Histamine receptor

The histamine receptors are a class of G protein–coupled receptors with histamine as their endogenous ligand.^[1]

There are four known histamine receptors:

Comparison

Histamine receptors
Receptor	Mechanism	Function	Antagonists
H₁	G_q	ileum contraction modulate circadian cycle itching systemic vasodilatation bronchoconstriction (allergy-induced asthma)	H₁-receptor antagonists Diphenhydramine Loratadine Cetirizine Fexofenadine Clemastine
H₂	G_s ↑ Ca²⁺	speed up sinus rhythm Stimulation of gastric acid secretion Smooth muscle relaxation Inhibit antibody synthesis, T-cell proliferation and cytokine production	H₂-receptor antagonists Ranitidine Cimetidine Famotidine Nizatidine
H₃	G_i	Decrease Acetylcholine, Serotonin and Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter release in CNS Presynaptic autoreceptors	H₃-receptor antagonists ABT-239 Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Thioperamide
H₄	G_i	mediate mast cell chemotaxis.^[2]	H₄-receptor antagonists Thioperamide JNJ 7777120

There are several splice variants of H₃ present in various species. Though all of the receptors are 7-transmembrane g protein coupled receptors, H₁ and H₂ are quite different from H₃ and H₄ in their activities. H₁ causes an increase in PIP₂ hydrolysis, H2 stimulates gastric acid secretion, and H3 mediates feedback inhibition of histamine.

References

↑ Hill SJ, Ganellin CR, Timmerman H, Schwartz JC, Shankley NP, Young JM, Schunack W, Levi R, Haas HL (1997). "International Union of Pharmacology. XIII. Classification of histamine receptors". Pharmacol. Rev. 49 (3): 253–78. PMID 9311023.
↑ Hofstra CL, Desai PJ, Thurmond RL, Fung-Leung WP (2003). "Histamine H₄ receptor mediates chemotaxis and calcium mobilization of mast cells". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305 (3): 1212–21. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.046581. PMID 12626656.

External links

"Histamine Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
Holger Stark: Histamine Receptors, BIOTREND Reviews No. 01, November 2007
The Histamine Receptor
Histamine Receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin like

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic	α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3

Purinergic	Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)

Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7)

Other	Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine (D1 D2 D3 D4 D5) Histamine (H1 H2 H3 H4) Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 3 5 6 8 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1 2) LTB4 (1 2) FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin (DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP) Prostacyclin Thromboxane

Other	Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Lactate Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Niacin (1 2) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate

Peptide

Neuropeptide	B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2)

Other	Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin (BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin (A B) Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) GHB receptor Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2)

Miscellaneous

Orphan	GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183)

Other	Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)

Class B: Secretin like

Adhesion	ADGRG (1 2 3 4 5 6 7)

Orphan	GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157)

Other	Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1 2 3) Cadherin (1 2 3) Calcitonin CALCRL CD97 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) EMR (1 2 3) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth hormone releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Latrophilin (1 2 3 ELTD1) Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

Taste	TAS1R (1 2 3) TAS2R (1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60)

Other	Calcium-sensing receptor GABA B (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)

Class F: Frizzled / Smoothened

Frizzled	Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

Smoothened	Smoothened

Histaminergics

Receptor
(ligands)

H₁	Agonists: 2-Pyridylethylamine Betahistine Histamine HTMT UR-AK49 Antagonists: First-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine Alimemazine Antazoline Azatadine Bamipine Benzatropine (benztropine) Bepotastine Bromazine Brompheniramine Buclizine Captodiame Carbinoxamine Chlorcyclizine Chloropyramine Chlorothen Chlorphenamine Chlorphenoxamine Cinnarizine Clemastine Clobenzepam Clocinizine Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Decloxizine Deptropine Dexbrompheniramine Dexchlorpheniramine Dimenhydrinate Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Embramine Etodroxizine Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine) Etymemazine Fenethazine Flunarizine Histapyrrodine Homochlorcyclizine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Hydroxyzine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Meclozine Medrylamine Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Mequitazine Methafurylene Methapyrilene Methdilazine Moxastine Orphenadrine Oxatomide Oxomemazine Phenindamine Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Piperoxan Pipoxizine Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrrobutamine Talastine Thenalidine Thenyldiamine Thiazinamium Thonzylamine Tolpropamine Tripelennamine Triprolidine Second/third-generation: Acrivastine Alinastine Astemizole Azelastine Bamirastine Barmastine Bepiastine Bepotastine Bilastine Cabastinen Carebastine Cetirizine Clemastine Clemizole Clobenztropine Desloratadine Dorastine Ebastine Efletirizine Emedastine Epinastine Fexofenadine Flezelastine Ketotifen Latrepirdine Levocabastine Levocetirizine Linetastine Loratadine Mapinastine Mebhydrolin Mizolastine Moxastine Noberastine Octastine Olopatadine Perastine Pibaxizine Piclopastine Quifenadine Rocastine Rupatadine Setastine Talastine Temelastine Terfenadine Vapitadine Zepastine Non-generational: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene) Unknown/unsorted: Belarizine Elbanizine Flotrenizine Napactadine Tagorizine Trelnarizine Trenizine

H₂	Agonists: Amthamine Betazole Dimaprit Histamine HTMT Impromidine UR-AK49 Antagonists: Bisfentidine Burimamide Cimetidine Dalcotidine Donetidine Ebrotidine Etintidine Famotidine Isolamtidine Lafutidine Lamtidine Lavoltidine (loxtidine) Lupitidine Metiamide Mifentidine Niperotidine Nizatidine Osutidine Oxmetidine Pibutidine Quisultazine (quisultidine) Ramixotidine Ranitidine Roxatidine Sufotidine Tiotidine Tuvatidine Venritidine Xaltidine Zolantidine

H₃	Agonists: α-Methylhistamine Cipralisant Histamine Imetit Immepip Immethridine Methimepip Proxyfan Antagonists: A-349,821 A-423,579 ABT-239 ABT-652 AZD5213 Betahistine Burimamide Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Conessine Enerisant GSK-189,254 Impentamine Iodophenpropit Irdabisant JNJ-5207852 MK-0249 NNC 38-1049 PF-03654746 Pitolisant SCH-79687 Thioperamide VUF-5681

H₄	Agonists: 4-Methylhistamine α-Methylhistamine Histamine OUP-16 VUF-8430 Antagonists: JNJ-7777120 Mianserin Thioperamide Toreforant VUF-6002

Transporter
(inhibitors)

VMATs

TAAR1 inactive	Amiodarone APP AZIK Bietaserpine Deserpidine Dihydrotetrabenazine Efavirenz GBR-12935 GZ-793A Ibogaine Ketanserin Lobeline Methoxytetrabenazine NBI-98854 Reserpine Rose bengal SD-809 Tetrabenazine Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)

TAAR1 active	Amphetamine Methamphetamine MDMA Phenethylamine

Enzyme
(inhibitors)

HDC	Catechin Meciadanol Naringenin Tritoqualine

HNMT	Amodiaquine Diphenhydramine Harmaline Metoprine Quinacrine SKF-91,488 Tacrine

DAO	Aminoguanidine

Others

Precursors	L -Histidine

Cofactors	Vitamin B₆

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