Manti (dumpling)

Manti

Mantu in a steamer before cooking
Alternative names	Mantu
Type	Dumpling
Creator	Turkic peoples
Main ingredients	Spiced meat (lamb or ground beef)
Cookbook: Manti  Media: Manti

Manti (Uyghur: مانتا‎, manta, Kazakh: мәнті, Turkish: mantı, Uzbek: manti, Armenian: մանթի; indicates either singular or plural) or Mantu (Kyrgyz: мантуу; Pashto, Persian, Arabic: منتو‎) are dumplings popular in most Turkic cuisines, as well as in the Caucasian, Central Asian, Chinese Islamic, and Hejaz cuisines.^[1] Nowadays, manti are also consumed throughout Russia and other post-Soviet countries, where the dish spread from the Central Asian republics.^[2] The dumplings typically consist of a spiced meat mixture, usually lamb or ground beef in a dough wrapper, and either boiled or steamed. Size and shape vary significantly depending on the geographical location.^[1] Manti resemble the Chinese jiaozi, Korean mandu, Mongolian buuz, and the Tibetan momo.^[1][3][4]

History

Uyghur kawa manta filled with pumpkin and minced lamb

The origin is somewhat uncertain.^[2][5][6] While the Chinese word "mantou" has been suggested as the origin for the word "manti", this word had several different spellings in Chinese in the past indicating that the Chinese attempted to adapt a foreign word to their writing system.^[1] Originally, mantou was meat filled, but nowadays mantou refers to steamed bun in China, while baozi resembles the ancient mantou stuffed with meat.^[6][7][8][9]

The former territories of the Mongol Empire is where the various manti dishes are geographically located.^[10][11] The recipe was carried across Central Asia along the Silk Road to Anatolia by migrating Turkic and Mongol peoples in the Chingizid-Timurid periods.^[12] In particular, according to one Armenian researcher, manti first reached Cilician Armenia as a result of the cultural interaction between Armenians and Mongols during their alliance in the 13th century.^[13] According to Holly Chase, "Turkic and Mongol horsemen on the move are supposed to have carried frozen or dried manti, which could be quickly boiled over a camp-fire".^[14] In Turkey, it is also called Tatar böreği (Tatar bureks), which indicates its relation to nomadic peoples. Korean mandu is also said to have arrived in Korea through the Mongols in the 14th century.^[15] However, some researchers do not discount the possibility that manti may have originated in the Middle East and spread eastward to China and Korea through the Silk Road.^[16]

In Central Asian cuisines

Mantovarka

Uzbek manti

Manti in Central Asian cuisines are usually larger in size. They are steamed in a multi-level metal steamer called mantovarka, mantyshnitsa (Russian terms for manti cooker), manti-kazan or manti-kaskan (manti pot). It consists of layered pots with holes, that are placed over a boiling stock and water.

In Kazakh cuisine, the manti filling is normally ground lamb (sometimes beef or horse meat), spiced with black pepper, sometimes with the addition of chopped pumpkin or squash. This is considered to be a traditional Uyghur recipe. Manti are served topped with butter, sour cream or onion (or garlic) sauce. When sold as street food in Kazakhstan, manti are typically presented sprinkled with hot red pepper powder.

In Uzbek, Tajik and Kyrgyz cuisines, manti are usually made of one (or a combination) of the following ingredients: lamb, beef, potato or pumpkin, with fat often added to meat manti. Steaming, frying and boiling are all common. Manti are usually topped with butter and served with sour cream, tomato sauce or fresh onion rings (sprinkled with vinegar and black pepper). A sauce made by mixing vinegar and chilli powder is also common. In Uzbekistan, manti are also called kaskoni.^[17]

The same style of cooking manti is traditional for Tatar, Bashkir and other cuisines of the Turkic peoples living in the vast area from Idel-Ural to the Far East. It is nowadays widespread throughout Russia and other post-Soviet countries.

In Afghan cuisine

Afghan dish of mantu

In Afghan cuisine and Pashtun cuisine Pakistan, the mantu are filled with beef or lamb mixed with minced onions and spices, steamed and then topped with a very typical sauce (seer moss, lit. ‘garlic yoghurt’) of yoghurt, dried or fresh mint, lemon juice and minced or pressed garlic. The mantu are also typically topped with a very small amount of tomato-based sauce which can include split peas, red kidney beans and/or some sautéed ground meat. The amount of yoghurt sauce is typically much greater than the tomato sauce; the tomato sauce is meant to be dotted on top - not covering the dish.^[18] Chutney, a spicy green or red pepper condiment sauce, may be sprinkled on top. Many Afghans also like to serve mantu with a carrot qorma or stew, instead of a tomato-based sauce.^[18]

In Saudi cuisine

Mantu (Arabic: منتو‎) is part of the traditional cuisine of the urban areas of Hejaz in western Saudi Arabia, which is used to receiving Muslim immigration from Central Asia and elsewhere and incorporating elements of immigrant cultures into the local cuisine. Today, mantu is a common meal in cities like Jeddah and Mecca. A Saudi variation in the form of a casserole also exists and is called mantu kaddab (Arabic: منتو كذاب‎, literally, ‘lying manti’, roughly meaning ‘faux manti’).

