95th United States Congress
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The Ninety-fifth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1977 to January 3, 1979, during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter.
The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Nineteenth Census of the United States in 1970. Both chambers had a Democratic majority. It was the first time either party held a filibuster-proof 60% super majority in both the Senate and House chambers since the 89th United States Congress in 1965, and last time until the 111th United States Congress in 2009. All three super majorities were Democratic party and also were accompanied by Democratic Presidents.[1] As of 2015, this is the most recent Congress to approve an amendment (the unratified District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment) to the Constitution.
Major events
Main articles: 1977 in the United States and 1978 in the United States
- January 20, 1977: Inauguration of President Jimmy Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale
- July 13, 1977: New York City blackout of 1977
- January 1, 1978: The Northern Mariana Islands left the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to become a Commonwealth of the United States, making it unincorporated and organized.
- February 8, 1978: Senate proceedings are broadcast on radio for the first time.
- August 7, 1978: Love Canal Disaster
- September 17, 1978: Camp David Accords
Hearings
- Project MKULTRA — (Church Committee, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Senate Human Resources subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research)
Major legislation
- August 3, 1977: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, Pub.L. 95–87, 91 Stat. 445
- August 4, 1977: Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, Pub.L. 95–91, 91 Stat. 565
- October 12, 1977: Community Reinvestment Act, Pub.L. 95–128, title VIII, 91 Stat. 1147
- November 23, 1977: Saccharin Study and Labeling Act of 1977, Pub.L. 95–203, 91 Stat. 1451
- December 19, 1977: Unlawful Corporate Payments Act of 1977, Pub.L. 95–213, including title I: Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 91 Stat. 1494
- December 27, 1977: Clean Water Act, Pub.L. 95–217, 91 Stat. 1566
- December 28, 1977: International Emergency Economic Powers Act, Pub.L. 95–223, title II, 91 Stat. 1626
- March 10, 1978: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, Pub.L. 95–242, 92 Stat. 120
- October 10, 1978: Susan B. Anthony Dollar Coin Act of 1979, Pub.L. 95–447, 92 Stat. 1072
- October 13, 1978: Civil Service Reform Act, Pub.L. 95–454, 92 Stat. 1111
- October 13, 1978: Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act, Pub.L. 95–461, 92 Stat. 1268
- October 24, 1978: Airline Deregulation Act, Pub.L. 95–504, 92 Stat. 1705
- October 25, 1978: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Pub.L. 95–511, 92 Stat. 1783
- October 26, 1978: Ethics in Government Act, Pub.L. 95–521, 92 Stat. 1824
- October 27, 1978: Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act, Pub.L. 95–523, 92 Stat. 1887
- October 31, 1978: Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Pub.L. 95–555, 92 Stat. 2076
- November 1, 1978: Contract Disputes Act, Pub.L. 95–563, 92 Stat. 2383
- November 6, 1978: Bankruptcy Act of 1978, Pub.L. 95–598, 92 Stat. 2549
- November 9, 1978: National Energy Conservation Policy Act, Pub.L. 95–619, 92 Stat. 3206
Approved Constitutional amendments
- August 22, 1978: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment (unratified; ratification period expired in 1985)
Treaties ratified
- March 16, 1978: First of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties (Panama Canal) treaty: "The Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal," commonly known as the "Neutrality Treaty"
- April 19, 1978: Second of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties treaty, commonly known as "The Panama Canal Treaty"
Party summary
Senate
| Party (Shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative (C) |
Democratic (D) | Independent (I) | Republican (R) | |||
| End of the previous congress | 1 | 61 | 1 | 37 | 100 | 0 |
| Begin | 0 | 61 | 1 | 38 | 100 | 0 |
| End | 58 | 41 | ||||
| Final voting share | 0.0% | 58.0% | 1.0% | 41.0% | ||
| Beginning of the next congress | 0 | 57 | 1 | 42 | 100 | 0 |
House of Representatives
| Party (Shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic (D) |
Republican (R) | |||
| End of the previous congress | 291 | 144 | 435 | 0 |
| Begin | 292 | 143 | 435 | 0 |
| End | 275 | 140 | 415 | 20 |
| Final voting share | 66.3% | 33.7% | ||
| Beginning of the next congress | 277 | 158 | 435 | 0 |
Leadership
Senate
- President of the Senate: Nelson Rockefeller (R), until January 20, 1977
- Walter Mondale (D), from January 20, 1977
- President pro tempore: James Eastland (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership
Minority (Republican) leadership
House of Representatives
- Speaker: Tip O'Neill (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership
Minority (Republican) leadership
Members
Senate
House of Representatives
Members of the House of Representatives elected statewide at-large, are preceded by "At-large," and the names of those elected from districts, are preceded by their district numbers.
Many of the congressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the linked article may only describe the district as it exists today, and not as it was at the time of this Congress.
