Near-close near-back rounded vowel
| Near-close near-back rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʊ | |||
| u̽ | |||
| IPA number | 321 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ʊ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028A | ||
| X-SAMPA |
U | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
U | ||
| Braille |
 | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The near-close near-back rounded vowel, or near-high near-back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some vocal languages. The IPA symbol that represents this sound is ⟨ʊ⟩. It is informally called "horseshoe u". Prior to 1989, there was an alternate IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ɷ⟩, called "closed omega"; use of this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA.[1] In Americanist phonetic notation, the symbol ⟨ᴜ⟩ (a small capital U) is used.
The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ʊ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close back rounded vowel,[2] therefore, an alternative transcription of this vowel is ⟨u̽⟩ (a symbol equivalent to a more complex ⟨ü̞⟩). However, some languages, such as Korean[3] and Swedish[4] have the near-close back rounded vowel, which differs from its near-back counterpart in that it is a lowered, but not centralized close back rounded vowel, transcribed in the IPA as ⟨ʊ̠⟩, ⟨u̞⟩ or ⟨o̝⟩ (this article uses ⟨ʊ̠⟩).
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
A few languages also have the near-close near-back unrounded vowel (which does not have a separate IPA symbol) in their inventory.
Near-close near-back protruded vowel
The near-close near-back protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʊ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the near-close near-back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ʊ̫⟩ for the near-close near-back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʊʷ⟩ or ⟨ɯ̽ʷ⟩ (a near-close near-back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
The near-close back protruded vowel, found e.g. in Korean, can be transcribed ⟨u̞ʷ⟩, ⟨ɯ̞ʷ⟩ or ⟨u̫˕⟩.
Features
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- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-back, also known as back-central or centralized back, which means the tongue is positioned as in a back vowel, but slightly further forward in the mouth.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Tunisian | kuntrātū | kʊntrɑːtuː | 'contract' | See Tunisian phonology |
| Assamese | ওচৰ | [ʊsɔɹ] | 'near' | ||
| Bulgarian[5] | абатство | [ɐˈbat̪s̪t̪vʊ̠] | 'abbey' | Fully back; possible realization of unstressed /u/ and /ɔ/ in post-stressed syllables.[5] See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 紅/hung4 | [hʊŋ˨˩] | 'red' | Can be realized as [o] instead. See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 紅/hóng | [xʊŋ˧˥] | Varies between close and mid. See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Shanghainese[6] | [kʊ¹] | 'melon' | Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.[6] | ||
| Danish | Standard[7][8] | kone | [ˈkʰʊ̠ːnə] | 'wife' | Fully back;[7][8] also described as close-mid [oː].[9][10] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨oː⟩. The vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʊ⟩ is pronounced similarly to (or the same as) the short /o/.[11] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[12] | ug | [ʊx] | 'you' | See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| English | Australian[13] | hook | [hʊk] | 'hook' | Also described as close back [u].[14] See Australian English phonology |
| Cockney[15] | [ʊʔk] | Sometimes fronted to [ʊ̈].[15] | |||
| Conservative RP | [hʊʔk] | Often lowered and centralized to [u], or unrounded to [ɘ]. See English phonology | |||
| Multicultural London[16] | May be front [ʏ] instead.[16] | ||||
| New Zealand[17] | May be close-mid [ʊ̞] instead; it is unrounded and centralized to [ɪ̈ ~ ɘ] in some lexical items.[18] | ||||
| Faroese | hvalur | [kvɛalʊɹ] | 'whale' | ||
| French | Quebec | foule | [fʊl] | 'crowd' | Allophone of /u/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Standard[19][20][21] | Stunde |  [ˈʃtʊndə] | 'hour' | Described variously as near-back[19][20] and back.[21] See German phonology |
| Chemnitz dialect[22] | Schurf | [ʃʊˤːf] | 'blight' | Pharyngealized; may be realized as [ʊːɒ̯] instead.[22] See Chemnitz dialect phonology | |
| Southern Bernese | Corresponds to [ɔu̯] in the city of Bern. See Bernese German phonology | ||||
| Hindustani | गुलाब/گلاب | [gʊˈläːb] | 'rose' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian[23] | ujj | [ʊjː] | 'finger' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨u⟩. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | Munster[24] | dubh | [d̪ˠɰʊvˠ] | 'black' | Allophone of /ʊ/ between broad consonants.[24] See Irish phonology |
