Roti
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| Place of origin | Indian subcontinent[1] |
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| Region or state | Indian subcontinent |
| Main ingredients | atta flour |
| Variations | Chapati, Makki di roti, Tandoori roti, Roti canai |
 Cookbook: Roti  Media: Roti | |
Roti (also known as chapati) is an Indian Subcontinent flat bread, made from stoneground wholemeal flour, traditionally known as atta flour, that originated and is consumed in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka , Maldives and Bangladesh. It is also consumed in parts of South Africa, the southern Caribbean, particularly in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname, and Fiji & Grenada. Its defining characteristic is that it is unleavened. Indian naan bread, by contrast, is a yeast-leavened bread. A kulcha in Indian cuisine is a bread-like accompaniment, made of processed flour (maida) leavened with yeast.
Various types of roti are integral to South Asian cuisine.[2][3]
Etymology
The word roti is derived from the Sanskrit word रोटिका (roṭikā), meaning "bread".[4] Names in other languages are Hindi: रोटी; Assamese: ৰুটী; Nepali : रोटी; Bengali: রুটি; Sinhalese: රොටි; Gujarati: રોટલી; Marathi: पोळी; Odia: ରୁଟି; Malayalam: റൊട്ടി; Kannada: ರೊಟ್ಟಿ; Telugu: రొట్టి; Tamil: ரொட்டி; Urdu: روٹی; Dhivehi: ރޮށި; Punjabi: ਰੋਟੀ,ਫੂਲਕਾ; Thai: โรตี. It is also known as maani in (Sindhi: مانِي) and phulka in Punjabi and Saraiki.
South Asia
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
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46.36 g | |
| Sugars | 2.72 |
| Dietary fiber | 4.9 g |
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7.45 g | |
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11.25 g | |
| Vitamins | |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(48%) 0.55 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(17%) 0.2 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(45%) 6.78 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) |
(0%) 0 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(21%) 0.270 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(0%) 0 μg |
| Vitamin E |
(6%) 0.88 mg |
| Vitamin K |
(0%) 0 μg |
| Minerals | |
| Calcium |
(9%) 93 mg |
| Iron |
(23%) 3 mg |
| Magnesium |
(17%) 62 mg |
| Manganese |
(0%) 0 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(26%) 184 mg |
| Potassium |
(6%) 266 mg |
| Sodium |
(27%) 409 mg |
| Zinc |
(17%) 1.57 mg |
| Other constituents | |
| Water | 33 g |
| Selenium | 53.7 ug |
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Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
Many different variations of flat breads are found in many cultures across the globe, from South Asia to the Americas. The traditional flat bread originating from South Asia is known as roti, pronounced "RHO-tee". It is normally eaten with cooked vegetables or curries; it can be called a carrier for curries or cooked vegetables. It is made most often from wheat flour, cooked on a flat or slightly concave iron griddle called a tawa. Like breads around the world, roti is a staple accompaniment to other foods. In Iran, the two variants of this bread are called khaboos[5] and lavash. These two breads (the former of which is almost exactly prepared like Indian roti) are quite similar to other South Asian rotis.
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Plain roti paratha
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Indian thali with chapati
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Tandoori roti served with other dishes in an Indian restaurant
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A chef preparing rumali roti in India
In Sri Lanka, probably the most popular type of roti is pol roti (coconut roti), made of wheat flour, kurakkan flour, or a mixture of both, and scraped coconut. Sometimes, chopped green chillies and onion are added to the mixture before cooking. These are usually thicker and harder than other roti types. They are usually eaten with curries, or some types of sambol or lunu miris and considered a main meal rather than a supplement. Another variety of roti populr in Sri Lanka is Kottu roti. Kottu roti is made up of paratha or godamba roti . Paratha/godamba roti is cut into small pieces. These pieces are small in size and rectangular or square in shape. Then on a square heating pan, vegetables, onions are allowed to be fried. Then eggs, cooked meat or fish are added to fried vegetables and allowed to be heated for a few minutes. Finally the pieces of cut paratha is added. All these ingredients are mixed using two square pieces of steel. A peculiar sound is deliberately made while the mixing is done. It is said that the first person who innovated kottu roti to save the remaining .paratha at his restaurant made this noise to attract patrons to make them aware of the new delicacy. Depending upon what ingredients are used, there are vegetable, egg, chicken, beef, mutton and fish kottu roti. Godamba roti is another variety of roti that is found in many restaurants in Sri Lanka.Plain godamba roti is eaten with curry or it can also be wrapped around a savory filling. To prepare one needs to mix together the flour, salt and the tablespoon of oil and rub together. Then lukewarm water is added, mixed and Kneaded for approximately 10 minutes.The next step is making balls and spreading a layer of oil on the outer layer of the flour ball. On a cutting board or flat surface, the balls are flattened with the fingers or palms to be flat . The shape may be square, round or oval. After flattening, place the spread out roti on a hot square pan. Roti is left alone on the pan until it becomes golden brown. The sides are changed. Once both sides are golden brown, godamba roti is ready to consume.