Contents
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
- Non-voting members
Changes in Membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
- replacements: 11
- Democratic: 3 seat net loss
- Republican: 3 seat net gain
- deaths: 4
- resignations: 5
- vacancy:
- Total seats with changes: 9
| State (class) |
Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arkansas (2) |
John L. McClellan (D) |
Died November 28, 1977 | Kaneaster Hodges, Jr. (D) |
December 10, 1977 |
| Montana (2) |
Lee Metcalf (D) |
Died January 12, 1978 | Paul G. Hatfield (D) |
January 22, 1978 |
| Minnesota (1) |
Hubert Humphrey (DFL) |
Died January 13, 1978 | Muriel Humphrey (D) |
January 25, 1978 |
| Alabama (3) |
James Allen (D) |
Died June 1, 1978 | Maryon Pittman Allen (D) |
June 8, 1978 |
| Alabama (3) |
Maryon Pittman Allen (D) |
Successor elected November 7, 1978 | Donald Stewart (D) |
November 7, 1978 |
| Minnesota (1) |
Muriel Humphrey (DFL) |
Successor elected November 7, 1978 | David Durenberger (R) |
November 8, 1978 |
| Montana (2) |
Paul G. Hatfield (D) |
Successor elected and resigned early December 12, 1978 | Max Baucus (D) |
December 15, 1978 |
| Kansas (2) |
James B. Pearson (R) |
Resigned December 23, 1978 | Nancy Kassebaum (R) |
December 23, 1978 |
| Mississippi (2) |
James Eastland (D) |
Resigned December 27, 1978 | Thad Cochran (R) |
December 27, 1978 |
| Minnesota (2) |
Wendell Anderson (DFL) |
Resigned December 29, 1978 | Rudy Boschwitz (R) |
December 30, 1978 |
| Wyoming (2) |
Clifford Hansen (R) |
Resigned December 31, 1978 | Alan K. Simpson (R) |
January 1, 1979 |
| Virginia (2) |
William L. Scott (R) |
Resigned January 1, 1979 | John Warner (R) |
January 2, 1979 |
House of Representatives
- replacements: 6
- Democratic: 4 seat net loss
- Republican: 4 seat net gain
- deaths: 6
- resignations: 21
- contested election:
- Total seats with changes: 25
| District | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date successor seated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minnesota 7th | Robert Bergland (DFL) | Resigned January 22, 1977 after being appointed United States Secretary of Agriculture | Arlan Stangeland (R) | February 22, 1977 |
| Washington 7th | Brock Adams (D) | Resigned January 22, 1977 after being appointed United States Secretary of Transportation | John E. Cunningham (R) | May 17, 1977 |
| Georgia 5th | Andrew Young (D) | Resigned January 29, 1977 after being appointed United States Ambassador to the United Nations | Wyche Fowler (D) | April 6, 1977 |
| Louisiana 1st | Richard A. Tonry (D) | Forced to resign May 4, 1977 | Bob Livingston (R) | August 27, 1977 |
| New York 18th | Ed Koch (D) | Resigned December 31, 1977 after being elected Mayor of New York City | S. William Green (R) | February 14, 1978 |
| New York 21st | Herman Badillo (D-L) | Resigned December 31, 1977 after becoming Deputy Mayor of New York City | Robert García (R-L) | February 14, 1978 |
| New York 21st | Robert García (R-L) | Changed parties February 21, 1978 | Robert García (D) | February 21, 1978 |
| Tennessee 5th | Clifford Allen (D) | Died June 18, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| California 18th | William M. Ketchum (R) | Died June 24, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Illinois 1st | Ralph Metcalfe (D) | Died October 10, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Maryland 6th | Goodloe Byron (D) | Died October 11, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| California 11th | Leo Ryan (D) | Murdered by members of the Peoples Temple at the Guyana Airport November 18, 1978 shortly before the Jonestown Massacre | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Wisconsin 6th | William A. Steiger (R) | Died December 4, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Montana 1st | Max Baucus (D) | Resigned December 14, 1978 after being appointed to the US Senate | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Mississippi 4th | Thad Cochran (R) | Resigned December 26, 1978 after being appointed to the US Senate | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Wyoming At-large | Teno Roncalio (D) | Resigned December 30, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| California 3rd | John E. Moss (D) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| California 14th | John J. McFall (D) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| California 33rd | Del M. Clawson (R) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Kansas 5th | Joe Skubitz (R) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Michigan 10th | Elford A. Cederberg (R) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| New Jersey 14th | Joseph A. LeFante (D) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| New York 9th | James Delaney (D) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Texas 6th | Olin E. Teague (D) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Texas 11th | William R. Poage (D) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Texas 17th | Omar Burleson (D) | Resigned December 31, 1978 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
References
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- ↑ "Court declares Franken the winner of Minnesota Senate race". CNN. June 30, 2009.
External links
- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
- U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
- Ninety-Fifth Congress, Pocket Congressional Directory. Government Printing Office. January 1977. p. 112.
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