and helped spur the passage of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966, the country’s first significant automobile safety legislation.
  26. ↑ Wyden, Peter (1987). The Unknown Iacocca. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 068806616X. Nader, another poor boy, rose to national hero status on the critic's side of America's car wars. His 1965 best-seller Unsafe at Any Speed focused on the appalling accident record of Chevrolet's Corvair and was largely responsible for the congressional passage, in 1966, of the nation's first reasonably stringent auto safety law.
  27. ↑ "Congress Acts on Traffic and Auto Safety". CQ Almanac. Congressional Quarterly. 1966. pp. 266–268. Retrieved April 27, 2016. Breaking into the traffic safety inertia was the publication in November 1965 of “Unsafe At Any Speed,” a book written by Ralph Nader a 32-year-old Connecticut lawyer who had served as a consultant for the Department of Labor and a Senate subcommittee in 1964–65. House Speaker John W. McCormack (D Mass.) Oct. 21, 1966, credited the final outcome of the traffic safety bill to the “crusading spirit of one individual who believed he could do something…Ralph Nader.”
  28. ↑ Brent Fisse and John Braithwaite, The Impact of Publicity on Corporate Offenders. State University of New York Press, 1983. p.30 ISBN 0-87395-733-4
  29. ↑ Ingrassia, Paul (2010). Crash Course: The American Automobile Industry's Road from Glory to Disaster. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6863-0.
  30. ↑ Wright, J. Patrick; De Lorean, John Z. (1979). On a clear day you can see General Motors. Grosse Pointe, Mich: Wright Enterprises. ISBN 0-9603562-0-7.
  31. ↑ Dardis, Rachel; Zent, Claudia (December 1, 1982). "The Economics of the Pinto Recall". Journal of Consumer Affairs 16 (2): 261–277. On August 10, 1977, Ralph Nader and Mark Dowie held a press conference to notify the public that unnecessary deaths and injuries were being suffered as a result of the faulty design of the pre-1977 model year Pinto.
  32. ↑ Cullen, Francis T.; Cavender, Gray; Maakestad, William J.; Benson, Michael L. (2014). Corporate Crime Under Attack: The Fight to Criminalize Business Violence. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 9781317523666. To make certain that this message would not remain buried in the pages of Mother Jones, Dowie announced the publication of "Pinto Madness" at a Washington, D. C. press conference attended by Ralph Nader.
  33. ↑ "Ford accused of selling car with bad tank". The Washington Post. August 11, 1977. The Ford Motor Co. manufactured and sold subcompact Pinto automobiles for six years after...its own crash tests showed the fuel tank could easily rupture and burn in rear-end collisions, a California-based magazine charged today. Mother Jones, the magazine, published by the Foundation for National Progress, of San Francisco, claims that Ford could have prevented at least 500 burn deaths by installing a $1 plastic baffle now on '77 models. Instead Ford lobbied vigorously against tightening of federal highway safety standards until it was forced to put the device on its newest models, according to Mark Dowie, general manager of the magazine and author of the article. Dowie said he obtained a Ford Co. internal memorandum that shows the company conducted a cost-benefit study of proposed modifications to the fuel system, and concluded that the benefit in terms of lives and property saved would be under $50 Million and the cost of changing the design would be $137 million....Nader, speaking at a Mother Jones news conference here yesterday, demanded Ford recall all 3 million Pintos...
  34. ↑ "U.S. INVESTIGATING FIRES IN SMALL AUTOS' TANKS". The New York Times. Associated Press. September 22, 1977. The initial charges were made in an article in the September-October issue of Mother Jones, a magazine based on the West Coast...Ralph Nader, the consumer advocate, supported the charges, saying "This is corporate callousness at the highest level," and that Ford should recall all three million Pintos.
  35. ↑ Benedict, Howard (September 22, 1977). "Fuel tank fires investigation begun by transportation unit". The Washington Post. Associated Press. The Transportation Department announced yesterday it has launched a major investigation of fuel tank fires in all subcompact cars sold in this country. The action follows charges by Ralph Nader and others that in past models of the Ford Pinto, the gasoline tanks were located in a hazardous position...The charges were made in the September-October issue of Mother Jones, a West Coast-based magazine with 150,000 subscribers...Consumer advocate Nader backed the article's charges, claiming, "This is corporate callousness at the highest level of Ford Motor Co." He said Ford should recall all three million Pintos with vulnerable fuel tanks.
