OPN5

Opsin 5

Identifiers

OPN5 ; GPR136; GRP136; PGR12; TMEM13

External IDs

OMIM: 609042 MGI: 2662912 HomoloGene: 72341 IUPHAR: 161 GeneCards: OPN5 Gene

Gene ontology
Molecular function	• G-protein coupled receptor activity • 11-cis retinal binding • photoreceptor activity
Cellular component	• integral component of membrane
Biological process	• G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • visual perception • phototransduction • protein-chromophore linkage
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

RefSeq (mRNA)

RefSeq (protein)

Location (UCSC)

Chr 6:
47.78 – 47.83 Mb

Chr 17:
42.56 – 42.61 Mb

PubMed search

Neuropsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN5 gene.^[1]^[2]^[3] It is a photoreceptor protein sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0 °C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimeric G protein Gi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues.^[4]^[5]

Function

Opsins are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Human neuropsin is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord. Neuropsin belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes peropsin (RRH) and retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR). Neuropsin has different isoforms created by alternative splicing.^[3]

Photochemistry

When reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal, mouse and human neuropsins absorb maximally at 380 nm. When illuminated these neuropsins are converted into blue-absorbing photoproducts (470 nm), which are stable in the dark. The photoproducts are converted back to the UV-absorbing form, when they are illuminated with orange light (> 520 nm).^[4]

Phylogeny

The neuropsins constitute one of the four subclades of the Go/RGR group of opsins, also known as RGR/Go or Group 4. Go/RGR is one of the four major subclades of type-II opsins, also known as metazoan or animal opsins. Go/RGR comprises Go-coupled, RGR, peropsins, and neuropsins. Type-II opsins comprise four subclades: C-opsins (ciliary), R-opsins (rhabdomeric), Cnidops (cnidarian), and Go/RGR. Three of these subclades occur only in Bilateria (all but Cnidops). However, the bilaterian clades constitute a parphyletic taxon without Cnidops.^[6]^[7]

Occurrence

Neuropsin and its orthologs have been found experimentally in a small number of animals, among them human, house mouse (Mus musculus),^[1] chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus),^[5]^[8] the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica),^[9] the European brittle star Amphiura filiformis (related to starfish),^[10] and the tardigrade water bear (Hypsibius dujardini).^[11]

Searches of publicly available databases of genetic sequences have found putative neuropsin orthologs in both major branches of Bilateria: protostomes and deuterostomes. Among protostomes, putative neuropsins have been found in the molluscs owl limpet (Lottia gigantea) (a species of sea snail) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), in the water flea (Daphnia pulex) (an arthropod), and in the annelid worm Capitella teleta.^[11]

References

1 2 Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Lucas RJ (Nov 2003). "Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue". FEBS Letters 554 (3): 410–6. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01212-2. PMID 14623103.
↑ Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB (Nov 2003). "Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives". FEBS Letters 554 (3): 381–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01196-7. PMID 14623098.
1 2 "Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5".
1 2 Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y (2011). "UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice". PLOS ONE 6 (10): e26388. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026388. PMC 3197025. PMID 22043319.
1 2 Yamashita, T.; Ohuchi, H.; Tomonari, S.; Ikeda, K.; Sakai, K.; Shichida, Y. (6 December 2010). "Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi subtype of G protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (51): 22084–22089. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012498107.
↑ Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, Robinson PR (Jan 2012). "Shedding new light on opsin evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279 (1726): 3–14. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1819. PMC 3223661. PMID 22012981.
↑ Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, Pačes J, Vlček Č, Bartůněk P, Kozmik Z (2015). "Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution". Scientific Reports 5: 11885. doi:10.1038/srep11885. PMID 26154478.
↑ Tomonari S, Migita K, Takagi A, Noji S, Ohuchi H (Jul 2008). "Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina". Developmental Dynamics 237 (7): 1910–22. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21611. PMID 18570255.
↑ Nakane Y, Ikegami K, Ono H, Yamamoto N, Yoshida S, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Kubo Y, Yoshimura T (Aug 2010). "A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (34): 15264–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006393107. PMID 20679218.
↑ Delroisse J, Ullrich-Lüter E, Ortega-Martinez O, Dupont S, Arnone MI, Mallefet J, Flammang P (2014). "High opsin diversity in a non-visual infaunal brittle star". BMC Genomics 15 (1): 1035. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1035. PMID 25429842.
1 2 Hering L, Mayer G (Sep 2014). "Analysis of the opsin repertoire in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini provides insights into the evolution of opsin genes in panarthropoda". Genome Biology and Evolution 6 (9): 2380–91. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu193. PMID 25193307.

Terakita A (2005). "The opsins". Genome Biology 6 (3): 213. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213. PMC 1088937. PMID 15774036.
Vassilatis DK, Hohmann JG, Zeng H, Li F, Ranchalis JE, Mortrud MT, Brown A, Rodriguez SS, Weller JR, Wright AC, Bergmann JE, Gaitanaris GA (Apr 2003). "The G protein-coupled receptor repertoires of human and mouse". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (8): 4903–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0230374100. PMC 153653. PMID 12679517.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

Eye proteins

Opsin (retinylidene protein)

visual	Rhodopsin Photopsin (OPN1LW OPN1MW/OPN1MW2 OPN1SW)

nonvisual	Melanopsin OPN3 OPN5 RRH RGR

Crystallin

Alpha (A
B)
Beta (A1
A2
A4
B1
B2
B3)
Gamma (A
B
C
D
N
S)

Other

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin like

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic	α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3

Purinergic	Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)

Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7)

Other	Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine (D1 D2 D3 D4 D5) Histamine (H1 H2 H3 H4) Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 3 5 6 8 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1 2) LTB4 (1 2) FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin (DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP) Prostacyclin Thromboxane

Other	Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Lactate Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Niacin (1 2) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate

Peptide

Neuropeptide	B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2)

Other	Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin (BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin (A B) Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) GHB receptor Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2)

Miscellaneous

Orphan	GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183)

Other	Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)

Class B: Secretin like

Adhesion	ADGRG (1 2 3 4 5 6 7)

Orphan	GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157)

Other	Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1 2 3) Cadherin (1 2 3) Calcitonin CALCRL CD97 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) EMR (1 2 3) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth hormone releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Latrophilin (1 2 3 ELTD1) Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

Taste	TAS1R (1 2 3) TAS2R (1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60)

Other	Calcium-sensing receptor GABA B (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)

Class F: Frizzled / Smoothened

Frizzled	Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

Smoothened	Smoothened

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