South African Class 14 4-8-2

South African Class 14 & 14R 4-8-2

No. 1707, as built, at Greyville Sheds, c. 1930

Type and origin
♠ Class 14 as built with a Belpaire firebox ♥ Class 14R rebuilt with a Watson Standard boiler ♣ Steel firebox - ♦ Copper firebox
Power type	Steam
Designer	South African Railways (D.A. Hendrie)
Builder	Robert Stephenson and Company
Serial number	3543-3562, 3605-3614, 3630-3644
Model	Class 14
Build date	1913-1915
Total produced	45

Specifications
Configuration	4-8-2 (Mountain)
Driver	2nd coupled axle
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia.	28 ¹⁄₂ in (724 mm)
Coupled dia.	48 in (1,219 mm)
Trailing dia.	33 in (838 mm)
Tender wheels	34 in (864 mm)
Minimum curve	300 ft (91 m)
Wheelbase	56 ft 11 ³⁄₈ in (17,358 mm)
• Engine	30 ft 7 in (9,322 mm)
• Leading	6 ft 2 in (1,880 mm)
• Coupled	12 ft 9 in (3,886 mm)
• Tender	16 ft 9 in (5,105 mm)
• Tender bogie	4 ft 7 in (1,397 mm)
Length:
• Over couplers	65 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in (19,901 mm)
Height	♠ 12 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in (3,848 mm) ♥ 12 ft 11 ³⁄₄ in (3,956 mm)
Axle load	♠ 16 LT 3 cwt (16,410 kg) ♥ 16 LT 10 cwt (16,760 kg)
• Leading	♠ 15 LT 14 cwt (15,950 kg) ♥ 15 LT 6 cwt (15,550 kg)
• 1st coupled	♠ 16 LT 1 cwt (16,310 kg) ♥ 15 LT 17 cwt (16,100 kg)
• 2nd coupled	♠ 16 LT 3 cwt (16,410 kg) ♥ 16 LT 10 cwt (16,760 kg)
• 3rd coupled	♠ 16 LT 3 cwt (16,410 kg) ♥ 15 LT 15 cwt (16,000 kg)
• 4th coupled	♠ 16 LT 1 cwt (16,310 kg) ♥ 15 LT 11 cwt (15,800 kg)
• Trailing	♠ 10 LT 14 cwt (10,870 kg) ♥ 11 LT 10 cwt (11,680 kg)
• Tender bogie	Bogie 1: 27 LT 10 cwt (27,940 kg) Bogie 2: 23 LT 11 cwt (23,930 kg)
• Tender axle	13 LT 15 cwt (13,970 kg)
Adhesive weight	♠ 64 LT 8 cwt (65,430 kg) ♥ 63 LT 13 cwt (64,670 kg)
Loco weight	♠ 90 LT 16 cwt (92,260 kg) ♥ 90 LT 4 cwt (91,650 kg)
Tender weight	51 LT 1 cwt (51,870 kg) w/o
Total weight	♠ 141 LT 17 cwt (144,100 kg) w/o ♥ 141 LT 5 cwt (143,500 kg) w/o
Tender type	MP1 (2-axle bogies) MP, MP1, MR, MS, MT, MT1, MT2, MX, MY, MY1 permitted
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	10 LT (10.2 t)
Water cap	4,250 imp gal (19,300 l)
Generator	Pyle National turbo
Firebox type	♠ Belpaire - ♥ Round-top
• Firegrate area	♠♥ 37 sq ft (3.4 m²)
Boiler:
• Model	Watson Standard no. 2
• Pitch	♠ 7 ft 7 in (2,311 mm) ♥ 8 ft ¹⁄₂ in (2,451 mm)
• Diameter	♠♥ 5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in (1,714 mm)
• Tube plates	♠ 19 ft (5,791 mm) ♥♣ 19 ft 4 in (5,893 mm) ♥♦ 19 ft 3 ⁵⁄₈ in (5,883 mm)
• Small tubes	♠ 139: 2 ¹⁄₄ in (57 mm) ♥ 87: 2 ¹⁄₂ in (64 mm)
• Large tubes	♠ 24: 5 ¹⁄₂ in (140 mm) ♥ 30: 5 ¹⁄₂ in (140 mm)
Boiler pressure	♠♥ 190 psi (1,310 kPa)
Safety valve	♠ Ramsbottom - ♥ Pop
Heating surface	♠ 2,362 sq ft (219.4 m²) ♥ 2,075 sq ft (192.8 m²)
• Tubes	♠ 2,212 sq ft (205.5 m²) ♥ 1,933 sq ft (179.6 m²)
• Firebox	♠ 150 sq ft (14 m²) ♥ 142 sq ft (13.2 m²)
Superheater:
• Heating area	♠ 540 sq ft (50 m²) ♥ 492 sq ft (45.7 m²)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	22 in (559 mm) bore 26 in (660 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Walschaerts
Valve type	Piston
Couplers	Bell link-and-pin AAR knuckle (1950s)

