South African Class 16DA 4-6-2

No. 876 taking water at Thaba Nchu, Orange Free State, on 4 July 1999

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Designer	South African Railways
Builder	Baldwin Locomotive Works Hohenzollern Locomotive Works Henschel and Son
Serial number	Baldwin 60820-60827 Hohenzollern 4653-4658 Henschel 21749-21754
Model	Class 16DA
Build date	1928-1930
Total produced	20

Specifications
Configuration	4-6-2 "Pacific"
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia	30 in (762 mm)
Driver diameter	60 in (1,524 mm) as built 63 in (1,600 mm) rewheeled
Trailing dia	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 33 in (838 mm) Henschel: 34 in (864 mm)
Wheelbase	Total: 60 ft 3.1875 in (18,369 mm) Engine: 6 ft 10 in (2,083 mm) bogie 11 ft (3,353 mm) coupled 30 ft 8 in (9,347 mm) total Tender: 6 ft 2 in (1,880 mm) bogie 20 ft 5 in (6,223 mm) total
Length	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 68 ft 4.1875 in (20,833 mm) Henschel: 68 ft 4.0625 in (20,830 mm)
Height	12 ft 10 in (3,912 mm) as built 12 ft 11.5 in (3,950 mm) rewheeled
Frame	Bar frame
Axle load	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 18.75 long tons (19.1 t) per driver as built 19.1 long tons (19.4 t) on 1st & 3rd drivers rewheeled Henschel: 19.5 long tons (19.8 t) on 1st driver as built 19.76 long tons (20.1 t) on 1st driver rewheeled
Adhesive weight	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 56.25 long tons (57.2 t) as built 57.2 long tons (58.1 t) rewheeled Henschel: 56.965 long tons (57.9 t) as built 57.76 long tons (58.7 t) rewheeled
Loco weight	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 89.6 long tons (91.0 t) as built 90.55 long tons (92.0 t) rewheeled Henschel: 91.2 long tons (92.7 t) as built 92 long tons (93.5 t) rewheeled
Tender weight	68,888 lb (31.2 t) empty 69.4 long tons (70.5 t) w/o
Loco & tender weight	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 181,700 lb (82.4 t) empty as built 183,828 lb (83.4 t) empty rewheeled 159 long tons (161.6 t) w/o as built 159.95 long tons (162.5 t) w/o rewheeled Henschel: 181,300 lb (82.2 t) empty as built 183,430 lb (83.2 t) empty rewheeled 160.6 long tons (163.2 t) w/o as built 161.6 long tons (164.2 t) w/o rewheeled
Tender type	KT * 2 axle bogies * 34 in (864 mm) wheels * Length 28 ft 8.25 in (8,744 mm)
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	14 long tons (14.2 t)
Water cap	6,000 imp gal (27,000 l)
Firebox: • Firegrate area	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 45 sq ft (4.181 m²) Henschel: 60 sq ft (5.574 m²)
Boiler	5 ft 10.25 in (1,784 mm) inside diameter 17 ft 10.625 in (5,451 mm) inside length 8 ft 6 in (2,591 mm) pitch, as built 8 ft 7.5 in (2,629 mm) pitch, rewheeled
Boiler pressure	195 psi (1,340 kPa) as built 205 psi (1,410 kPa) rewheeled
Heating surface	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 2,686 sq ft (249.538 m²) Henschel: 2,565 sq ft (238.296 m²)
• Tubes	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 181 tubes 2 in (51 mm) diameter 30 tubes 5.375 in (137 mm) diameter 2,453 sq ft (227.891 m²) Henschel: 142 tubes 2.25 in (57 mm) diameter 34 tubes 5.5 in (140 mm) diameter 2,371 sq ft (220.273 m²)
• Flues	22 sq ft (2.044 m²)
• Firebox	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 164 sq ft (15.236 m²) Henschel: 172 sq ft (15.979 m²)
Superheater: • Heating area	Baldwin & Hohenzollern: 593 sq ft (55.092 m²) Henschel: 620 sq ft (57.600 m²)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	23 in (584 mm) bore 26 in (660 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Walschaerts Caprotti (No. 879 only, as built)

Performance figures
Tractive effort	At 75% boiler pressure: 33,530 lbf (149.1 kN) as built 33,570 lbf (149.3 kN) rewheeled

Career
Operators	South African Railways
Class	Class 16DA
Number in class	20
Numbers	843-850 & 868-879
Delivered	1928-1930
First run	1928
Withdrawn	1973

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The South African Railways Class 16DA 4-6-2 of 1928 is a steam locomotive.