In Armenian and Turkish cuisines

Armenian manti with sour cream

Turkish dish of mantı

In contrast to the Central Asian varieties, manti in Anatolia and Transcaucasia are usually boiled or baked rather than steamed and tend to be small in size. A mid-15th-century Ottoman recipe has survived, with the manti filled with pounded lamb and crushed chickpeas, steamed, and served topped with yoghurt mixed with crushed garlic and sprinkled with sumac.^[19] In modern Turkish cuisine, manti are typically served topped with yoghurt and garlic, and spiced with red pepper powder and melted butter, and topped with ground sumac and/or dried mint by the consumer.

Similarly, the Armenian manti are usually served with yoghurt (matzoon) or sour cream (ttvaser) and garlic, accompanied by clear soup (mantapour). Manti are more common among western (Cilician) Armenians, while among eastern Armenians, Georgians and Azerbaijanis, similar dumplings called khinkali are more prevalent.

Although there are many different variations of manti in terms of shape and way of serving, the most praised type of Turkish manti is known as Kayseri mantisi, originally from Kayseri, an Anatolian city. Kayseri mantisi is tiny and served with yoghurt, oil (caramelised with tomato paste) and seasoning. It can also be served with the water it was boiled in, and often in Kayseri it is consumed as a soup prior to the main dish. In Kayseri, when a couple is engaged to be married, the mother of the groom visits the bride's house and during this visit the bride should prepare manti for her prospective mother-in-law. The smaller the manti dumplings are, the more skillful the bride is considered to be in the kitchen. Traditionally the dumplings prepared for the prospective mother-in law are supposed to be so small that 40 of them can be fit into one spoon. Manti may be made from shredded meat of quail, chicken or goose in some regions of Turkey, while boş mantı (‘empty dumpling’) lack filling entirely.

Similarly small dumplings are also found in other Turkic cuisines but they are not considered to be a type of manti. Examples are dushbara in Azerbaijani cuisine and chuchvara in Uzbek cuisine.

In Bosnian cuisine

In Bosnian cuisine, the name klepe is used. These are made of minced meat with onions. It is served in a sauce consisting of yoghurt and garlic. There is also a separate dish called mantije, which is made of the same ingredients, but the pastry balls are put together with no free space in between and baked. After the baking yoghurt is poured on top. This second type is considered to be a pita or börek rather than manti, and is primarily made in the region of Sandžak.

See also

• Manjū, a Japanese confection which also originated from Chinese mantou

References

1. Davidson 2014, p. 493.
2. More Than Just Another Dumpling, The School of Russian and Asian Studies, retrieved 25 January 2014
3. Hudgins 1997, pp. 142, 154.
4. Gordon 2009, p. 13.
5. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-manti-chinese-mantou.aspx?pageID=238&nID=40392&NewsCatID=473
6. Millward 2013, p. 62.
7. Coe 2009, p. 89.
8. PPC 1983, p. 30.
9. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:pQnvpWvjVeMJ:www.fuchsiadunlop.com/dumpling-heaven-in-adelaide/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
10. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-manti-chinese-mantou.aspx?pageID=238&nID=40392&NewsCatID=473
11. https://vimeo.com/105120171
12. Fragner, Bert (2000). "From the Caucasus to the Roof of the World: a culinary adventure". In Sami Zubaida & Richard Tapper. A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (2nd ed.). London & New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 60. ISBN 1-86064-603-4.
13. Irina Petrosian, David Underwood, Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore. Lulu.com, 2006. ISBN 1-4116-9865-7
14. Chase, Holly (2000). "The Meyhane or McDonalds? Changes in eating habits and the evolution of fast food in Istanbul". In Sami Zubaida & Richard Tapper. A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (2nd ed.). London & New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 81. ISBN 1-86064-603-4.
15. (Korean) Mandu at Doosan Encyclopedia
16. (Korean) Mandu, Hankook Ilbo, 2009-01-21
17. Uzbekistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. Int'l Business Publications. 2013. pp. 56–57. ISBN 1438775881.
18. Saberi, Helen (2000). "Pasta & Noodle Dishes". Afghan Food & Cookery: Noshe Djan. Hippocrene Books. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7818-0807-1.
19. Yerasimos, Stéphane (2001). "Recettes". Á la table du Grand Turc (in French) (1st ed.). Arles, France: Actes Sud. pp. 114–115. ISBN 2-7427-3443-0.