Voiced palatal fricative
| Voiced palatal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʝ | |||
| IPA number | 139 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ʝ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+029D | ||
| X-SAMPA |
j\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
C<vcd> | ||
| Braille |
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| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩ (crossed-tail j), or in broad transcription ⟨j⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\.
The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only seven of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database. In Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic, the sound occurs phonemically, along with its voiceless counterpart, and in several more, the sound occurs a result of phonological processes.
There is also a voiced post-palatal fricative (also called pre-velar or fronted velar) in some languages.
Features
Features of the voiced palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [ɣ].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | frayar | [fɾäˈʝär] | 'to destroy' | ||
| Berber | Kabyle | cceǥ | [ʃʃəʝ] | 'to slip' | |
| Catalan | Majorcan[1] | figuera | [fiˈʝeɾə] | 'fig tree' | Occurs in complementary distribution with [ɟ]. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Danish | Standard[2] | talg | [ˈtˢælˀʝ] | 'tallow' | Possible word-final allophone of /j/ when it occurs after /l/.[2] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[3] | ja | [ʝaː] | 'yes' | Frequent allophone of /j/, especially in emphatic speech.[3] See Dutch phonology |
| German | Standard[4][5] | Jacke | [ˈʝäkə] | 'jacket' | Most often transcribed with ⟨j⟩; also described as an approximant [j].[6][7] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Cypriot[8] | ελιά | [e̞ˈʝːɐ] | 'olive' | Allophone of /ʎ/ |
| Hungarian[9] | dobj be | [dobʝ bɛ] | 'throw in' | An allophone of /j/. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish[10] | an ghrian | [ənʲ ˈʝɾʲiən̪ˠ] | 'the sun' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian | Southern dialects | figlio | [ˈfiʝːo] | 'son' | Corresponds to /ʎ/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology |
| Mapudungun[11] | kayu | [kɜˈʝʊ] | 'six' | May be an approximant [j] instead.[11] | |
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[12][13] | gi | [ʝiː] | 'to give' | Allophone of /j/, especially before and after close vowels and in energetic speech.[13] See Norwegian phonology |
| Pashto | Ghilji dialect[14] | موږ | [muʝ] | 'we' | |
| Wardak dialect[14] | |||||
| Ripuarian | zeije | [ˈt͡sɛʝə] | 'to show' | ||
| Russian[15] | яма | [ˈʝämə] | 'pit' | Allophone of /j/ in emphatic speech.[15] See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[16] | dhiubh | [ʝu] | 'of them' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Slovak[17] | prijímať | [ˈpɾɪʝɪːmäc̟] | 'to receive' | Possible allophone of /j/ between close front vowels.[17] See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish[18] | sayo | [ˈsäʝo̞] | 'smock' | More often an approximant; may also be represented by ⟨ll⟩ in many dialects. See Spanish phonology and Yeísmo | |
| Swedish[19] | jord |  [ʝuːɖ] | 'soil' | See Swedish phonology | |
Post-palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | геаграфія | [ʝ̠e.äˈɣɾäfʲijä] | 'geography' | Typically transcribed with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[20] | gaan | [ʝ̠aːn] | 'to go' | May be velar [ɣ] instead.[20] See Dutch phonology |
| Southern accents[20] | |||||
| German | Standard[21] | Riese | [ˈʝ̠iːzə] | 'giant' | Allophone of the fricative /ʁ/ before and after front vowels.[21] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Standard Modern[22][23] | γένος | [ˈʝ̠e̞no̞s̠] | 'gender' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Limburgish | Weert dialect[24] | gèr | [ʝ̠ɛ̈ːʀ̝̊] | 'gladly' | Allophone of /ɣ/ before and after front vowels.[24] |
| Russian | Standard[15] | других гимнов | [d̪rʊˈɡʲɪʝ̠ ˈɡʲimn̪əf] | 'of other anthems' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced soft consonants.[15] Typically transcribed with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. See Russian phonology |
| Southern | гимн | [ʝ̠imn̪] | 'anthem' | Typically transcribed with ⟨ɣʲ⟩; corresponds to [ɡʲ] in standard Russian. See Russian phonology | |
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mapudungun[25] | Allophone of /ɣ/ before the front vowels /ɪ, e/.[25] | ||||
See also
References
- ↑ Wheeler (2005:22–23)
- 1 2 Basbøll (2005:212)
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003:198)
- ↑ Mangold (2005:51)
- ↑ Krech et al. (2009:83)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:86)
- ↑ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:340)
- ↑ Arvaniti (2010:116–117)
- ↑ Gósy (2004:77, 130)
- ↑ Ó Sé (2000:17)
- 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013:91)
- ↑ Strandskogen (1979:33)
- 1 2 Vanvik (1979:41)
- 1 2 Henderson (1983:595)
- 1 2 3 4 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- ↑ Oftedal (1956:?)
- 1 2 Pavlík (2004:106)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ Engstrand (1999:140)
- 1 2 3 Collins & Mees (2003:191)
- 1 2 Krech et al. (2009:85)
- ↑ Nicolaidis (2003:?)
- ↑ Arvaniti (2007:20)
- 1 2 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:108)
- 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013:89)
Bibliography
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2010), "A (brief) review of Cypriot Phonetics and Phonology", The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day (PDF), University of Athens, pp. 107–124
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Gósy, Mária (2004), Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya (in Hungarian), Budapest: Osiris
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Henderson, Michael M. T. (1983), "Four Varieties of Pashto", Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society) 103 (3): 595–597, doi:10.2307/602038, JSTOR 602038
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (03): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
- Nicolaidis, Katerina (2003), "An Electropalatographic Study of Palatals in Greek", in D. Theophanopoulou-Kontou; C. Lascaratou; M. Sifianou; M. Georgiafentis; V. Spyropoulos, Current trends in Greek Linguistics (in Greek), Athens: Patakis, pp. 108–127
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis 55: 87–109
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
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- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
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