Near-close near-front rounded vowel

Near-close near-front rounded vowel
ʏ
y̽
IPA number 320
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ʏ
Unicode (hex) U+028F
X-SAMPA Y
Kirshenbaum I.
Braille ⠔ (braille pattern dots-35)⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)
Sound
source · help

The near-close near-front rounded vowel, or near-high near-front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʏ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Y.

The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ʏ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front rounded vowel,[1] therefore, an alternative transcription of this vowel is ⟨y̽⟩ (a symbol equivalent to a more complex ⟨ÿ˕⟩).

The very rare near-close front rounded vowel, which differs from its near-front counterpart in that it is a lowered, but not centralized close front rounded vowel has been reported by one source[2] as a phonetic realization of Standard Eastern Norwegian /ʏ/. It is transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʏ̟⟩, ⟨y˕⟩ or ⟨ø̝⟩ (this article uses ⟨ʏ̟⟩).

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, though many linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".

In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips (in an exolabial manner). However, in a few cases the lips are protruded (in an endolabial manner). This is the case with Swedish, which contrasts the two types of rounding.

Near-close near-front compressed vowel

The near-close near-front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʏ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɪ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɪ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɪᵝ⟩ ([ɪ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ʏ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
•aɶ
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view

Occurrence

Note: Since front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Western գիւղ [kʰʏʁ]'village'
Dutch Standard[3] fuut [fʏt] 'grebe' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. The quality of this vowel has also described as [ʉ̞][4] and [y̠].[5] See Dutch phonology
Some dialects[6][7] rug [rʏx] 'back' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʏ⟩ or, more rarely, with ⟨ʉ⟩, ⟨ɵ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩. It corresponds to [ø̠][4][8] (also described as [ɵ][9] and [ʊ̈])[5] in Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology
English Estuary[10][11] foot [fʏʔt] 'foot' Possible realization of /ʊ/ and, in Estuary and West County English, also /uː/.[10][12][13] See English phonology
Multicultural London[12]
West Country[14] [fʏt]
New Zealand[15][16] nurse [nʏːs] 'nurse' Possible realization of /uː/ (and also /ʉː/).[15][16][17]
Ulster[18] mule [mjʏl] 'mule' Short allophone of /u/; occurs only after /j/.[18] See English phonology
Faroese[19] krúss [kɹʏsː] 'mug' See Faroese phonology
French Quebec lune [lʏn] 'moon' Allophone of /y/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology
German Standard[20][21] schützen [ˈʃʏt͡sn̩] 'protect' See German phonology
Southern Bernese Corresponds to [œi̯] in the city of Bern. See Bernese German phonology
Hungarian[22] üt [ʏt̪] 'to hit' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See Hungarian phonology
Limburgish Hamont dialect[23] bul [bʏl¹] 'a paper bag' May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩.[23] See Hamont dialect phonology
Weert dialect[24] Allophone of /øə/ before nasals.[24]
Ripuarian Colognian üch [ʏɧ] See Colognian phonology
Kerkrade dialect[25] kümme [ˈkʏmə] Realized as fully close [y] in the word-final position.[25]
Swedish Central Standard[26] ut  [ʏβ̞t̪] 'out' May be central [ʉː] in other dialects. See Swedish phonology
Turkish[27] atasözü [ät̪äˈs̪ø̞̈z̪ʏ] 'proverb' Allophone of /y/ described variously as "word-final"[27] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[28] See Turkish phonology
Wymysorys[29] büwa [ˈbʏvä] 'boys'

Icelandic ⟨u⟩ is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩, but it is actually close-mid central [ɵ].[30][31][32]

Near-close near-front protruded vowel

Near-close near-front protruded vowel
ʏ̫
ʏʷ
ɪʷ

Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (together with height and duration).[33]

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʏʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪʷ⟩ (a near-close near-front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed near-close near-front vowel [ʏ] and the unrounded near-close near-front vowel [ɪ].

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Kurdish Jafi xö [xʏ̫ː] 'salt'
Norwegian Standard Eastern[34][35] nytt  [n̻ʏ̫t̻ː] 'new' Described variously as near-front[34] and front.[2] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[26] ylle  [ˈʏ̫̂lˌlɛ̝̂] 'wool' See Swedish phonology

References

Bibliography

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  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4 
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0 
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830 
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  • Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5. 
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