In 1928 the South African Railways placed six Class 16DA steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific type wheel arrangement in passenger train service. Eight more were placed in service in 1929, and another six in 1930.^[1]^[2]

Manufacturers

Further orders for Class 16D 4-6-2 Pacific type locomotives for the South African Railways (SAR) were placed in 1928, but with the design modified by the Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME), Colonel F.R. Collins, along the same lines as that of the Class 15CA. This involved a frame that was shortened to the front of the firebox, with a bridle casting to permit the frame to be widened below the firebox and the cab to gain more ashpan room.^[1]^[3]

In-Class variations

Narrow firebox

These locomotives became the Class 16DA and were built by three manufacturers between 1928 and 1930. The first six locomotives, numbered in the range from 868 to 873, were built in Germany by Hohenzollern Locomotive Works and delivered in 1928. Another eight locomotives, numbered in the range from 843 to 850, were built in the United States by Baldwin Locomotive Works and delivered in 1929.^[1]

The Hohenzollern and Baldwin built Class 16DA locomotives differed from the predecessor Class 16D only by virtue of its shortened frame, with the Class 16D having had a frame extending all the way from the front buffer beam to the rear dragbox.^[3]

Wide firebox

At that stage Allan G. Watson, who had succeeded Collins as CME in 1929, designed a boiler with a very wide firebox of the Wootten type with a grate area of 60 square feet (5.574 square metres) in an attempt to improve the steaming properties of these locomotives. The boiler itself was of the same dimensions as that of the earlier locomotives in terms of girth and length between tube plates, the only difference being in the tube arrangement.^[1]^[2]

The enlarged firebox, however, had a firegrate area that was 15 square feet (1.394 square metres) larger than the 45 square feet (4.181 square metres) of the earlier Hohenzollern and Baldwin built locomotives. It was of comparable proportions to those installed on the later Class 15E and Class 23, and it was installed on the final six Class 16DA locomotives, numbered in the range from 874 to 879, that were built in Germany by Henschel and Son and delivered in 1930.^[1]^[2]^[4]

Compared to the earlier Hohenzollern and Baldwin-built locomotives, the steaming ability of the six Henschel-built locomotives was phenomenal and led to the adoption of wide fireboxes without combustion chambers as the standard on all subsequent mainline locomotives.^[1]^[2]

The Henschel-built Class 16DA locomotives with their much wider fireboxes, their correspondingly larger grate areas and slightly larger diameter trailing wheels were sufficiently different from the Baldwin and Hohenzollern-builts to justify a separate classification such as Class 16DB, but this did not happen and the locomotives ended up being known as the Class 16DA (Wide Firebox).^[3]

Valve gear

All these locomotives used Walschaerts valve gear except number 879, which was built with Caprotti valve gear for test purposes. This valve gear was given a fair trial but was found to be unsuitable for conditions in South Africa and it was eventually replaced with the standard Walschaerts valve gear in 1940.^[1]^[5]

Modification

The variety within the Class 16DA, with three locomotive builders plus standard and wide fireboxes, was complicated further through modifications that occurred during their service lives. They were all delivered with 60 inches (1,520 millimetres) diameter driving wheels and boiler operating pressures set at 195 pounds per square inch (1,340 kilopascals).^[2]

Ten of the Class 16DA locomotives from all three builder groups were later equipped with 63 inches (1,600 millimetres) tyres on their driving wheels. At the same time their operating boiler pressure was raised to 205 pounds per square inch (1,410 kilopascals) in order to not have their tractive effort reduced by the larger drivers. All of the modified locomotives remained classified as Class 16DA in spite of the modification.^[2]

The table shows the Class 16DA engine numbers, builders, year built, works numbers and variations in firebox and driving wheel sizes.^[2]

Class 16DA 4-6-2
Builders, Works Numbers & Variations
SAR No.	Builder	Year	Works No.	Firebox	Driver Diameter
843	Baldwin	1929	60820	Narrow	63"/1600mm
844	Baldwin	1929	60821	Narrow	60"/1520mm
845	Baldwin	1929	60822	Narrow	60"/1520mm
846	Baldwin	1929	60823	Narrow	63"/1600mm
847	Baldwin	1929	60824	Narrow	60"/1520mm
848	Baldwin	1929	60825	Narrow	63"/1600mm
849	Baldwin	1929	60826	Narrow	60"/1520mm
850	Baldwin	1929	60827	Narrow	60"/1520mm
868	Hohenzollern	1928	4653	Narrow	63"/1600mm
869	Hohenzollern	1928	4654	Narrow	63"/1600mm
870	Hohenzollern	1928	4655	Narrow	60"/1520mm
871	Hohenzollern	1928	4656	Narrow	60"/1520mm
872	Hohenzollern	1928	4657	Narrow	60"/1520mm
873	Hohenzollern	1928	4658	Narrow	63"/1600mm
874	Henschel	1930	21749	Wide	63"/1600mm
875	Henschel	1930	21750	Wide	63"/1600mm
876	Henschel	1930	21751	Wide	60"/1520mm
877	Henschel	1930	21752	Wide	60"/1520mm
878	Henschel	1930	21753	Wide	63"/1600mm
879	Henschel	1930	21754	Wide	63"/1600mm

