GPR64

Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2

Identifiers

ADGRG2 ; EDDM6; GPR64; HE6; TM7LN2

External IDs

OMIM: 300572 MGI: 2446854 HomoloGene: 4208 IUPHAR: GeneCards: ADGRG2 Gene

Gene ontology
Molecular function	• G-protein coupled receptor activity
Cellular component	• integral component of plasma membrane • cell surface • integral component of membrane • apical plasma membrane • extracellular exosome
Biological process	• cell surface receptor signaling pathway • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • spermatogenesis
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO

RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

RefSeq (mRNA)

RefSeq (protein)

Location (UCSC)

Chr X:
18.99 – 19.12 Mb

Chr X:
160.39 – 160.5 Mb

PubMed search

G protein-coupled receptor 64 also known as HE6 is a protein encoded by the ADGRG2 gene.^[1] GPR64 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family.^[2]^[3] Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain.^[4]

The adhesion GPCR, GPR64, is an orphan receptor characterized by a long N-terminus with that has been suggested to be highly glycosylated.^[5] GPR64's N-terminus has been reported to be cleaved at the GPS domain to allow for trafficking to the plasma membrane. After cleavage the N-terminus is believed to remain non-covalently associated with the 7TM. GPR64 expression has been mostly reported in the male reproductive organs, but more recently has been shown to be expressed in the central nervous system.^[6] GPR64 is mainly expressed in human and mouse epididymis as well as human prostate and parathyroid.^[7] GPR64, together with F-actin scaffold, locates at the nonciliated principal cells of the proximal male excurrent duct epithelia, where reabsorption of testicular fluid and concentration of sperm takes place.^[8]^[9]

Function

Targeting of Gpr64 in mice causes reduced fertility or infertility in males; but the reproductive capacity was unaffected in females.^[10] Unchanged hormone expression in knockout males indicates that the receptor functions immediately in the male genital tract. Lack of Gpr64 expression causes sperm stasis and duct obstruction due to abnormal fluid reabsorption. In addition, expression of GPR64 has been found in fibroblast-like synovial cells obtained from osteoarthritis but not from rheumatoid arthritis.^[11]

Clinical significance

GPR64 is significantly overexpressed in the Wnt signaling-dependent subgroup of medulloblastoma,^[12] as well as in ewing sarcomas and carcinomas derived from prostate, kidney or lung.^[13] Richter et al. demonstrated that GPR64 promotes tumor invasion and metastasis through placental growth factor and MMP1.^[13]