Southeast Asia
In Indonesia and Malaysia the term encompasses all forms of bread, including Western-style bread, as well as the traditional Indian breads.
In Thailand, "โรตี" refers to the maida paratha—known in Indonesia as roti maryam, roti cane or roti konde, Malaysia as roti canai and in Singapore as roti prata—which is sometimes drizzled with condensed milk, rolled up, and eaten as a hot snack, or fried with egg as a larger dish.
West Indies
Roti is eaten widely across in the West Indies, especially in countries with large Indo-Caribbean populations such as Trinidad and Tobago. Originally brought to the islands by indentured laborers from South Asia, roti has become a popular staple in the culturally rich cuisines of Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Jamaica. In the West Indies, roti is commonly eaten as an accompaniment to various curries and stews. The traditional way of eating roti, is to break the roti by hand, using it to sop up sauce and pieces of meat from the curry. However, in the West Indies, the term roti may refer to both the flat-bread(roti) its self as well as the more popular street food item, in which the roti is folded around a savory filling in the form of a wrap.
The "roti wrap" is the commercialization of roti and curry together as a fast-food or street-food item in the Caribbean. This wrap form of roti originated in Southern Trinidad. It was first created in the mid-1940s by Sackina Karamath, who later founded Hummingbird Roti Shop in San Fernando, Trinidad. The wrap was convenient as the meal could be eaten faster and while on the go, as well as keeping one's hands from getting dirty. In Trinidad and Tobago, various wrapped roti are served, including chicken, conch, goat, beef and shrimp. Vegetables can also be added including potato, pumpkin and spinach as well a variety of local condiments; pepper sauce(hot sauce) and mango chutney being the most popular.
The roti wrap quickly gained popularity across the island and spread throughout the rest of the Caribbean. "Roti shops" are now abundant in Trinidad and Tobago and the wrapped roti a staple street food. The wrap is now simply referred to as a roti or just roti. As Caribbeans moved to North American cities such as Toronto, New York, and Montreal, they exported with them the wrapped version of roti. This iconic version is what most North Americans know as roti. The growth in popularity has recently lead to referring to the flat-bread its self (roti) that surrounds the filling as a "roti skin" or "roti shell". A practice that is now common in both restaurants and commercial companies.
Various types of roti are eaten throughout the West Indies. Roti is most prominently featured in the diets of people in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname. West Indian style roti is primarily made from wheat flour, baking powder, salt, and water, and cooked on a tawa. Certain rotis are also made with butter.
| Food | Description |
|---|---|
| Sada roti | This is a plain roti, made of white flour. Because it is the simplest roti to make, it is the most commonly consumed roti in Trinidad. It is a popular breakfast option in Trinidad and enjoyed in combination with various curried meat and vegetable dishes. This type of roti is a staple carbohydrate consumed for both breakfast and dinner by Trinidadians. |
| Paratha roti | A layered roti made with butter, usually ghee (clarified butter) but any butter can be used. Ghee is rubbed on both sides, then it is cooked on a tawa (a round, flat metal griddle used in Indian cooking). This gives the roti a crisp outside and small patches of light browning. When the roti is almost finished cooking, the cook begins to beat the roti while it is on the tawa, causing it to become light and flaky. Paratha roti is more rich and flavorful than plain roti. Paratha is enjoyed with almost any accompaniment. As with other rotis, it is commonly eaten with curries and stews. It is also traditionally eaten with fried eggs or egg dishes and a cup of tea. It is common for one to dip the roti into the tea. In Trinidad, parathas are colloquially called "Buss-up Shut" ("Busted-up Shirt") because the roti resembles a tattered and torn-up shirt. |
| Puri | A roti where two layers are rolled out together and cooked on the tava. It is also rubbed with oil while cooking. This type of roti is eaten in Guyana with a special halva when a child is born. |
| Dhalpuri[6] | A roti with a stuffing of ground yellow split peas, cumin (geera), garlic, and pepper. The split peas are boiled until they are al dente and then ground in a mill. The cumin is toasted until black and also ground. The stuffing is pushed into the roti dough, and sealed. When rolled flat, the filling is distributed within the roti. It is cooked on the tava and rubbed with oil for ease of cooking. This type of roti is most commonly eaten with a variety of curries. It is also the roti of choice for the making of wrap rotis. |
| Wrap roti | A popular wrap made by folding a combination of meat and vegetable curries inside of a dhalpuri roti. The curry or stew often contains potatoes and/or chickpeas as a filler as well as the essential meat component, although vegetarian options are common as well. Popular fillings include curried chicken, goat, conch, duck, beef, shrimp, and vegetable. An assortment of optional condiments are also common such as pepper sauce and mango chutney. |
| Piper roti | A wrap roti that usually contains only potatoes and gravy, and scrap meat if available. Piper roti got its name by being a cheaper alternative to purchasing a regular roti. The term "piper" is the local slang used to describe a drug addict; most of his money is spent on drugs and the little he has remaining will be to purchase food. |
| Aloopuri | A roti similar to a dhalpuri but with aloo (potato) substituted for the dhal. The aloo is boiled and milled, and spices and seasonings are added before being sealed in the dough. This aloo filling is also used when making aloo pie or aloo choka. |
Dotsi roti is a roti common in Guyana.