Service

South African Railways

The Class 16DA Pacifics were initially placed in passenger service between Johannesburg and Kimberley, where they regularly hauled trains like the Union Express, that became the Blue Train after World War II, and the Union Limited.^[5]

The wide firebox version, the Henschel-built numbers 874 to 879, was placed in service at Kimberley and worked the Union Limited and Union Express south to Beaufort West and north to Johannesburg. They were never stationed at Braamfontein Loco in Johannesburg, but were serviced there in the process of working between Kimberley and Johannesburg.^[6]

When the Class 16E arrived in 1935, the wide firebox Class 16DA remained in service on the express trains in company with the new Class 16E, which were also stationed at Kimberley and also worked north to Johannesburg and south to Beaufort West.^[6]

In 1939-1940, when new air-conditioned rolling stock was placed in service on the Union Limited and Union Express services between Cape Town and Johannesburg, all the Class 16DA and Class 16E locomotives were transferred to Bloemfontein in the Free State. From here they continued to work passenger trains north and south, including the Orange Express, until the Class 15F replaced them and they were relegated to suburban and local passenger train work. They were retired in 1973.^[5]^[6]

Industrial

Four of the Baldwin-built locomotives were sold into industrial service. Number 844 went to Hlobane Colliery in Natal and later to Umgala Colliery. Numbers 845, 847 and 848 went to Wankie Colliery in Rhodesia where they became numbers 5 to 7 in reverse order, finally being retired in 1982. One of these three was later plinthed alongside the main North road at Hwange.^[3]

Preservation

One of the standard firebox Baldwin-built locomotives, number 850, is plinthed at Theunissen in the Free State. Of the Class 16DA (Wide Firebox) Henschel-built locomotives, number 876 was the last to be kept in working order, being operated as part of the Transnet Heritage Collection and shedded at the Bloemfontein locomotive depot. Number 878 is plinthed at the Transnet Rail Engineering (TRE) shops in Bloemfontein and is in excellent condition since its location inside the works premises affords protection against South Africa’s scrap metal scavengers.^[3]

During 2012 Atlantic Rail In Cape Town began fundraising efforts with the aim to eventually re-restore number 879 to running order again. She started steam testing in 2013 which culminated in a test run on the open line with a full load on 6 April 2014. She will be based at Monument Station.

Illustration

The main picture and the following illustrate the various models of the Class 16DA.

Hohenzollern-built no. 870 at Bloemfontein Depot, Free State, 4 April 1979
Baldwin-built no. 850 at Theunissen, Free State, 29 May 2005
Henschel-built no. 876 "Lettie Uys" at Springfontein, Orange Free State, c. 1991
Henschel-built no. 878 at the TRE shops in Bloemfontein, 7 April 2006
Henschel built no. 879 at Oranjerivier, Cape Province, 13 April 1979
Henschel-built no. 879 in "Union Limited" livery, c. 2002

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Holland, D.F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways, Volume 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 57, 67. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2’0” & 3’6” Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended
1 2 3 4 5 Durrant, A E (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. p. 94. ISBN 0715386387.
↑ Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow
1 2 3 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 67. ISBN 0869772112.
1 2 3 Information supplied by Les Pivnic, retired Assistant Curator, South African Railway Museum

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class 16DA (4-6-2).

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London Harbour 0-4-0 Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0ST Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0T Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0WT

4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance

3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST 1902 CGR 0-6-0T 1876 Back-to-Back CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T 1875 CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T 1882 CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack CSAR Railmotor DSWA Eight-Coupled Tank 2-8-0T Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR 0-4-0ST 1903 SAR 0-4-0T no. 69 SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Clayton Railmotor

3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Beyer, Peacock CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT 1881 CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT 1875 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 DSWA Eight-Coupled Tender 2-8-0 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 Red Devil

3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U

2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper 0-6-0T 1871 Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Class Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Class Namaqua Copper Pioneer

2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T DSWA Class Ha DSWA Class Hb DSWA Class Hc DSWA Class Hd DSWA Jung DSWA Zwillinge NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR NG 0-4-0T 1899 SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 35-800 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000

2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000

3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000

3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

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