  36. ↑ Weissman, Robert (2011-01-05), Letter to Darrell Issa (PDF)
  37. ↑ Sowell, Thomas (2004-03-03), "Nader's Glitter", Jewish World Review
  38. ↑ Noble, Kenneth B. (1987-07-26), "New Views Emerge Of Bork's Role in Watergate Dismissals", New York Times
  39. ↑ Nuclear Power in an Age of Uncertainty (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-E-216, February 1984), p. 228, citing the following article:
  40. ↑ Public Opposition to Nuclear Energy: Retrospect and Prospect, Roger E. Kasperson, Gerald Berk, David Pijawka, Alan B. Sharaf, James Wood, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 5, No. 31 (Spring, 1980), pp. 11–23
  41. 1 2 Wolfgang Rudig (1990). Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy, Longman, p. 402.
  42. ↑ Steve Cohn (1997). Too cheap to meter: an economic and philosophical analysis of the nuclear dream SUNY Press, pp. 133-134.
  43. ↑ Justin Martin (2002). Nader, Perseus Publishing, pp. 172-179.
  44. ↑ "Ralph Nader interview transcript". Frontline.
  45. ↑ Johnson, Robert. Politics of Healing: Histories of Alternative Medicine in Twentieth-Century North America. Routledge. 2004. p. 139.
  46. ↑ Broze, Derrick. Water Fluoridation Emails: Conflict of Interest Between the CDC and the ADA?. Portland Independent Media Center. 19 Oct 2014. accessed 10 Jan 2015. http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2014/10/428383.shtml
  47. ↑ Thierer, Adam (2010-12-21) Who'll Really Benefit from Net Neutrality Regulation?, CBS News
  48. ↑ "Jefferson Awards FoundationNational - Jefferson Awards Foundation". Jefferson Awards Foundation. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  49. ↑ Chris Hedges (5 April 2010). How the Corporations Broke Ralph Nader and America, Too. Truthdig. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  50. ↑ The Lewis Powell Memo - A Corporate Blueprint to Dominate Democracy Greenpeace. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  51. 1 2 3 "Ecology: 1970 Year in Review", UPI.com.
  52. ↑ "About". disability rights center.
  53. ↑ "The Nader Page | History". Nader.org. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  54. ↑ "Court Rules Against Ralph Nader Group in Library Fight". Washingtoncitypaper.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  55. 1 2 3 "How Ralph Nader became D.C. libraries’ biggest headache (and pissed off a whole neighborhood)". Washingtoncitypaper.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  56. ↑ DeBonis, Mike. "http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/opposition-to-dc-public-private-land-deals-imperil-library-other-projects/2013/11/02/8b46ec04-3c44-11e3-b6a9-da62c264f40e_story.html". Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-11-04. External link in |title= (help)
  57. ↑ Two party ballot suppresses third party change, including an excerpt from Nader's 1958 article and analyzing the lack of change in ballot access law since. Published in the Harvard Law Record, December 2009
  58. ↑ U.S. Election Atlas; 1996 Presidential General Election Results. (Retrieved 5-7-13.)
  59. ↑ Federal Election Commisswion; 2000 Official Presidential Election Results. (Retrieved 5-7-13.)
  60. ↑ Federal Election Commission; 2004 Presidential Vote Summary. (Retrieved 5-7-13.)
  61. ↑ Federal Election Commission; Federal Elections 2008. (Retrieved 5-7-13.)
  62. ↑ Vidal, Gore The Best Man/'72, Esquire
  63. ↑ "Coalition Party Opens Conference". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. October 2, 1971. pp. 2A.
  64. ↑ Gore Vidal. "The Best Man /'72: Ralph Nader Can Be President of the US." Esquire, June, 1971.
  65. ↑ Peter Barnes. "Toward '72 and Beyond: Starting a Fourth Party". The New Republic, July 24–31, 1971:9–21
  66. ↑ Justin Martin. "Nader: Crusader, Spoiler, Icon". Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7382-0563-X.
  67. ↑ Smithey, Waylon (September 23, 1971). "Spock Shares Youths' Views". The Tuscaloosa News. p. 2.
  68. ↑ "People's Party Nominates Dr. Spock for President". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. November 29, 1971. pp. B5.
  69. ↑ The 1992 Campaign: Write-In; In Nader's Campaign, White House Isn't the Goal February 18, 1992
  70. ↑ "1992 Presidential Primary". Sos.nh.gov. 1992-02-18. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
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  73. ↑ "Leftbusinessobserver.com". Leftbusinessobserver.com. 1984-06-28. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  74. ↑ "Votenader.org". Votenader.org. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  75. ↑ Ecological Politics: Ecofeminists and the Greens By Greta Gaard, page 240.
