Voiced alveolar affricate

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate
d͡z
d͜z
IPA number	104 133
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʣ
Unicode (hex)	U+02A3
X-SAMPA	dz
Kirshenbaum	dz
Sound
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The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡z⟩ or ⟨d͜z⟩ (formerly ⟨ʣ⟩).

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
• There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.^[1]
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Tunisian Arabic	dzāyir	/d͡zɛːjir/	'Algeria'	See Tunisian phonology
Armenian	Eastern[2]	ձուկ	[d̻͡z̪uk]	'fish'
Belarusian[3]		дзеканне	[ˈd̻͡z̪ekän̪ʲe]	'dzekanye'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Czech[4]		Afgánec byl	[ˈävɡäːnɛd̻͡z̪ bɪɫ̪]	'an Afghan was'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology
Hungarian[5]		bodza	[ˈbod̻͡z̪ːɒ]	'elderberry'	See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian[6]
Latvian[7]		drudzis	[ˈd̪rud̻͡z̪is̪]	'fever'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[8]		ѕвезда	[ˈd̻͡z̪ve̞z̪d̪ä]	'star'	See Macedonian phonology
Polish[9]		dzwon	[d̻͡z̪vɔn̪]	'bell'	See Polish phonology
Russian[10]		плацдарм	[pɫ̪ɐd̻͡z̪ˈd̪är̠m]	'bridge-head'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[11]		отац би / otac bi	[ǒ̞t̪äd̻͡z̪ bi]	'father would'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[11] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		sadzba	[ˈsäd̻͡z̪bä]	'tariff'
Slovene[12]		brivec brije		'barber shaves'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.
Ukrainian[13]		дзвін	[d̻͡z̪vin̪]	'bell'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[14]					Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.

Non-retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аӡы	[ɑˈd͡zɨ]	'water'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		дзэлӀы	[d͡zaɬʼə]	'soldier'
Albanian		xehe	[d͡zɛhɛ]	'mineral'
Arabic	Najdi[15]	قـليب	[d͡zɛ̝lib]	'well'	Corresponds to /q/, /ɡ/, or /dʒ/ in other dialects.
Armenian	Western	ծակ	[d͡zɑɡ]	'hole'
Azerbaijani	some Western dialects	Cəbrayıl	[d͡zæbɾɑˈjɯɫ]	'Jibra'il'	Corresponds to /d͡ʒ/ or /ɟ/ in other dialects.
Berber	Kabyle	Lz̗ayer	[ld͡zajər]	'Algeria'
Catalan[16]		dotze	[ˈd̪odd̻͡z̺ə]	'twelve'	The fricative component is apical. See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Wu	齐	[dzi]	'neat'
	Xiang	坐	[dzo]	'sit'
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[17]	zèèg	[d͡zɛːx]	'saw'	Occasional allophone of /z/; distribution unclear.[17] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology
English	Broad Cockney[18]	day	[ˈd͡zæˑɪ̯]	'day'	Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /d/.[19][20] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation[20]		[ˈd͡zeˑɪ̯]
	New York[21]				Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /d/.[21] See English phonology
	Scouse[22]				Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /d/.[22] See English phonology
French	Quebec	samedi	[samd͡zi]	'Saturday'	Allophone of /d/ before /i/ and /y/. See Quebec French phonology
Georgian[23]		ძვალი	[d͡zvɑli]	'bone'
Greek		τζάμι	[ˈd͡zami]	'window pane'
Hebrew		תזונה	[d͡zuna]	'nutrition'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Iu Mien		nzoc	[d͡zò]	'drum'
Japanese		続く/tsudzuku	[t͡sɯᵝd͡zɯᵝkɯᵝ]	'continue'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		дзын	[d͡zən]	'to throw'
Luxembourgish[24]		spadséieren	[ʃpɑˈd͡zəi̯ɵ̞ʀɵ̞n]	'to go for a walk'	Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words.[24] See Luxembourgish phonology
Ngwe	Nwametaw dialect	[mə̀d͡zə̀]		'path'
Occitan	Rhodanien Provençal	joine	[ˈd͡zujne]	'young'	See Occitan phonology
Pashto		پنځه	[pind͡zə]	'five'
Portuguese	European[25]	desafio	[d͡zəˈfi.u]	'challenge'	Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ ɨ ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[26]
	Brazilian[25][26]	aprendizado	[apɾẽ̞ˈd͡zadu]	'learning'
	Many speakers	mezzosoprano	[me̞d͡zo̞so̞ˈpɾɐ̃nu]	'mezzo-soprano'	Marginal sound. Some might instead use spelling pronunciations.[27] See Portuguese phonology
Northern Qiang		?	[ɣd͡zə]	'rabbit'
Romanian	Moldavian dialects[28]	zic	[d͡zɨk]	'say'	Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Ubykh		[məˈdza]		'light'	See Ubykh phonology
West Frisian		widze	[ˈʋɪd͡zǝ]	'cradle'
Yi		ꋩ/zzy	[d͡zɪ˧]	'ride'

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Italian[29]		zero	[ˈd͡zɛːɾo]	'zero'	The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[29] See Italian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate
d͡ð̠
d͡ð̳
d͡ɹ̝

Features

• Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.

• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	General American[30]	dream	[d͡ɹ̝ʷiːm]	'dream'	Phonetic realization of the sequence /dr/; more commonly postalveolar [d̠͡ɹ̠˔].[30] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation[30]
Italian	Sicily[31]	Adriatico	[äd͡ð̠iˈäːt̪iko]	'The Adriatic Sea'	Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence /dr/, and can be a realized sequence [dð̠] instead.[32] See Italian phonology

See also

• Voiced dental affricate
• List of phonetics topics

References

1. Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
2. Kozintseva (1995:6)
3. Padluzhny (1989:48-49)
4. Palková (1994:234-235)
5. Szende (1999:104)
6. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
7. Nau (1998:6)
8. Lunt (1952:1)
9. Rocławski (1976:162)
10. Chew (2003:67 and 103)
11. Landau et al. (1999:67)
12. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
13. S. Buk, J. Mačutek, A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.
14. Šewc-Schuster (1984:22 and 38))
15. Lewis jr. (2013), p. 5.
16. Hualde (1992:370)
17. Peters (2010), p. 240.
18. Wells (1982a), pp. 322-323.
19. Wells (1982a), p. 323.
20. Gimson (2014), p. 172.
21. Wells (1982b), p. 515.
22. Wells (1982a), p. 372.
23. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
24. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
25. (Portuguese) Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS – Alice Telles de Paula Page 14
26. Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte – Camila Tavares Leite
27. Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro – Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis
28. Pop (1938), p. 29.
29. Canepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
30. Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188 and 192.
31. Canepari (1992), p. 64.
32. Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.

Bibliography

• Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
• Chew, Peter A. (2003), A computational phonology of Russian, Universal Publishers
• Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
• Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
• Hualde, José (1992), Catalan, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-05498-2
• Kozintseva, Natalia (1995), Modern Eastern Armenian, Lincom Europa, p. 52, ISBN 3895860352
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
• Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
• Lewis jr., Robert Eugene (2013), Complementizer Agreement in Najdi Arabic (PDF)
• Lunt, Horace G. (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje
• Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
• Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
• Palková, Zdena (1994), Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, ISBN 978-8070668436
• Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
• Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
• Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
• Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina (1977), A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
• Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
• Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
• Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
• Wells, John C. (1982a). "Accents of English 2: The British Isles". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
• Wells, John C. (1982b). "Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24225-8.