Performance figures
Tractive effort	♠♥ 37,360 lbf (166.2 kN) @ 75%

Career
Operators	South African Railways
Class	Classes 14 & 14R
Number in class	45
Numbers	1701-1745
Delivered	1913-1915
First run	1913
Withdrawn	1982

The leading coupled axle had flangeless wheels

The South African Railways Class 14 4-8-2 of 1913 was a steam locomotive.

Between 1913 and 1915, the South African Railways placed 45 Class 14 steam locomotives with a 4-8-2 Mountain type wheel arrangement in service in Natal.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Manufacturer

The Class 14 locomotive was a development of the Class 12 and was similar enough to it that many components were interchangeable. It was ordered from Robert Stephenson and Company in 1913 and was delivered in three batches between 1913 and 1915, numbered in the range from 1701 to 1745.^[1]^[2]

Characteristics

D.A. Hendrie

At the time the Class 14 was designed by D.A. Hendrie, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the South African Railways (SAR), it was believed that small differences in wheel diameter had disproportionate effects on performance. The SAR already had the Class 3B Mountain type with 45 inches (1,143 millimetres) coupled wheels and the Class 12 Mountain type with 51 inches (1,295 millimetres) coupled wheels, but for the 300 feet (91 metres) radius curves and 1 in 30 (3⅓%) compensated gradients of the Natal mainline, the Class 14 with 48 inches (1,219 millimetres) coupled wheels was designed as an intermediate-sized locomotive.^[4]

Upon delivery, the locomotives could not be erected departmentally, owing to the congestion of work in the Durban workshops. The work was therefore contracted to Messrs. James Brown and Company of Congella.^[1]

The Class 14 had Walschaerts valve gear and a Belpaire firebox and was superheated. It was delivered with Type MP1 tenders, which had a coal capacity of 10 long tons (10.2 tonnes) and a water capacity of 4,250 imperial gallons (19,300 litres). Apart from the differences in their coupled wheel diameters, the Class 14 was a better locomotive with a more modern cylinder design, having straighter ports and a larger steam chest volume than the other two classes.^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6]

A feature in the design of the leading bogie was that the bogie frame was a single steel casting, to which the cast steel horns were bolted to take the axle boxes. An innovation was the arrangement of the laminated side control springs in combination with two point swing links, which would be part of all Hendrie's subsequent designs. To prevent trouble which had been experienced earlier, owing to the fracture of the smokebox saddle and frame stretcher castings which contained steam chest passages, and also leakage at exhaust joints, the blast pipe breeches were made separate castings and not integral with the centre stretcher casting.^[1]

The engines were fitted with Pyle National turbo-generators and headlamps, with the generator attached to the top of the smokebox, ahead of the chimney. It had the Hasler speed indicator, sight feed lubricators, Hendrie's steam reversing gear, steam operation for rocking the firegrate, Gresham and Craven injectors, steam brakes and combination vacuum ejectors.^[1]

Watson Standard boilers

During the 1930s, many serving locomotives were reboilered with a standard boiler type, designed by then CME A.G. Watson as part of his standardisation policy. Such Watson Standard reboilered locomotives were reclassified by adding an "R" suffix to their classification.^[2]^[5]^[6]

From 1935, all the Class 14 locomotives were reboilered with Watson Standard no. 2 boilers and reclassified to Class 14R. Only slight modifications were found necessary to take the new boilers. In the process, the engines were also equipped with Watson cabs, with their distinctive slanted fronts, compared to the conventional vertical fronts of the original cabs. The flangeless leading coupled wheels were flanged and Type MR tenders were attached to the reboilered engines.^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Their original Belpaire boilers were fitted with Ramsbottom safety valves, while the Watson Standard boiler was fitted with Pop safety valves. An obvious difference between an original and a Watson Standard reboilered locomotive is usually a rectangular regulator cover, just to the rear of the chimney on the reboilered locomotive. In the case of the Class 14 locomotives, two even more obvious differences are the Watson cab and the absence of the Belpaire firebox hump between the cab and boiler on the reboilered locomotives.^[5]^[6]

