South African Class 19C 4-8-2

No. 2439 on the Humefield-Klipplaat line, 1 October 1989

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Designer	South African Railways
Builder	North British Locomotive Company
Serial number	24168-24217
Model	Class 19C
Build date	1935
Total produced	50

Specifications
Configuration	4-8-2 "Mountain"
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia	28.5 in (724 mm)
Driver diameter	54 in (1,372 mm)
Trailing dia	34 in (864 mm)
Wheelbase	Total: 58 ft 8.75 in (17,901 mm) Engine: 6 ft 4 in (1,930 mm) bogie 14 ft 5 in (4,394 mm) coupled 32 ft 3 in (9,830 mm) total Tender: 4 ft 7 in (1,397 mm) bogie 16 ft 9 in (5,105 mm) total
Length	67 ft 3.625 in (20,514 mm) total
Height	12 ft 10.875 in (3,934 mm)
Frame	Bar frame
Axle load	13.4 long tons (13.6 t) on 2nd & 3rd drivers, steel firebox 13.65 long tons (13.9 t) on 2nd & 3rd drivers, copper firebox
Adhesive weight	53.1 long tons (54.0 t) steel firebox 54.1 long tons (55.0 t) copper firebox
Loco weight	78.35 long tons (79.6 t) steel firebox 79.65 long tons (80.9 t) copper firebox
Tender weight	48,864 lb (22.2 t) empty 52.35 long tons (53.2 t) w/o
Loco & tender weight	160,720 lb (72.9 t) empty 130.7 long tons (132.8 t) w/o, steel firebox 131 long tons (133.1 t) w/o, copper firebox
Tender type	MR - MP, MP1, MR, MX, MY, MY1 permitted * 2 axle bogies * 34 in (864 mm) wheels * Length 25 ft 9.75 in (7,868 mm)
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	10 long tons (10.2 t)
Water cap	4,600 imp gal (21,000 l)
Firebox: • Firegrate area	36 sq ft (3.345 m²)
Boiler	5 ft (1,524 mm) inside diameter 20 ft 2 in (6,147 mm) inside length 8 ft (2,438 mm) pitch
Boiler pressure	200 psi (1,380 kPa)
Heating surface	1,823 sq ft (169.362 m²)
• Tubes	76 tubes 2.5 in (64 mm) diameter 24 tubes 5.5 in (140 mm) diameter 1,700 sq ft (157.935 m²)
• Firebox	123 sq ft (11.427 m²)
Superheater: • Heating area	404 sq ft (37.533 m²)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	21 in (533 mm) bore 26 in (660 mm) stroke
Valve gear	RC Poppet

Performance figures
Tractive effort	31,850 lbf (142 kN) at 75% pressure

Career
Operators	South African Railways
Class	Class 19C
Number in class	50
Numbers	2435–2484
Delivered	1935
First run	1935
Retired	1978

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The South African Railways Class 19C 4-8-2 of 1935 is a steam locomotive.

In 1935 the South African Railways placed fifty Class 19C steam locomotives with a 4-8-2 Mountain type wheel arrangement in service.^[1]^[2]

Manufacturer

When the need for more branchline locomotives became apparent in 1934, tenders were invited by the South African Railways (SAR) for another fifty Class 19B locomotives with Walschaerts valve gear. When the tenders were received it was found that the North British Locomotive Company (NBL) of Glasgow, Scotland, had also tendered for a locomotive with Rotary Cam Poppet valve gear.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Even though this would increase the cost per locomotive by £200, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) A.G. Watson decided to adopt it in view of the good reports he had received concerning Poppet valve gear. This variation on the design led to these locomotives being classified as Class 19C when they were delivered in 1935.^[1]^[2]

Class 19C after a record speed test run

All fifty Class 19C locomotives were erected at the Salt River shops, numbered in the range from 2435 to 2484, and many remained stationed at Cape Town while being subjected to exhaustive testing.^[1]

The photograph alongside shows a Class 19C locomotive after a record speed test run, during which the engine achieved a speed of 67 miles per hour (108 kilometres per hour). CME A.G. Watson is standing sixth from left in the group in front of the locomotive, with hat in hand.

Characteristics

Watson Standard boilers

The Class 19C was delivered with a Watson Standard no. 1A boiler, one of the range of standard boiler types designed by Watson as part of his standardisation policy. It had a larger superheater than the Class 19B and was equipped with the altered cab with the sloping front design that, like the Watson Standard boiler, was to become standard on later SAR steam locomotive classes.

