Guanylate cyclase 2C

Guanylate cyclase 2C
Identifiers
Symbols	GUCY2C ; DIAR6; GUC2C; MECIL; MUCIL; STAR
External IDs	OMIM: 601330 MGI: 106903 HomoloGene: 3641 IUPHAR: 1750 ChEMBL: 1795197 GeneCards: GUCY2C Gene
EC number	4.6.1.2
Gene ontology Molecular function • guanylate cyclase activity • protein kinase activity • protein binding • ATP binding • GTP binding • toxic substance binding Cellular component • endoplasmic reticulum membrane • plasma membrane • integral component of membrane Biological process • cGMP biosynthetic process • protein phosphorylation • receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway • response to toxic substance • intracellular signal transduction • regulation of cell proliferation Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2984	14917
Ensembl	ENSG00000070019	ENSMUSG00000042638
UniProt	P25092	Q3UWA6
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_004963	NM_001127318
RefSeq (protein)	NP_004954	NP_001120790
Location (UCSC)	Chr 12: 14.61 – 14.7 Mb	Chr 6: 136.7 – 136.78 Mb
PubMed search

Guanylate cyclase 2C, also known as guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), intestinal guanylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase-C receptor, or the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (hSTAR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2C gene.^[1][2]

Guanylyl cyclase is an enzyme found in the luminal aspect of intestinal epithelium and dopamine neurons in the brain.^[3] The receptor has an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane region, a region with sequence similar to that of protein kinases, and a C-terminal guanylate cyclase domain. Tyrosine kinase activity mediates the GC-C signaling pathway within the cell.

Functions

GC-C is a key receptor for heat-stable enterotoxins that are responsible for acute secretory diarrhea.^[4] Heat-stable enterotoxins are produced by pathogens such as Escherichia coli. Knockout mice deficient in the GC-C gene do not show secretory diarrhea on infection with E. coli, though they do with cholera toxin. This demonstrates the specificity of the GC-C receptor.

Diagnostic application

Because GC-C is tissue-specific for intestinal epithelium, it can be used for detection of metastatic disease.

See also

• Guanylate cyclase

References

1. "Entrez Gene: guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor)".
2. Mann EA, Swenson ES, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Taguchi T, Testa JR, Giannella RA (June 1996). "Localization of the guanylyl cyclase C gene to mouse chromosome 6 and human chromosome 12p12". Genomics 34 (2): 265–7. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0284. PMID 8661067.
3. Intestinal Protein May Have Role in ADHD, Other Neurological Disorders. ScienceDaily (Aug. 11, 2011)
4. Weiglmeier PR, Rösch P, Berkner H (August 2010). "Cure and Curse: E. coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin and Its Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C". Toxins 2 (9): 2213–2229. doi:10.3390/toxins2092213.

Further reading

• Schulz S, Hyslop T, Haaf J, et al. (2006). "A validated quantitative assay to detect occult micrometastases by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of guanylyl cyclase C in patients with colorectal cancer.". Clin. Cancer Res. 12 (15): 4545–52. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0865. PMID 16899600.
• Park J, Schulz S, Haaf J, et al. (2002). "Ectopic expression of guanylyl cyclase C in adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and stomach.". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11 (8): 739–44. PMID 12163327.
• Tien YW, Lee PH, Hu RH, et al. (2003). "The role of gelatinase in hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer.". Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (13): 4891–6. PMID 14581363.
• Basu N, Bhandari R, Natarajan VT, Visweswariah SS (2009). "Cross talk between receptor guanylyl cyclase C and c-src tyrosine kinase regulates colon cancer cell cytostasis.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 29 (19): 5277–89. doi:10.1128/MCB.00001-09. PMC 2747985. PMID 19620276.
• Mann EA, Steinbrecher KA, Stroup C, et al. (2005). "Lack of guanylyl cyclase C, the receptor for Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin, results in reduced polyp formation and increased apoptosis in the multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mouse model.". Int. J. Cancer 116 (4): 500–5. doi:10.1002/ijc.21119. PMID 15825168.
• Saha S, Biswas KH, Kondapalli C, et al. (2009). "The linker region in receptor guanylyl cyclases is a key regulatory module: mutational analysis of guanylyl cyclase C.". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (40): 27135–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.020032. PMC 2786029. PMID 19648115.
• Bhandari R, Srinivasan N, Mahaboobi M, et al. (2001). "Functional inactivation of the human guanylyl cyclase C receptor: modeling and mutation of the protein kinase-like domain.". Biochemistry 40 (31): 9196–206. doi:10.1021/bi002595g. PMID 11478887.
• Sindiće A, BaÅŸoglu C, Cerçi A; et al. (2002). "Guanylin, uroguanylin, and heat-stable euterotoxin activate guanylate cyclase C and/or a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein in human proximal tubule cells.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (20): 17758–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110627200. PMID 11889121.
• Jaleel M, London RM, Eber SL, et al. (2002). "Expression of the receptor guanylyl cyclase C and its ligands in reproductive tissues of the rat: a potential role for a novel signaling pathway in the epididymis.". Biol. Reprod. 67 (6): 1975–80. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.102.006445. PMID 12444076.
• Mejia A, Schulz S, Hyslop T, et al. (2009). "GUCY2C reverse transcriptase PCR to stage pN0 colorectal cancer patients.". Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 9 (8): 777–85. doi:10.1586/erm.09.67. PMC 2810399. PMID 19895223.
• Scott RO, Thelin WR, Milgram SL (2002). "A novel PDZ protein regulates the activity of guanylyl cyclase C, the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (25): 22934–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202434200. PMID 11950846.
• Ghanekar Y, Chandrashaker A, Tatu U, Visweswariah SS (2004). "Glycosylation of the receptor guanylate cyclase C: role in ligand binding and catalytic activity.". Biochem. J. 379 (Pt 3): 653–63. doi:10.1042/BJ20040001. PMC 1224121. PMID 14748740.
• Kulaksiz H, Cetin Y (2001). "Uroguanylin and guanylate cyclase C in the human pancreas: expression and mutuality of ligand/receptor localization as indicators of intercellular paracrine signaling pathways.". J. Endocrinol. 170 (1): 267–75. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1700267. PMID 11431160.
• Debruyne PR, Witek M, Gong L, et al. (2006). "Bile acids induce ectopic expression of intestinal guanylyl cyclase C Through nuclear factor-kappaB and Cdx2 in human esophageal cells.". Gastroenterology 130 (4): 1191–206. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.032. PMID 16618413.
• Singh R (2003). "Interaction of guanylyl cyclase C with SH3 domain of Src tyrosine kinase. Yet another mechanism for desensitization.". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (27): 24342–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301153200. PMID 12649275.
• Selvaraj NG, Prasad R, Goldstein JL, Rao MC (2000). "Evidence for the presence of cGMP-dependent protein kinase-II in human distal colon and in T84, the colonic cell line.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1498 (1): 32–43. doi:10.1016/s0167-4889(00)00075-6. PMID 11042348.
• Ciocca V, Bombonati A, Palazzo JP, et al. (2009). "Guanylyl cyclase C is a specific marker for differentiating primary and metastatic ovarian mucinous neoplasms.". Histopathology 55 (2): 182–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03358.x. PMC 3140017. PMID 19694825.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, et al. (2000). "Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (7): 3491–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3491. PMC 16267. PMID 10737800.

External links

• GCC testing for colorectal cancer staging
• GC-C knock-out mice
• guanyl cyclase-C receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)