References

↑ Hamann, J; Aust, G; Araç, D; Engel, FB; Formstone, C; Fredriksson, R; Hall, RA; Harty, BL; Kirchhoff, C; Knapp, B; Krishnan, A; Liebscher, I; Lin, HH; Martinelli, DC; Monk, KR; Peeters, MC; Piao, X; Prömel, S; Schöneberg, T; Schwartz, TW; Singer, K; Stacey, M; Ushkaryov, YA; Vallon, M; Wolfrum, U; Wright, MW; Xu, L; Langenhan, T; Schiöth, HB (April 2015). "International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIV. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors.". Pharmacological reviews 67 (2): 338–67. doi:10.1124/pr.114.009647. PMID 25713288.
↑ Stacey M, Yona S (2011). Adhesion-GPCRs: Structure to Function (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 1-4419-7912-3.
↑ Langenhan, T; Aust, G; Hamann, J (21 May 2013). "Sticky signaling--adhesion class G protein-coupled receptors take the stage.". Science signaling 6 (276): re3. doi:10.1126/scisignal.2003825. PMID 23695165.
↑ Araç D, Boucard AA, Bolliger MF, Nguyen J, Soltis SM, Südhof TC, Brunger AT (Mar 2012). "A novel evolutionarily conserved domain of cell-adhesion GPCRs mediates autoproteolysis". The EMBO Journal 31 (6): 1364–78. doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.26. PMC 3321182. PMID 22333914.
↑ Davies B, Baumann C, Kirchhoff C, Ivell R, Nubbemeyer R, Habenicht UF, Theuring F, Gottwald U. Targeted deletion of the epididymal receptor HE6 results in fluid dysregulation and male infertility" Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24: 8642 8648
↑ Haitina T, Olsson F, Stephansson O, Alsiö J, Roman E, Ebendal T, Schiöth HB, Fredriksson R. Expression profile of the entire family of Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in mouse and rat. BMC Neurosci. 2008;9:43–43. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-9-43
↑ Hamann J, Aust G, Araç D, Engel FB, Formstone C, Fredriksson R, Hall RA, Harty BL, Kirchhoff C, Knapp B, Krishnan A, Liebscher I, Lin HH, Martinelli DC, Monk KR, Peeters MC, Piao X, Prömel S, Schöneberg T, Schwartz TW, Singer K, Stacey M, Ushkaryov YA, Vallon M, Wolfrum U, Wright MW, Xu L, Langenhan T, Schiöth HB (Apr 2015). "International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIV. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors". Pharmacological Reviews 67 (2): 338–67. doi:10.1124/pr.114.009647. PMID 25713288.
↑ Obermann H, Samalecos A, Osterhoff C, Schröder B, Heller R, Kirchhoff C (Jan 2003). "HE6, a two-subunit heptahelical receptor associated with apical membranes of efferent and epididymal duct epithelia". Molecular Reproduction and Development 64 (1): 13–26. doi:10.1002/mrd.10220. PMID 12420295.
↑ Kirchhoff C, Osterhoff C, Samalecos A (Aug 2008). "HE6/GPR64 adhesion receptor co-localizes with apical and subapical F-actin scaffold in male excurrent duct epithelia". Reproduction 136 (2): 235–45. doi:10.1530/REP-08-0078. PMID 18469038.
↑ Davies B, Baumann C, Kirchhoff C, Ivell R, Nubbemeyer R, Habenicht UF, Theuring F, Gottwald U (Oct 2004). "Targeted deletion of the epididymal receptor HE6 results in fluid dysregulation and male infertility". Molecular and Cellular Biology 24 (19): 8642–8. doi:10.1128/MCB.24.19.8642-8648.2004. PMID 15367682.
↑ Galligan CL, Baig E, Bykerk V, Keystone EC, Fish EN (Sep 2007). "Distinctive gene expression signatures in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue fibroblast cells: correlates with disease activity". Genes and Immunity 8 (6): 480–91. doi:10.1038/sj.gene.6364400. PMID 17568789.
↑ Whittier KL, Boese EA, Gibson-Corley KN, Kirby PA, Darbro BW, Qian Q, Ingram WJ, Robertson T, Remke M, Taylor MD, O'Dorisio MS (10 October 2013). "G-protein coupled receptor expression patterns delineate medulloblastoma subgroups". Acta Neuropathologica Communications 1 (1): 66. doi:10.1186/2051-5960-1-66. PMID 24252460.
1 2 Richter GH, Fasan A, Hauer K, Grunewald TG, Berns C, Rössler S, Naumann I, Staege MS, Fulda S, Esposito I, Burdach S (May 2013). "G-Protein coupled receptor 64 promotes invasiveness and metastasis in Ewing sarcomas through PGF and MMP1". The Journal of Pathology 230 (1): 70–81. doi:10.1002/path.4170. PMID 23338946.

External links

Adhesion GPCR consortium
GPR64 human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin like

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic	α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3

Purinergic	Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)

Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7)

Other	Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine (D1 D2 D3 D4 D5) Histamine (H1 H2 H3 H4) Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 3 5 6 8 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1 2) LTB4 (1 2) FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin (DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP) Prostacyclin Thromboxane

Other	Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Lactate Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Niacin (1 2) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate

Peptide

Neuropeptide	B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2)

Other	Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin (BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin (A B) Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) GHB receptor Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2)

Miscellaneous

Orphan	GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183)

Other	Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)

Class B: Secretin like

Adhesion	ADGRG (1 2 3 4 5 6 7)

Orphan	GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157)

Other	Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1 2 3) Cadherin (1 2 3) Calcitonin CALCRL CD97 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) EMR (1 2 3) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth hormone releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Latrophilin (1 2 3 ELTD1) Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

Taste	TAS1R (1 2 3) TAS2R (1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60)

Other	Calcium-sensing receptor GABA B (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)

Class F: Frizzled / Smoothened

Frizzled	Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

Smoothened	Smoothened

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