Protease-activated receptor 2

Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1

Identifiers

F2RL1 ; GPR11; PAR2

External IDs

OMIM: 600933 MGI: 101910 HomoloGene: 21087 IUPHAR: 348 ChEMBL: 5963 GeneCards: F2RL1 Gene

Gene ontology
Molecular function	• G-protein alpha-subunit binding • receptor activity • G-protein coupled receptor activity • receptor binding • protein binding • thrombin receptor activity • G-protein beta-subunit binding
Cellular component	• early endosome • Golgi apparatus • cytosol • plasma membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • pseudopodium
Biological process	• T cell activation involved in immune response • positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis • positive regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response • positive regulation of glomerular filtration • inflammatory response • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration • blood coagulation • negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling • regulation of blood coagulation • positive regulation of cell migration • positive regulation of actin filament depolymerization • positive regulation of pseudopodium assembly • positive regulation of superoxide anion generation • positive regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway • negative regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway • positive regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway • positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway • positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction • chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 secretion • neutrophil activation • regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling • positive regulation of eosinophil degranulation • innate immune response • positive regulation of vasodilation • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • regulation of JNK cascade • negative regulation of JNK cascade • positive regulation of JNK cascade • interleukin-1 beta secretion • leukocyte migration • positive regulation of chemotaxis • positive regulation of positive chemotaxis • defense response to virus • positive regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment • establishment of endothelial barrier • positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade • thrombin receptor signaling pathway • leukocyte proliferation • positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium • interleukin-10 secretion • interferon-gamma secretion • chemokine secretion • negative regulation of chemokine secretion • mature conventional dendritic cell differentiation • positive regulation of renin secretion into blood stream • positive regulation of interleukin-8 secretion • positive regulation of interleukin-6 secretion
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO

RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

RefSeq (mRNA)

RefSeq (protein)

Location (UCSC)

Chr 5:
76.82 – 76.84 Mb

Chr 13:
95.51 – 95.53 Mb

PubMed search

Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) also known as coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1 (F2RL1) or G-protein coupled receptor 11 (GPR11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the F2RL1 gene. PAR2 modulates inflammatory responses and acts as a sensor for proteolytic enzymes generated during infection.^[1]

Gene

The F2RL1 gene contains two exons and is widely expressed in human tissues. The predicted protein sequence is 83% identical to the mouse receptor sequence.^[2]

Mechanism of activation

PAR2 is a member of the large family of 7-transmembrane receptors that couple to guanosine-nucleotide-binding proteins. PAR2 is also a member of the protease-activated receptor family. It is activated by trypsin, but not by thrombin. It is activated by proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular amino terminus. The new amino terminus functions as a tethered ligand and activates the receptor. Additionally, these receptors can be activated by exogenous proteases, such as house dust mite protein Der P9.^[3] These receptors can also be activated non-protealytically, by exogenous peptide sequences that mimic the final amino acids of the tethered ligand.^[4]

Agonists and antagonists

Potent and selective small molecule agonists and antagonists for PAR2 have been discovered.^[5]^[6]

References

↑ Lee SE, Jeong SK, Lee SH (November 2010). "Protease and protease-activated receptor-2 signaling in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis". Yonsei Med. J. 51 (6): 808–22. doi:10.3349/ymj.2010.51.6.808. PMC 2995962. PMID 20879045.
↑ "Entrez Gene: F2RL1 coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1".
↑ Sun G, Stacey MA, Schmidt M, Mori L, Mattoli S (July 2001). "Interaction of mite allergens Der p3 and Der p9 with protease-activated receptor-2 expressed by lung epithelial cells". J. Immunol. 167 (2): 1014–21. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.1014. PMID 11441110.
↑ Kawabata A, Kanke T, Yonezawa D, Ishiki T, Saka M, Kabeya M, Sekiguchi F, Kubo S, Kuroda R, Iwaki M, Katsura K, Plevin R (June 2004). "Potent and metabolically stable agonists for protease-activated receptor-2: evaluation of activity in multiple assay systems in vitro and in vivo". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 309 (3): 1098–107. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.061010. PMID 14976227.
↑ Gardell LR, Ma JN, Seitzberg JG, Knapp AE, Schiffer HH, Tabatabaei A, Davis CN, Owens M, Clemons B, Wong KK, Lund B, Nash NR, Gao Y, Lameh J, Schmelzer K, Olsson R, Burstein ES (December 2008). "Identification and characterization of novel small-molecule protease-activated receptor 2 agonists". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 327 (3): 799–808. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.142570. PMID 18768780.
↑ Barry GD, Suen JY, Le GT, Cotterell A, Reid RC, Fairlie DP (October 2010). "Novel agonists and antagonists for human protease activated receptor 2". J. Med. Chem. 53 (20): 7428–40. doi:10.1021/jm100984y. PMID 20873792.

External links

"Protease-Activated Receptors: PAR2". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin like

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic	α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3

Purinergic	Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)

Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7)

Other	Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine (D1 D2 D3 D4 D5) Histamine (H1 H2 H3 H4) Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 3 5 6 8 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1 2) LTB4 (1 2) FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin (DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP) Prostacyclin Thromboxane

Other	Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Lactate Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Niacin (1 2) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate

Peptide

Neuropeptide	B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2)

Other	Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin (BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin (A B) Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) GHB receptor Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2)

Miscellaneous

Orphan	GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183)

Other	Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)

Class B: Secretin like

Adhesion	ADGRG (1 2 3 4 5 6 7)

Orphan	GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157)

Other	Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1 2 3) Cadherin (1 2 3) Calcitonin CALCRL CD97 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) EMR (1 2 3) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth hormone releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Latrophilin (1 2 3 ELTD1) Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

Taste	TAS1R (1 2 3) TAS2R (1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60)

Other	Calcium-sensing receptor GABA B (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)

Class F: Frizzled / Smoothened

Frizzled	Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

Smoothened	Smoothened

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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