Service

South African Railways

The locomotives were placed in service on the mainline between Durban and Ladysmith in Natal. With the gradual further electrification of the Natal mainline in the 1920s, they were eventually left to operate on the old mainline route via Botha's Hill, until that line was also electrified. Most of them were then allocated to Empangeni in the north and Port Shepstone in the south. In 1976, many were transferred to the Witwatersrand for shunting service. By 1983, they were all withdrawn from service.^[2]^[3]

International

As a result of the collapse of railways during the civil war in Mozambique in the late 1970s, Class 14R locomotives became the mainstay of locomotive power in Swaziland, until they were eventually replaced there by Class 15AR locomotives.^[4]

Similarly, while Zimbabwe was rebuilding its Garratt fleet, Class 14R locomotives were hired for shunting service, to release Garratt locomotives for mainline work.^[4]

Industry

Thirteen Class 14R locomotives were eventually sold into industrial service:

No. 1701 became Apex Colliery no. 5 at Greenside.
Numbers 1705 and 1737 respectively became Grootvlei Proprietary Mines no. 5 Joyce and no. 4. No. 4 was later renumbered to no. 6 Graham.
Numbers 1711, 1714, 1719, 1732 and 1735 went to Rustenburg Platinum Mines, retaining their SAR numbers.
Numbers 1723 and 1745 went to Natal Cambrian Colliery at Ballangeiech as no. 1 and 2 respectively.
No. 1729 went to the Vaal Reefs Gold Mine.
No. 1730 became Randfontein Estates Gold Mine no. 5.
No. 1740 went to Newcastle Platberg Colliery and later to Ballangeiech Colliery.^[4]

Illustration

The main picture and the builder's picture show the Class 14 with its original Belpaire firebox, while the remainder are all of locomotives with Watson Standard boilers and round-topped fireboxes.

Builder's picture of no. 1701, c. 1913
No. 1701 with a modified Type MP1 tender at Millsite, 1979
Second batch no. 1730 at Volksrust, 1979
Last built no. 1745 at Millsite, Krugersdorp, 1981
No. 1745, still staged at Millsite, 33 years later in 2014

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1945). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, July 1945. pp. 513-514.
1 2 3 4 5 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 56–57. ISBN 0869772112.
1 2 Holland, D.F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways, Volume 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Durrant, A E (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. pp. 63–64. ISBN 0715386387.
1 2 3 4 South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. p. 43.
1 2 3 4 South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte, Steam Locomotives/Stoomlokomotiewe. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. 6a-7a, 41, 43.

External links

External video
South African Steam: 14R Grootvlei Proprietary Mines June 1997 Ex Class 14R no. 1705 as Grootvlei Proprietary Mines no. 5 "Joyce", June 1997. (Time 6:30)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class 14 (4-8-2).

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London Harbour 0-4-0 Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0ST Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0T Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0WT

4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance

3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST 1902 CGR 0-6-0T 1876 Back-to-Back CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T 1875 CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T 1882 CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack CSAR Railmotor DSWA Eight-Coupled Tank 2-8-0T Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR 0-4-0ST 1903 SAR 0-4-0T no. 69 SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Clayton

3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Beyer, Peacock CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT 1881 CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT 1875 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT Joy 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 DSWA Eight-Coupled Tender 2-8-0 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C 1st SAR Class 14C 2nd SAR Class 14C 3rd SAR Class 14C 4th SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 SAR Katanga

3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U

2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper 0-6-0T 1871 Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Namaqua Copper Pioneer

2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T DSWA Class Ha DSWA Class Hb DSWA Class Hc DSWA Class Hd DSWA Jung DSWA Zwillinge NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR Dutton SAR NG 0-4-0T 1899 SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Gas-electric

Gas-electric

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 35-800 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000

2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000

3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000

3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

South African steam locomotive tenders

Cape gauge	Type LP Type MP1 Type MR Type SH Type SK Type TJ Type TL Type TM Type WE Type WG Type XC Type XC1 Type XD Type XE Type XE1 Type XF Type XF2 Type XJ Type XM Type XM1 Type XM2 Type XM3 Type XM4 Type XP1 Type XS Type YB Type YC Type YE Type YE1 Type ZA Type ZB Type ZC Type ZE

List of South African locomotive classes South African locomotive history

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