South African Class 16D 4-6-2

No. 860 on the Union Limited, Paarl, c. 2001

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Designer	South African Railways
Builder	Baldwin Locomotive Works
Serial number	58309-58310, 58703-58707
Model	Class 16D
Build date	1925-1926
Total produced	7

Specifications
Configuration	4-6-2 "Pacific"
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia.	30 in (762 mm)
Driver dia.	60 in (1,524 mm) as built 63 in (1,600 mm) rewheeled
Trailing dia.	33 in (838 mm)
Wheelbase	Total: 60 ft 3.1875 in (18,369 mm) Engine: 6 ft 10 in (2,083 mm) bogie 11 ft (3,353 mm) coupled 30 ft 8 in (9,347 mm) total Tender: 6 ft 2 in (1,880 mm) bogie 20 ft 5 in (6,223 mm) total
Length	68 ft 2.1875 in (20,782 mm) total
Height	12 ft 10 in (3,912 mm) as built 12 ft 11.5 in (3,950 mm) rewheeled
Frame	Bar frame
Axle load	18.75 long tons (19.1 t) per driver as built 19.4 long tons (19.7 t) rewheeled
Adhesive weight	56.25 long tons (57.2 t) as built 57.5 long tons (58.4 t) rewheeled
Loco weight	89.6 long tons (91.0 t) as built 90.55 long tons (92.0 t) w/o rewheeled
Tender weight	68,888 lb (31.2 t) empty 69.4 long tons (70.5 t) w/o
Total weight	183,828 lb (83.4 t) empty 159 long tons (161.6 t) w/o as built 159.95 long tons (162.5 t) w/o rewheeled
Tender type	KT * 2 axle bogies * 34 in (864 mm) wheels * Length 28 ft 8.25 in (8,744 mm)
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	14 long tons (14.2 t)
Water cap	6,000 imp gal (27,000 l)
Firebox: • Firegrate area	45 sq ft (4.181 m²)
Boiler	5 ft 10.25 in (1,784 mm) inside diameter 17 ft 10.375 in (5,445 mm) inside length 8 ft 6 in (2,591 mm) pitch as built 8 ft 7.5 in (2,629 mm) pitch rewheeled
Boiler pressure	195 psi (1,340 kPa)
Heating surface	2,686 sq ft (249.538 m²)
• Tubes	181 tubes 2 in (51 mm) diameter 30 tubes 5.375 in (137 mm) diameter 2,453 sq ft (227.891 m²)
• Flues	22 sq ft (2.044 m²)
• Firebox	164 sq ft (15.236 m²)
Superheater:
• Heating area	593 sq ft (55.092 m²)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	23 in (584 mm) bore 26 in (660 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Walschaerts

Performance figures
Tractive effort	At 75% boiler pressure: 33,530 lbf (149.1 kN) as built 33,570 lbf (149.3 kN) rewheeled

Career
Operators	South African Railways
Class	Class 16D
Number in class	7
Numbers	860-866
Nicknames	Big Bertha
Delivered	1925-1926
First run	1925
Withdrawn	1972

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The South African Railways Class 16D 4-6-2 of 1925 is a steam locomotive.

In 1925 the South African Railways placed two Class 16D locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific type wheel arrangement in passenger train service. Five more were placed in service in 1926.^[1]^[2]

Manufacturer

The Class 16D 4-6-2 Pacific type locomotive was built for the South African Railways (SAR) in the United States by Baldwin Locomotive Works. Two were built and delivered in 1925, numbered 860 and 861, along with the first two Class 15CB locomotives from the same manufacturer.^[1]^[3]

They were followed by another five Pacifics from the same manufacturer in 1926, numbered in the range from 862 to 866. The locomotives were specially designed for working the Union Limited and Union Express fast passenger trains, the forerunners of the Blue Train, between Johannesburg and Cape Town.^[1]^[3]

Characteristics

The builders conformed to SAR requirements as far as practicable, but also incorporated the latest American railway engineering practices. The Class 16D and Class 15CB locomotives introduced several features which were new to the SAR at the time, such as top feeds to the boiler, self-cleaning smokeboxes, Sellar’s drifting valves and grease lubrication. Their fireboxes were equipped with siphon tubes to support the brick arch and to improve circulation.^[1]^[3]

The Class 16D had a bar frame extending from the front buffer beam to the rear dragbox, compared to its successor Class 16DA locomotive which had a main frame that terminated behind the rear coupled wheels, behind which it had a built-up wide section under the firebox that gave it more ashpan room.^[4]

The locomotive’s size quickly earned it the nickname "Big Bertha", while its contemporary Class 15CB heavy goods locomotive that arrived from the same builders in the same shipment was nicknamed "Big Bill".^[3]

Modification

Like the subsequent Class 16DA they were all delivered with 60 inches (1,520 millimetres) diameter coupled wheels. All seven Class 16D locomotives were later refitted with 63 inches (1,600 millimetres) diameter coupled wheel tyres, similar to the modification that was also done on Class 16C numbers 821 and 825.^[2]

Service

The Class 16D Pacifics were initially placed in passenger service out of Johannesburg on the Kimberley line all the way through to Beaufort West in the Karoo. On Thursday 13 August 1926 "Big Bertha" number 860 made locomotive history by hauling the Union Limited, later to become the Blue Train, over a distance of 956 miles (1,539 kilometres) from Johannesburg to Cape Town in 29 hours.^[1]^[3]

This continuous run by one locomotive set up a world record. Prior to this, up to six locomotives were used to make this run, with locomotive changes at Klerksdorp, Kimberley, De Aar, Beaufort West and Touws River. On the return journey, number 860 took the Union Limited over at Beaufort West and hauled it all the way back to Johannesburg.^[1]^[3]

With the arrival of larger locomotives they were later transferred to Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State, from where they worked north to Johannesburg. In the late 1930s they were relocated to Cape Town, from where they hauled fast local commuter trains to Wellington and Malmesbury for the remainder of their careers. They were retired in 1972.^[1]^[3]

Illustration

The main picture shows "Big Bertha" number 860 piloting Class 16DA number 879 on the Union Limited tourist train departing from Paarl in 2001. The following pictures serve to illustrate both sides of the Class 16D.

No. 860, as delivered, c. 1925

No. 860 on the Magaliesburg line, circa 1992
No. 860 at Monument station, May 2002

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Holland, D.F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways, Volume 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
1 2 South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2’0” & 3’6” Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 66–67. ISBN 0869772112.
↑ Durrant, A E (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. pp. 10–11, 94. ISBN 0715386387.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class 16D (4-6-2).

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London Harbour 0-4-0 Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0ST Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0T Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0WT

4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance

3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST 1902 CGR 0-6-0T 1876 Back-to-Back CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T 1875 CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T 1882 CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack CSAR Railmotor DSWA Eight-Coupled Tank 2-8-0T Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR 0-4-0ST 1903 SAR 0-4-0T no. 69 SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Clayton Railmotor

3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Beyer, Peacock CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT 1881 CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT 1875 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 DSWA Eight-Coupled Tender 2-8-0 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 Red Devil

3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U

2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper 0-6-0T 1871 Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Class Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Class Namaqua Copper Pioneer

2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T DSWA Class Ha DSWA Class Hb DSWA Class Hc DSWA Class Hd DSWA Jung DSWA Zwillinge NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR NG 0-4-0T 1899 SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 35-800 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000

2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000

3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000

3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

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