In a break with prior custom, to facilitate easier removal of the boiler for repairs, the ash pan and running boards were affixed to the locomotive frame instead of to the boiler.^[4]

Fireboxes

Some of the locomotives were built with steel fireboxes for use in those areas where good or treated water was readily available, while others were still equipped with copper or composite fireboxes for use in areas with poor water quality.^[5]

Copper or composite fireboxes are considerably more expensive to manufacture and repair than steel ones. It was only by the late 1960s, when severe corrosion was no longer a big problem as a result of the availability of water treatment throughout the country, that copper and composite fireboxes were no longer considered necessary.^[6]

Balancing

The balancing of these locomotives represented another advance on former practices. Until then, locomotives had been balanced to an extent of 50% to 70% of their reciprocating parts, and fully as regards their revolving parts.^[1]

On the Class 19C the proportion of reciprocating parts balanced was reduced to 20%, which resulted in a big decrease of vertical hammer blow to not more than 0.9 long tons (0.91 tonnes) on any wheel at 50 miles per hour (80 kilometres per hour). Similar balancing metods on subsequent new locomotives enabled the SAR to adopt axle loads exceeding those permitted on many other railways of the world for comparable weight of rail.^[1]

Service

The Class 19C was designed for mainline as well as branchline service. They initially worked in the Witwatersrand area, the Eastern Cape and Western Cape. The Poppet valves made the Class 19C a very free-running locomotive, although it required special maintenance techniques.^[2]^[4]

As a result the whole class was allocated to the Western Cape during World War II, based at the Paardeneiland shed in Cape Town. From here they worked on branchlines such as those from Cape Town to Saldanha, along the long branchline via Klawer to Bitterfontein, and across Sir Lowry's Pass to Caledon and Protem in the Overberg.^[2]^[4]^[7]^[8]

In later years, around 1970, a few were stationed at Bloemfontein from where they worked the line to Aliwal North. They were withdrawn from service in 1978.^[2]

One, number 2439, was preserved but none of them were sold into industry, firstly because of the special maintenance required for the Poppet valves, and secondly because Cape Town was a long distance away from any potential industrial operators, which would increase the cost of relocation after purchase.^[4]

Illustration

The main picture shows Class 19C no. 2439 on the line between Humefield and Klipplaat on 1 October 1989. While it was equipped here with a Type MX Vanderbilt tender from a Class 19D locomotive, the locomotive is now being preserved at the Outeniqua Transport Museum with an original Type MR tender.

SAR Class 19C headed towards Bellville from Cape Town, Circa 1940
Class 19C no. 2439, Outeniqua Transport Museum, 22 April 2006
No. 2439 at the Outeniqua Transport Museum, 15 April 2013

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 Holland, D.F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways, Volume 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 68–71. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 69–72. ISBN 0869772112.
↑ North British Locomotive Company works list, compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Bernhard Schmeiser
1 2 3 4 Durrant, A E (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. pp. 63–64. ISBN 0715386387.
↑ South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2’0” & 3’6” Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended
↑ SAR Code of Practice No. 7 (Boilers), Part 3A.811 dated May 1968 - Procedure to be followed when copper plates of complete copper or composite fireboxes require to be renewed
↑ Warrenton, Town, SAR Class 19D no. 2688
↑ SAR Class 19C 4-8-2 (with MX tender) Locomotive

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class 19C (4-8-2).

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London Harbour 0-4-0 Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0ST Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0T Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0WT

4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance

3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST 1902 CGR 0-6-0T 1876 Back-to-Back CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T 1875 CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T 1882 CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack CSAR Railmotor DSWA Eight-Coupled Tank 2-8-0T Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR 0-4-0ST 1903 SAR 0-4-0T no. 69 SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Clayton Railmotor

3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Beyer, Peacock CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT 1881 CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT 1875 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 DSWA Eight-Coupled Tender 2-8-0 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 Red Devil

3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U

2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper 0-6-0T 1871 Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Class Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Class Namaqua Copper Pioneer

2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T DSWA Class Ha DSWA Class Hb DSWA Class Hc DSWA Class Hd DSWA Jung DSWA Zwillinge NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR NG 0-4-0T 1899 SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 35-800 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000

2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000

3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000

3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

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