  76. ↑ Common Dreams Progressive Newswire (July 11, 2001). Green Meeting Will Establish Greens as a National Party. Retrieved 8-28-2009.
  77. ↑ Nelson, Susan. Synthesis/Regeneration 26 (Fall 2001).The G/GPUSA Congress and the ASGP Conference: Authentic Grassroots Democracy vs. Packaged Public Relations. Retrieved 8-28-2009.
  78. ↑ Ballot Access News (Aug. 1, 2000). VERMONT PROGRESSIVES NOMINATE NADER at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2002)
  79. ↑ (2000-08-01) United Citizens Party Picks Nader at the Wayback Machine (archived August 20, 2002), Ballot Access News.
  80. ↑ "Nader 'Super Rally' Draws 12,000 To Boston's FleetCenter". Commondreams.org. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  81. ↑ CNN.com – Loyal Nader fans pack Madison Square Garden – October 14, 2000 Archived April 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  82. ↑ "Nader, the Greens and 2008". Socialistworker.org. 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  83. ↑ David Leip. "2000 Presidential General Election Results". Retrieved 15 January 2016.
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  85. ↑ Varadarajan, Tunku (2008-05-31). "Interview: Ralph Nader". Wall Street Journal.
  86. ↑ "Nader on the Record". Grist. 2008-03-19.
  87. ↑ "Dear Conservatives Upset With the Policies of the Bush Administration". Nader for President 2004.
  88. ↑ "Michael Moore message". Michaelmoore.com. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  89. ↑ Convictions Intact, Nader Soldiers On – New York Times Archived August 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  90. ↑ Greenhouse, Steven (2004-07-28). "The Constituencies: Liberals; From Chicago '68 to Boston, The Left Comes Full Circle". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  91. ↑ Varadarajan, Tunku (2008-05-31). "Interview: Ralph Nader". Wall Street Journal.
  92. ↑ "Nader on the Record". Grist. 2008-03-19.
  93. ↑ "Poll Analysis: Nader not responsible for Gore's loss".
  94. ↑ "Books in Review: | The American Prospect". Prospect.org. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  95. ↑ knowthecandidates.org.The Nader Debate with the Sierra Club about Gore and the Environment
  96. ↑ Pope, Carl (October 27, 2000)"Ralph Nader Attack On Environmentalists Who Are Supporting Vice-President Gore." CommonDreams.org.
  97. ↑ An Unreasonable Man, Ral
  98. ↑ Halbfinger, David M. (2004-05-20). "Kerry Woos Nader, Who Declares Him 'Very Presidential' – New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  99. ↑ Kugel, Allison (October 22, 2009). "Howard Dean Talks Healthcare Reform in the Age of Hardcore Party Politics". PR.com. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
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  102. ↑ "Nader Republicans". Nathan Littlefield (Atlantic Monthly). September 2004. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
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  104. ↑ Winter, Michael (February 5, 2007). "Nader in '08? Stay tuned". USA Today (Online). Retrieved 2008-12-31.
  105. ↑ Nader Leaves '08 Door Open, Slams Hillary Reuters, February 5, 2007.
  106. ↑ Ralph Nader: Hillary's Just a 'Bad Version of Bill Clinton' Feb. 16, 2007
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  108. ↑ "Nader names running mate in presidential bid". CBC News. 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
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  112. ↑ "The Essential Nader". Nader.org. The Nader Page. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  113. ↑ "What Ralph Nader Is Thinking About the 2012 Election". Alternet.org. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
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  118. ↑ Tapper, Jake (28 October 2000). "Inside Nader's stock portfolio". Salon. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
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  120. ↑ "Ralph Nader: Personal Finances". Center for Responsive Politics. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
  121. ↑ David Borgenicht, Sesame Street Unpaved: Scripts, Stories, Secrets, and Songs, 1998 and 2002 reprint, ISBN 1-4028-9327-2
  122. ↑ National Review. August 2004. p. 62 http://www.nationalreview.com/article/211926/secret-ali-g. Missing or empty |title= (help) Nader appeared in Season 2, Episode 11
  123. ↑ "Nader on CNN, FOX, CNBC and PBS NewsHour Tuesday". Nader for President 2008. 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  124. ↑ "FAST CARS LYRICS - THE BUZZCOCKS". Retrieved 15 January 2016.
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