Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants

For consonants followed by superscript ˡ, see Lateral release (phonetics).
Alveolar lateral approximant
l
IPA number 155
Encoding
Entity (decimal) l
Unicode (hex) U+006C
X-SAMPA l
Kirshenbaum l
Braille ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)
Sound
source · help
Postalveolar lateral approximant
l̠
Dental lateral approximant
l̪

The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.

As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, /l̥/ are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ].

In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme /l/ becomes velarized in certain contexts, a sound often called "dark l". Some languages, like many North American dialects of English, may not have a "clear" /l/ at all, or use it only before front vowels (especially [i]).

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant:

Occurrence

Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars (such as Bulgarian, which has both), laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before /θ/ in languages that have it, as in English health.

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Gulf[1] ? [l̪eːn] 'when' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Hungarian[2] elem [ˈɛl̪ɛm] 'battery' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology
Italian[3][4][5] molto [ˈmol̪ːt̪o] 'much, a lot' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z/.[3][4][5] See Italian phonology
Macedonian[6] лево [l̪e̞vo̞] 'left' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology
Mapudungun[7] ḻafkeṉ [l̪ɐ̝fkën̪] 'sea, lake' Interdental.[7]
Norwegian Standard Eastern[8] Allophone of /l/ after /n, t, d/.[8] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[9] allt [äl̪t̪] 'everything' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Tamil[10] புலி [pul̪i] 'tiger' See Tamil phonology
Uzbek[11] Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme.[11]
Vietnamese Hanoi[12] lửa [l̪ɨə˧˩˧] 'fire' See Vietnamese phonology

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard[13] لا [laː] 'no' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[14] լուսին  [lusin]  'moon'
Catalan[15][16] tela [ˈt̪ɛlə] 'fabric' Apical 'front alveolar'.[15][16] May also be velarized.[17] See Catalan phonology
Dutch Standard[18] laten [ˈl̻aːt̻ə] 'to let' Laminal. Some Standard Belgian speakers use the clear /l/ in all positions.[18] See Dutch phonology
Some Eastern accents[19] mal [mɑl̻] 'mold' Laminal; realization of /l/ in all positions.[19] See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers let [lɛt] 'let' See English phonology
New York[20] Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[20]
Italian[3][21][22] letto [ˈlɛt̪ːo] 'bed' Apical.[4] See Italian phonology
Kashubian[23]
Kyrgyz[24] көпөлөк [køpøˈløk] 'butterfly' Velarized in back vowel contexts. See Kyrgyz phonology
Mapudungun[7] elun [ëˈlʊn] 'to give'
Polish[25] pole  [ˈpɔlɛ]  'field' Contrasts with /ɫ/ for a small number of speakers; when it does, it is always palatalized [lʲ]. See Polish phonology
Romanian[26] alună [äˈlun̪ə] 'hazelnut' Apical. See Romanian phonology
Slovak[27] mĺkvy  [ˈml̩ːkʋi]  'silent' Syllabic form can be long or short
Slovene[28] letalo [lɛˈt̪àːlɔ] 'airplane' See Slovene phonology
Spanish[29] hablar [äˈβ̞läɾ] 'to speak' See Spanish phonology
Ukrainian[30] обличчя [oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ] 'face' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology

Postalveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Igbo Standard[31] lì [l̠ì] 'bury'
Italian[4] il cervo [il̠ʲ ˈt͡ʃɛrvo] 'the deer' Palatalized laminal; allophone of /l/ before /ʃ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/.[4] See Italian phonology
Turkish[32][33] lale  [l̠ʲäːˈl̠ʲɛ]  'tulip' Palatalized; contrasts with a velarized dental lateral [ɫ̪].[32][33] See Turkish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[34] lan [l̠an] 'soot'

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Faroese[35] linur [ˈliːnʊɹ] 'soft' Varies between dental and alveolar in initial position, whereas the postvocalic /l/ may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels.[35] See Faroese phonology
French[36] il [il] 'he' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar, with the latter being predominant.[36] See French phonology
German Standard[37] Liebe [ˈliːbə] 'love' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[37] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Standard Eastern[38] liv [liːʋ] 'life' In process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar, but the laminal denti-alveolar is still possible in some environments, and is obligatory after /n, t, d/.[38] See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Most Brazilian dialects[39][40] lero-lero [ˈlɛɾu ˈlɛɾu] 'runaround'[41] Dental to sometimes alveolar, always co-articulated in other dialects.[42] See Portuguese phonology

Velarized alveolar lateral approximant

Dark L
lˠ
lˤ
ɫ
IPA number 209
Encoding
Entity (decimal) l​ˠ
Unicode (hex) U+006C U+02E0
X-SAMPA 5 or l_G or l_?\
Kirshenbaum l<vzd>
Sound
source · help

The velarized alveolar lateral approximant (dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨lˠ⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨lˤ⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: ⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩.

Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[43]

Features

Features of the dark l:

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Belarusian[44] Беларусь [bʲɛɫ̪äˈrus̪ʲ] 'Belarus' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Catalan[17][45] altres [ˈaɫ̪t̪ɾəs̺] 'others' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t, d/.[45] See Catalan phonology
Icelandic[46] sigldi [s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ] 'sailed' Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. See Icelandic phonology
Lithuanian[47] labas [ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪] 'hi' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with [lʲ]
Macedonian[48] лук
luk		 [ɫ̪uk] 'garlic' Laminal denti-alveolar. Present only before back vowels (/u, o, a/) and syllable-finally. See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian Standard Eastern[47][8] tale [ˈt̻ʰɑːɫ̪ə] 'speech' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ after /ɔ, oː, ɑ, ɑː/, and sometimes also after /u, uː/.[8] However, according to Endresen (1990), this allophone is not velarized.[49] See Norwegian phonology
Polish Eastern dialects[25] łapa [ˈɫ̪äpä] 'paw' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to /w/ in standard Polish. See Polish phonology
Russian[50] малый [ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j] 'small' Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[51] Mallaig [ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ] 'Mallaig' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Turkish[32][33] lala [ɫ̪äˈɫ̪ä] 'servant' Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral [l̠].[32][33] See Turkish phonology

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[52][53] tafel [ˈtɑːfəɫ] 'table' Velarized in all positions, especially non-prevocalically.[52][53] See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian Standard llullë [ˈɫuɫə] 'smoking pipe'
Arabic Standard[54] الله ʼAllah [ʔɑˈɫːɑːh] 'God' Also transcribed as ⟨lˤ⟩. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce [ɬ]. See Arabic phonology
Catalan[17] Eastern dialects cel·la [ˈsɛɫːə] 'cell' Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. See Catalan phonology
Western dialects alt [aɫ(t)] 'tall'
Dutch Standard[55] mallen [ˈmɑɫ̻ə] 'molds' Laminal; pharyngealized in northern accents, velarized or post-palatalised in southern accents. It is an allophone of /l/ before consonants and pauses, and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels /ɔ, ɑ/. Many northern speakers realize the final /l/ as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid [ɤˤ], whereas some Standard Belgian speakers use the clear /l/ in all positions.[55] See Dutch phonology
Some Netherlandic accents[19] laten [ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə] 'to let' Pharyngealized laminal; realization of /l/ in all positions.[19] See Dutch phonology
English[56] Australian feel   [fiːɫ]  'feel' Most often apical; can be always dark in North America, Australia and New Zealand. See English phonology
Canadian
Dublin
General American
New Zealand
Received Pronunciation
South African
Scottish loch [ɫɔx] 'loch' Can be always dark except in some borrowings from Scottish Gaelic
Greek Northern dialects[57] μπάλα bálla [ˈbaɫa] 'ball' Allophone of /l/ before /a o u/. See Modern Greek phonology
Romanian Bessarabian dialect[58] cal [kaɫ] 'horse' Corresponds to non-velarized l in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[59] лак / lak [ɫâ̠k] 'easy' Apical; may be syllabic; contrasts with /ʎ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Uzbek[11] Apical; between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme. Non-velarized denti-alveolar elsewhere.[11]

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Portuguese European[60] mil [miɫ̪] 'thousand' When [lˠ ~ lʶ ~ lˤ ~ lˀ],[61] most often dental. Coda is now vocalized to [u̯ ~ ʊ̯] in most of Brazil (as in rural parts of Alto Minho and Madeira).[62] Stigmatized realizations such as [ɾ ~ ɽ ~ ɻ], the /ʁ/ range, [j] and even [∅] (zero) are some other coda allophones typical of Brazil.[63] Can be always dental and always dark (especially before back/rounded and close/unrounded vowels) in most dialects. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects[64] Lituânia  [ɫ̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ]  'Lithuania'
Older and conservative Brazilian[65][66][67][68] álcool [ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪] 'alcohol, ethanol'

See also

References

  1. ↑ Qafisheh (1977), pp. 2, 14.
  2. ↑ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76.
  3. 1 2 3 Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Canepari (1992), p. 89.
  5. 1 2 Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 133.
  6. ↑ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  7. 1 2 3 Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Kristoffersen (2000), p. 25.
  9. ↑ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
  10. ↑ Keane (2004), p. 111.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
  12. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  13. ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 38.
  14. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 20.
  15. 1 2 Wheeler (2005), pp. 10–11.
  16. 1 2 "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central | Els Sons del Català".
    "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental | Els Sons del Català".
  17. 1 2 3 Recasens & Espinosa (2005), pp. 1, 20.
  18. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 197, 222.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 197.
  20. 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 515.
  21. ↑ Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 132.
  22. ↑ Canepari (1992), pp. 88–89.
  23. ↑ http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/
  24. ↑ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  25. 1 2 Rocławski (1976), p. 130.
  26. ↑ Chițoran (2001), p. 10.
  27. ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  28. ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  29. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  30. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
  31. ↑ Ikekeonwu (1999), p. 108.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 8.
  34. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  35. 1 2 Árnason (2011), p. 115.
  36. 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 192.
  37. 1 2 Mangold (2005), p. 49.
  38. 1 2 Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 24–25.
  39. ↑ Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza. Page 2. (Portuguese)
  40. ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
  41. ↑ Runaround generator
  42. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
  43. 1 2 Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 4.
  44. ↑ Padluzhny (1989), pp. 50–51.
  45. 1 2 Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  46. ↑ Scholten (2000), p. 22.
  47. 1 2 Mathiassen (1996), p. 23.
  48. ↑ Lunt (1952), pp. 11–12.
  49. ↑ Endresen (1990:177), cited in Kristoffersen (2000:25)
  50. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 168.
  51. ↑ Ó Dochartaigh (1997).
  52. 1 2 Donaldson (1993), p. 17.
  53. 1 2 Lass (1987), p. 117.
  54. ↑ Watson (2002), p. 16.
  55. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 58, 197, 222.
  56. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 73.
  57. ↑ Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
  58. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  59. ↑ Gick et al. (2006), p. ?.
  60. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 93.
  61. ↑ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Portuguese). Page 52.
  62. ↑ MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
  63. ↑ Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.
  64. ↑ (Italian) Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition
  65. ↑ (Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Page 36.
  66. ↑ TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
  67. ↑ Bisol (2005:211)
  68. ↑ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Portuguese). Page 49.

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