| Kaingang[25] | [kʊˈtu] | 'deaf' | Atonic allophone of /u/ and /o/.[26] | ||
| Korean[3] | 구리/guri | [kʊ̠ɾi] | 'copper' | Fully back;[3] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨u⟩. See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Weert dialect[27] | Used only by older speakers.[27] | |||
| Luxembourgish[28] | Sprooch | [ʃpʀʊ̠ːχ] | 'language' | Fully back;[28] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨oː⟩. Also described as close-mid [oː].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Mongolian[30] | ус | [ʊs] | 'water' | ||
| Piedmontese | Torton-a | [tʊrˈtʊŋa] | 'Tortona' | ||
| Polish[31] | tu | [t̪ʊ] | 'here' | Very rare realization of /u/.[32] See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian[33] | pulo | [ˈpulʊ] | 'leap' | Reduction and neutralization of unstressed /o/, /ɔ/ and /u/. Can be unvoiced. |
| Punjabi | ਪੁਦੀਨਾ | [pʊˈd̪iːnäː] | 'mint' | ||
| Russian[34] | сухой | [s̪ʊˈxʷo̞j] | 'dry' | Unstressed allophone of /u/. See Russian phonology | |
| Shiwiar[35] | Allophone of /u/.[35] | ||||
| Slovak[36][37][38] | ruka | [ˈrʊkä] | 'arm' | Backness varies between back and near-back.[36] See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish | Eastern Andalusian[39] | tus | [t̪ʊ̠ː] | 'your' (pl.) | Fully back. Corresponds to [u] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
| Murcian[39] | |||||
| Turkish[40] | buzlu | [buz̪ˈl̠ʊ] | 'icy' | Allophone of /u/ described variously as "word-final"[40] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[41] See Turkish phonology | |
| Yoruba[42] | Near-back or fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ũ⟩. It is nasalized, and may be close [ũ̟ ~ ũ] instead.[42] | ||||
Near-close near-back compressed vowel
| Near-close near-back compressed vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʊ͍ | |
| ɯ̽ᵝ |
Some languages, such as Norwegian, are found with a near-close near-back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.
There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɯ̽͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɯ̽] and labial compression) or ⟨ɯ̽ᵝ⟩ ([ɯ̽] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ʊ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.
Only the Shanghainese dialect is known to contrast this with the more typical protruded (endolabial) near-close near-back vowel, although the height of both of these vowels varies from close to close-mid.[6]
The near-close back compressed vowel, found e.g. in Swedish, can be transcribed ⟨ɯ̞͡β̞⟩, ⟨ɯ̞ᵝ⟩ or ⟨u͍˕⟩.
Features
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-back, also known as back-central or centralized back, which means the tongue is positioned as in a back vowel, but slightly further forward in the mouth.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Shanghainese[6] | [tɯ̽ᵝ¹] | 'capital' | Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.[6] | |
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[43] | ond | [ɯ̽ᵝn̻ː] | 'bad' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨u⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish | Central Standard[4] | ort | [ɯ̞ᵝʈː] | 'locality' | Fully back.[4] See Swedish phonology |
References
- ↑ International Phonetic Association (1999:169)
- ↑ International Phonetic Association (1999:13)
- 1 2 3 Lee (1999:121)
- 1 2 3 Engstrand (1999:140)
- 1 2 Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
- 1 2 3 4 5 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328–329)
- 1 2 Uldall (1933:?)
- 1 2 Basbøll (2005:47)
- ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:58)
- ↑ Peters (2010:241)
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ↑ Cox & Palethorpe (2007:344)
- 1 2 Mott (2011:75)
- 1 2 Gimson (2014:91)
- ↑ Bauer et al. (2007:98)
- ↑ Bauer et al. (2007:98, 100–101)
- 1 2 Kohler (1999:87)
- 1 2 Mangold (2005:37)
- 1 2 Morciniec & Prędota (2005:89)
- 1 2 Khan & Weise (2013:237)
- ↑ Szende (1994:92)
- 1 2 Ó Sé (2000)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
- 1 2 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ↑ Rocławski (1976:75, 115)
- ↑ Rocławski (1976:115)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:69)
- 1 2 Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- 1 2 Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
- ↑ Mistrík (1988:13)
- 1 2 Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ↑ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- 1 2 Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
- ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)
Bibliography
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
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