Voiced dental and alveolar stops

Voiced alveolar stop
d
IPA number 104
Encoding
Entity (decimal) d
Unicode (hex) U+0064
X-SAMPA d
Kirshenbaum d
Braille ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
Sound
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The voiced alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is d (although the symbol can be used to distinguish the dental stop, and the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

Occurrence

Voiced dental stop
Sound
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Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Eastern[1] դեմք / demk’  [d̪ɛmkʰ]  'face' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Westernտալ / tal [d̪ɑl] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Basque diru [d̪iɾu] 'money' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2] падарожжа [päd̪äˈroʐʐä] 'travel' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali দাম [d̪am] 'price' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3] dit [ˈd̪it̪] 'finger' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Wu [d̪ɑ̃] 'the Tang Dynasty'
Dinka[4] dhek [d̪ek] 'distinct' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dutch Belgian ding [d̪ɪŋ] 'thing' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English Dublin[5] then [d̪ɛn] 'then' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [d͡ð] instead.[5] See English phonology
Southern Irish[6]
Geordie[7] Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7]
Ulster[8] dream [d̪ɹim] 'dream' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
French[9] dais [d̪ɛ] 'canopy' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian[10] კუ [ˈkʼud̪i]'tail' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Hindustani[11] दूध / دودھ [d̪uːd̪ʱ] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish dorcha [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] 'dark' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian[12] dare [ˈd̪äːre] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Kashubian[13] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[14] дос [d̪os̪] 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[15] drudzis [ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪] 'fever' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi गड [d̪əɡəɖ] 'stone' Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Pashto ﺪﻮﻩ [ˈd̪wɑ] 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[16] dom  [d̪ɔm]  'home' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[17] Many dialects dar [ˈd̪aɾ] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਦਾਲ[d̪ɑːl]'lentils' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian[18] дышать [d̪ɨ̞ˈʂätʲ] 'to breathe' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Slovene[19] danes [ˈd̪àːnəs̪] 'today' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Spanish[20] hundido [ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞] 'sunken' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Turkish dal [d̪äɫ] 'twig' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[21] дерево [ˈd̪ɛrɛvɔ] 'tree' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[22] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Zapotec Tilquiapan[23] 'dan' [d̪aŋ] 'countryside' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe дахэ [daːxa]'pretty'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic wada [waːda] 'to do' Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Czech do [do] 'into' See Czech phonology
Dutch[24] dak [dɑk] 'roof' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers dash [ˈdæʃ] 'dash' See English phonology
Finnish sidos [ˈsido̞s] 'bond' See Finnish phonology
Greek ντροπή/dropí [dro̞ˈpi] 'shame' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew דואר [ˈdoʔaʁ] 'mail' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian adó [ˈɒdoː] 'tax' See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian[25] dacing [ˈdätʃɪŋ] 'balance scale'
Japanese[26] 男性的/danseiteki [dãnse̞ːte̞ki] 'masculine' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian дахэ [daːxa]'pretty'
Korean 아들/adeul [adɯl] 'son'See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[27] brudder [ˈbʀudɐ] 'brother' More often voiceless [t].[27] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay dahan [dähän] 'branch'
Maltese dehen [den] 'wit'
Thai ดาว [daːw] 'star'
West Frisian doarp [ˈdwɑrp] 'village'
Yi /dda [da˧] 'competent'

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic دين [diːn] 'Religion' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English Broad South African[28] dawn [doːn] 'dawn' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[28][29][30]
Scottish[29] [dɔn]
Welsh[30] [dɒːn]
German Standard[31] Dach [dax] 'roof' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[31] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Standard Eastern[32] dans [d̻ɑns] 'dance' Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[32] See Norwegian phonology
Persian[33] اداره [edaːre] 'office' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[33] See Persian phonology
Slovak[34][35] do  [d̻o̞]  'into' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[34][35] See Slovak phonology
Swedish Central Standard[36] dag [dɑːɡ] 'day' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[36] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

References

Bibliography

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