Voiced palato-alveolar affricate

Voiced palato-alveolar affricate
d͡ʒ
d͜ʒ
dʒ
d̠ʲʒ
IPA number	104 135
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d​͡​ʒ
Unicode (hex)	U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPA	dZ or d_r_jZ
Kirshenbaum	dZ
Image
Sound
source · help

The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in broad transcription ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is ⟨dZ⟩. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.

Some scholars use the symbol /d͡ʒ/ to transcribe the laminal variant of the voiced retroflex affricate. In such cases, the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant is transcribed /d͡ʒʲ/.

Features

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.

• Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аџыр	[ad͡ʒər]	'steel'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		джанэ	[d͡ʒaːna]	'dress'
Albanian		xham	[d͡ʒam]	'glass'
Amharic		እንጀራ	[ɨnd͡ʒəra]	'injera'
Arabic	Standard[1]	جَرَس	[d͡ʒaras]	'bell'	In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern[2]	ջուր	[d͡ʒuɾ]	'water'
	Western	ճանճ	[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]	'fly'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic		jura	[d͡ʒuɾ:a]	'big'	Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [g] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani		ağac	[ɑɣɑd͡ʒ]	'tree'
Bengali		জল	[d͡ʒɔl]	'water'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Berber	Kabyle	lǧiran	[ld͡ʒiræn]	'the neighbors'
Bulgarian		джудже	[ˈd͡ʒud͡ʒe]	'dwarf'
Chechen		джерво / dzhyerwo	[d͡ʒjerwo]	'previously married woman'
Chinese	Quzhou dialect of Wu	重	[d͡ʒõ]	'Heavy'
Coptic		ϫⲉ	[d͡ʒe]	'that'
Czech		léčba	[lɛːd͡ʒba]	'treatment'	See Czech phonology
English		jump	[ˈd͡ʒʌmp]	'jump '	See English phonology
Esperanto		manĝaĵo	[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]	'food'	See Esperanto phonology
Faroese		gestir	[ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ]	'guests '
French		adjonction	[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]	'addition'	Rare. See French phonology
Georgian[3]		ჯიბე	[d͡ʒibɛ]	'pocket'
German	Standard[4]	Dschungel	[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]	'jungle'	Laminal or apico-laminal[4] and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See German phonology
Goemai		[d͡ʒaːn]		'twins'
Hebrew		ג׳וק	[d͡ʒuk]	'cockroach'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		जाना / جــانا	[d͡ʒɑːnɑː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian		lándzsa	[laːnd͡ʒɒ]	'spear'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian[5]		gemma	[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]	'gem'	See Italian phonology
Indonesian		jarak	[ˈd͡ʒarak]	'distance'
Kashubian[6]
Kurdish		ciger	[d͡ʒiɡɛɾ]	'lung'
Kyrgyz		жаман	[d͡ʒaman]	'bad'
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect[7]	djèn	[d͡ʒɛːn²]	'Eugène'
Lithuanian		džiaugsmingas	[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]	'glad'	See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian		џемпер	[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]	'sweater'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		jahat	[d͡ʒahat]	'evil'
Manchu		ᠵᡠᠸᡝ	[d͡ʒuwe]	'two'
Marathi		जय	[d͡ʒəj]	'victory'	See Marathi phonology
Occitan	Languedocien	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuβe]	'young'	See Occitan phonology
	Provençal		[ˈd͡ʒuve]
Ojibwe		?	[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]	'brother'	See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto		جــګ	[d͡ʒeɡ]	'high'
Persian		کُـجــا	[kod͡ʒɒ]	'where'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	dziwny	[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]	'strange'	/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect[8]
	Malbork dialect[8]
	Ostróda dialect[8]
	Warmia dialect[8]
Portuguese	Most Brazilian dialects[9]	grande	[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi]	'big'	Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
	Most dialects	jambalaya	[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]	'jambalaya'	In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		ger	[d͡ʒer]	'frost'	See Romanian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	géneru	[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]	'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic		Dia	[d͡ʒia]	'God'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	џем / džem	[d͡ʒê̞m]	'jam'	May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
	Bosnian	ђаво / đavo	[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'	Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ].
	Croatian
Silesian	Gmina Istebna[10]				These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
	Jablunkov[10]
Somali		joog	[d͡ʒoːɡ]	'stop'	See Somali phonology
Spanish	Many dialects	cónyuge	[ˈkõ̞ɲd͡ʒuxe̞]	'spouse'	May correspond to [ɟʝ] in Castilian Spanish, or be a stigmatized dialectal realization of /ʝ/ and /ʎ/. See Spanish phonology
	Some dialects	ayudar	[ad͡ʒuˈð̞ar]	'to help'
Turkish		acı	[äˈd͡ʒɯ]	'pain'	See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		jar	[d͡ʒär]	'ravine'
Ubykh		[amd͡ʒan]		'?'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		джерело	[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]	'source'	See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur		جـوزا	[d͡ʒozɑ]	'desk'	See Uyghur phonology
West Frisian		siedzje	[ʃɪd͡ʒǝ]	'to sow'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[11]	dxan	[d͡ʒaŋ]	'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
d̠͡ɹ̠˔
d̠͜ɹ̠˔
d̠ɹ̠˔
Sound
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Features

• Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	General American[12][13]	dream	[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷiːm]	'dream'	Phonetic realization of the sequence /dr/; less commonly alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].[12] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation[12][13]

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

References

1. Watson (2002:16)
2. Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
3. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
4. Mangold (2005:51–52)
5. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
6. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
7. Peters (2006:119)
8. Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
9. Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
10. Dąbrowska (2004:?)
11. Merrill (2008:108)
12. Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188 and 192.
13. Wells (2008).

Bibliography

• Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
• Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
• Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
• Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
• Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
• Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
• Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
• Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
• Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180