Voiced dental and alveolar stops

Voiced alveolar stop
d
IPA number	104
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d
Unicode (hex)	U+0064
X-SAMPA	d
Kirshenbaum	d
Braille
Sound
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The voiced alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental stop, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
• There are four specific variants of [d]:
  • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
  • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Voiced dental stop
d̪
Sound
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Dental or denti-alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	Eastern[1]	դեմք / demk’	[d̪ɛmkʰ]	'face'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
	Western	տալ / tal	[d̪ɑl]	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Basque		diru	[d̪iɾu]	'money'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2]		падарожжа	[päd̪äˈroʐʐä]	'travel'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali		দাম	[d̪am]	'price'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3]		dit	[ˈd̪it̪]	'finger'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Wu	唐	[d̪ɑ̃]	'the Tang Dynasty'
Dinka[4]		dhek	[d̪ek]	'distinct'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dutch	Belgian	ding	[d̪ɪŋ]	'thing'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
English	Dublin[5]	then	[d̪ɛn]	'then'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [d͡ð] instead.[5] See English phonology
	Southern Irish[6]
	Geordie[7]				Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7]
	Ulster[8]	dream	[d̪ɹim]	'dream'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
French[9]		dais	[d̪ɛ]	'canopy'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian[10]		კუდი	[ˈkʼud̪i]	'tail'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Hindustani[11]		दूध / دودھ	[d̪uːd̪ʱ]	'milk'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish		dorcha	[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]	'dark'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian[12]		dare	[ˈd̪äːre]	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Kashubian[13]					Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[14]		дос	[d̪os̪]	'friend'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[15]		drudzis	[ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪]	'fever'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi		दगड	[d̪əɡəɖ]	'stone'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Pashto		ﺪﻮﻩ	[ˈd̪wɑ]	'two'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[16]		dom	[d̪ɔm]	'home'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[17]	Many dialects	dar	[ˈd̪aɾ]	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਦਾਲ	[d̪ɑːl]	'lentils'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian[18]		дышать	[d̪ɨ̞ˈʂätʲ]	'to breathe'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Slovene[19]		danes	[ˈd̪àːnəs̪]	'today'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Spanish[20]		hundido	[ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞]	'sunken'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Turkish		dal	[d̪äɫ]	'twig'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[21]		дерево	[ˈd̪ɛrɛvɔ]	'tree'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[22]					Laminal denti-alveolar.
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[23]	'dan'	[d̪aŋ]	'countryside'	Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		дахэ	[daːxa]	'pretty'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic		wada	[waːda]	'to do'	Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Czech		do	[do]	'into'	See Czech phonology
Dutch[24]		dak	[dɑk]	'roof'	See Dutch phonology
English	Most speakers	dash	[ˈdæʃ]	'dash'	See English phonology
Finnish		sidos	[ˈsido̞s]	'bond'	See Finnish phonology
Greek		ντροπή/dropí	[dro̞ˈpi]	'shame'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		דואר	[ˈdoʔaʁ]	'mail'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian		adó	[ˈɒdoː]	'tax'	See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian[25]		dacing	[ˈdätʃɪŋ]	'balance scale'
Japanese[26]		男性的/danseiteki	[dãnse̞ːte̞ki]	'masculine'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		дахэ	[daːxa]	'pretty'
Korean		아들/adeul	[adɯl]	'son'	See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[27]		brudder	[ˈbʀudɐ]	'brother'	More often voiceless [t].[27] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay		dahan	[dähän]	'branch'
Maltese		dehen	[den]	'wit'
Thai		ดาว	[daːw]	'star'
West Frisian		doarp	[ˈdwɑrp]	'village'
Yi		ꄿ/dda	[da˧]	'competent'

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic		دين	[diːn]	'Religion'	Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English	Broad South African[28]	dawn	[doːn]	'dawn'	Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[28][29][30]
	Scottish[29]		[dɔn]
	Welsh[30]		[dɒːn]
German	Standard[31]	Dach	[dax]	'roof'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[31] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian	Standard Eastern[32]	dans	[d̻ɑns]	'dance'	Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[32] See Norwegian phonology
Persian[33]		اداره	[edaːre]	'office'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[33] See Persian phonology
Slovak[34][35]		do	[d̻o̞]	'into'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[34][35] See Slovak phonology
Swedish	Central Standard[36]	dag	[dɑːɡ]	'day'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[36] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

References

1. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
2. Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
3. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
4. Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
5. Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
6. Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
7. Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
8. "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
9. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
10. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
11. Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
12. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
13. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
14. Kara (2003), p. 11.
15. Nau (1998), p. 6.
16. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
17. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
18. Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
19. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
20. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
21. S. Buk, J. Mačutek, A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.
22. Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
23. Merrill (2008), p. 108.
24. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
25. Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
26. Okada (1991), p. 94.
27. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
28. Lass (2002), p. 120.
29. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
30. Wells (1982), p. 388.
31. Mangold (2005), p. 47.
32. Kristoffersen (2000:22)
33. Mahootian (2002:287–289)
34. Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
35. Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
36. Riad (2014:46)

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