- A small amount of fat is placed in each piece of dough before it is rolled out to make the roti softer. Usually vegetable oil is used, but butter, or margarine can also be used. Ghee is not used in everyday cooking but is used on special occasions, especially amongst Hindus. The roti is usually clapped by hand or beaten a bit, hot off the tava, so it softens but does not break.
- A good roti in Guyana is one that is very soft, with layers (almost like pastry layers if possible), which remains whole.
- The type of roti one gets is determined by what is placed in the dough before it is rolled out. Various types include dhalpuri, aloo (potato) roti, and even sugar (to keep the kids busy, while the mother finishes cooking).
- In Guyana, a rolled-out thin flat dough like a roti that is deep-fried in ghee is called a puri, and is only made for Hindu religious gatherings. Therefore, a dhalpuri is not really a puri, as a puri and a roti are two different things.
- Another item prepared like roti is bake or bakes or floats. A Guyanese or Trinidadian fry bake seems to be more similar to an Indian puri. A bake is made with butter or margarine and has a different ratio of flour to fat. It is made much quicker than roti and is usually made in the mornings. Dough is rolled out and cut into shapes or rolled into small rounds. Guyanese bakes are fried, but bakes from other parts of the West Indies can be baked in an oven. Bakes are usually paired with a quick fry-up for breakfast or dinner, stewed saltfish, or eggs ("western" style, with onions, tomatoes, green peppers). Bakes are also made in other parts of the West Indies including Trinidad, Barbados and St. Vincent. In Trinidad and Tobago, a "bake and shark" is a popular street food sandwich in which fried shark is sandwiched between two halves of a sliced bake with a plethora of local condiments. Pepper sauce, shado beni, garlic sauce, tamarind and mango chutney are most common as well as lettuce, tomato and cucumber for fillers.
In Suriname, roti refers mainly to dhalpuri or aloo puri. It is most often eaten with curried chicken. As in Trinidad and the West Indies, roti can also refer to the stuffed roti wrap. It is customary to eat this dish out of hand. Because of a mass emigration of Indian Surinamese in the 1970s, roti became a popular take-out dish in the Netherlands. It usually includes chicken curry, potatoes, a boiled egg and various vegetables, most notably the kousenband or yardlong bean. Another variation includes shrimp and aubergine. The meat with gravy, potatoes, egg and yardlong beans are served side by side on a plate, with the aloo puri folded in fours on top. One then has the option to spice the dish with a very hot chutney made of Madame Jeanette peppers.
Other dishes
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Roti, pronounced "rooti" in Cape Town, was initially introduced to South Africa by Indian migrants during the 19th century and subsequently became incorporated into Cape Malay cuisine. It is widely eaten by the Indian and Cape Malay communities living in South Africa and is either eaten as a flat bread or a wrap with locally made curries.
See also
References
- ↑ The Cape Malay Cookbook - By Faldela Williams, Cornel de Kock
- ↑ India - By Michael Dahl
- ↑ The Food of India - By Priya Wickramasinghe, Carol Selva Rajah, Jason Lowe, Alan Benson
- ↑ "Rotika (रोटिका)". Spoken Sanskrit. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ↑ "Khaboos (Iranian Roti) Recipe". Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ Dhal Puri Recipe - NomadicGourmet.com
External links
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